appendices luận văn

APPENDIX A COMPARISONS WITH SURFACE DATA A variety of surface wind data sets were evaluated for this project They are divided into two categories: satellite sea-surface measurements (TMI) and measurements from towers on the ground A.1 TMI Data The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite carries a microwave imager known as TMI The TMI images have been processed by Remote Sensing Systems into maps of mean wind speed using algorithms that have been calibrated against ocean buoy measurements.1 The TMI data represent the most comprehensive and reliable source of near-surface wind measurements in Southeast Asia.2 The TMI produces 10 meter sea-surface wind speed estimates using radar reflectances recorded by satellites passing overhead Complete annual wind speed records are available from 1998 to the present The accuracy of the TMI data has been tested by comparison with measurements from ocean buoys and the Q-Scat scatterometer The rms difference against buoys is reported to be 0.84 m/s, while against Q-Scat it is reported to be 0.64 m/s The mean bias is much smaller The main drawback of the TMI data is its relatively coarse spatial resolution of 25 km Since the sensor calibration is not valid near land, this resolution means that no wind speed data are available within about 25-50 km of any shoreline Map A-1 compares the predicted mean wind speed over the ocean from the MesoMap system with 25 km resolution TMI data averaged over 1998-2000 There is a marked similarity in both the magnitude and spatial distribution of wind speeds Both the TMI and MesoMap show a region of very intense winds off the southern coast of Vietnam This is a zone of convergence generated by the interaction of the mountains and the prevailing monsoon winds The convergence triggers convection in which warm air rises and releases its moisture as rain The winds in both maps are comparatively weak in the Gulf of Thailand and show a similar geographical distribution Moving up the coast of Vietnam, the wind pattern again appears similar, with both model and data indicating a zone of high wind in the Gulf of Tonkin However, MesoMap places the zone in the center of the gulf whereas the TMI data show it closer to Hainan Island (China) In general, the MesoMap winds appear to be slightly lower than the TMI winds Wentz,F.J 1997 A well calibrated ocean algorithm for special sensor microwave/imager Journal of Geophysical Research 102(C4):8703-8718 The TMI wind speed measurements are less prone to error than the more widely known Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSMI) measurements mainly because of the lower frequency of the TMI signal (11 GHz) The rms error of the SSMI measurements when compared against buoy data is reported to be 1.4 m/s, about 70% higher than the TMI rms error against buoys of 0.84 m/s Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia A-57 Figure A-1 Comparison of mean wind speeds observed by the TMI (y axis) with those predicted by the MesoMap system (x axis), at 10 m Outliers may be due to contamination of the TMI data by land These findings are confirmed by the chart in Figure A.1, which is a scatterplot of model and observed winds for each TMI grid cell On average, the simulated wind speed is lower than the observed wind speed by about 0.3 m/s, or 5% This discrepancy does not necessarily indicate a flaw in the model but could be due to the sampling error of the simulations or measurements The standard deviation of the biases is 0.54 m/s, or about 8%, while the r2 is 72% It appears likely that some of the outlying errors are due to contamination of the TMI data by offshore islands The presence of land within a grid cell invalidates the relationship between the wave reflectance and wind speed A.2 LAND SURFACE MEASUREMENTS We obtained land surface wind data from four different sources in Southeast Asia: the Thai Department of Energy Development and Promotion (DEDP), the US Air Force DATSAV3 data base, the Vietnam Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (IMH), and the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) The data sets are described below DATSAV3 The DATSAV3 surface database contains observations from about 10,000 meteorological stations worldwide The periods of record are generally from 1973 to the present with data from some stations dating back to 1930 Most of the stations in the database, however, have reported infrequently or have observed for a limited time period The observations include A-58 Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia the following weather elements: wind speed and direction, maximum wind gust, temperature, dew point, cloud data, pressure, present weather, visibility, precipitation amount, and snow depth There are nearly 95 DATSAV3 stations in Southeast Asia The list was narrowed to 40 based on data availability and regional representation The majority of the 40 sites in this study reported the weather conditions every 3-hours and measured wind, nominally, at 10m above ground One of the main drawback of the DATSAV3 stations are that most are located in cities and towns where wind measurements may be severely affected by nearby buildings and trees We visited several such stations in Thailand and found nearly all to be so affected by obstacles that the measurements could not be relied upon Photographs of met stations in Vietnam provided by the IMH confirm the same in that country In addition, a number of stations show a trend of declining wind speed over time, indicating that trees and buildings have arisen around the stations and increasingly blocked the wind As an example, see the data summary for the Phu Lien, Vietnam, meteorological station in Appendix B DEDP The Thailand Department of Energy Development and Promotion (DEDP) provided hourly wind speed and direction data from 18 wind monitoring stations located throughout Thailand The anemometer height for these stations was 10m The periods of record vary from a few months to two years, with the earliest dating from 1997 and the latest from April 1999 The stations we visited are generally somewhat less obstructed than the DATSAV3 stations and can be expected to provide more representative wind measurements Nevertheless the low tower height is problematic, as it is difficult to extrapolate accurately to heights of interest for wind energy In addition, several DEDP stations we did not visit – most located in the northern part of Thailand, which were among the first to be installed – report extremely low wind speeds, raising the suspicion that the measurements may be obstructed or for some other reason they are not representative For example, the mean speeds at Nakhon Phanom, Chang Mai, Chiang Rai, and Uttaradit are all reported to be just 1.0 m/s In contrast, the DEDP station at Nohn Kai, also in northern Thailand but situated near a water reservoir, reports a mean speed of 2.9 m/s; and the meteorological station at Chiang Mai reports a mean speed of 3.1 m/s These latter two measurements are more likely to be reliable indicators of the wind resource in the region than the others EGAT We obtained three years of apparently good-quality data for one tall tower in Thailand operated by EGAT Located near Phuket on the western coast of the Malay Peninsula, the tower was instrumented at three heights, 36 m, 20 m, and 10 m We regard this data set as the most reliable land surface measurement available to us IMH Another useful point of comparison is a 40 m tower located on Vietnam’s south-central coast The data from this tower were provided by the IMH It was not possible to visit this station, but the IMH indicated that the tower is located in fairly open cropland, with few trees, several kilometers from the coast Unfortunately only months of data spread over a single year were available, and only one level of measurement Discussion The chart in Figure A.2 compares the predicted and measured wind speeds at a sample of the stations For the bulk of the stations, the recorded speed is well below that predicted by the model However, the most reliable station, Phuket (EGAT), is in good Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia A-59 Comparison with Surface Measurement Measured/Extrapolated Mean Speed Thai Met DEDP VN Met Qui Nho'n Phuket Equality 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 Predicted Mean Speed Figure A.2 This scatter plot compares the predicted and measured wind speeds at 25 stations in the region, including the two tall towers (Qui Nho’n and Phuket), most of the DEDP stations, two Thai met stations (Bangkok and Chiang Mai), and five Vietnam met stations (Phu Lien, Vinh, Dong Hoi, Da Nang, and Qui Nho’n) agreement with the model: the mean observed speed is 5.2 m/s (at 36 m height), whereas MesoMap predicts 5.4 m/s Other measurements that are reasonably consistent with the model are in particularly well exposed locations, e.g., Qui Nhon (tall tower), Bangkok and Chiang Mai airports, Prachuap Khiri Kan and Nakhon Si Thammarat DEDP stations along the eastern Malay coast,, and Nonh Kai (DEDP) next to a reservoir In most other cases it is likely that the measurements are severely affected either by buildings and trees in the vicinity of the tower or inadequate maintenance and calibration of the monitoring equipment (or both) To appreciate how unreliable wind measurements can be under such conditions, compare the mean speed recorded at the Qui Nho’n tall tower (4.9 m/s at 40 m) with that observed at the Qui Nho’n met station 17 km to the south (1.6 m/s at 10 m) Even after making a reasonable allowance for the difference in tower height, there is a difference of 2.5 m/s or nearly 50% A.3 SUMMARY The TMI data provide strong evidence that the MesoMap model is accurate to within 4-8% over ocean and probably coastal areas Considering the problems with most of the land surface data in the region, a final determination of the accuracy of the MesoMap predictions on land will not be possible until better measurements become available A-60 Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia APPENDIX B SURFACE DATA SUMMARIES The following table lists the stations for which data were collected for the wind resource atlas Table B.1 Selected Land Surface Stations Number 10 11 12 14 15 17 18 483000 483030 483270 483310 483520 483530 483540 483560 483750 483780 483790 483810 483830 484000 484070 484210 484310 484560 484620 484750 484770 484800 485000 Lat Long Elev (m) (°°N) (°°E) IMH Station Qui Nho’n VS 13.92 109.21 EGAT Station Phuket TH 7.77 98.30 UNK Thailand DEDP Monitoring Stations Chiang Rai TH 20.20 99.93 395 Chiang Mai TH 19.33 99.18 413 Nan TH 18.77 100.80 200 Lam Phun TH 18.38 98.77 292 Uttaradit TH 17.70 100.63 190 Nonh Kai TH 18.03 103.65 151 Khon Kaen TH 16.55 102.47 166 Nakhon Racthasima TH 15.27 102.62 151 Karasin TH 16.68 103.47 180 Nakron Phanom TH 17.31 104.76 152 Chaiyaphum TH 16.10 101.80 282 Chantha Buri TH 12.48 102.32 30 Prachuap Khiri Khan TH 11.92 99.82 Nakron Si Thammarat TH 8.04 100.32 Ranong TH 9.60 98.48 Trang TH 7.53 99.32 Thailand and Vietnam Meteorological Stations Mae Hong Son/Muai TH 19.30 97.83 744 Chiang Rai TH 19.92 99.83 382 Chiang Mai TH 18.78 98.98 293 Nan/Muang Nan TH 18.77 100.77 195 Nong Khai TH 17.87 102.72 162 Loei TH 17.45 101.73 251 Udon Thani (Civ/AFB) TH 17.38 102.80 167 Sakon Nakhon (Army) TH 17.15 104.13 169 Mae Sot/Ta TH 16.67 98.55 230 Phitsanulok/Sarit TH 16.78 100.27 45 Phetchabun TH 16.43 101.15 121 Khon Kaen TH 16.43 102.83 162 Mukdahan/Bakhon TH 16.53 104.72 154 Nakhon Sawan/Paknam TH 15.80 100.17 22 Ubon/ Ratchathani AB TH 15.25 104.87 130 Thong Pha Phum TH 14.75 98.63 89 Korat/Nakhon Ratcha TH 14.97 102.08 188 Bangkok TH 13.92 100.60 Aranypara TH 13.70 102.58 54 Hua Hin TH 12.58 99.95 Sattahip TH 12.68 100.98 14 Chanthaburi TH 12.60 102.12 11 Prachuap Khiri Khan TH 11.84 99.81 11 Name Country Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia Period of Record Mean Speed (m/s) 7/98-4/99 4.9 1/96-12/98 5.2 6/97-12/98 6/97-12/98 5/97-12/98 5/97-12/98 6/97-12/98 1/97-1/99 2/96-12/98 2/96-12/98 6/95-12/97 6/97-12/97 1/97-12/98 3/97-12/98 6/98-12/98 6/98-5/99 8/98-12/98 8/98-12/98 1 1.3 2.4 2.9 1.7 1.9 2 1.5 3.2 3.6 1.7 1.7 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 0.4 0.7 3.1 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.1 0.7 0.9 0.8 1.3 1.5 1.9 0.3 2.7 1.3 1.4 2.5 0.6 2.2 A-61 485170 485320 485510 485650 485670 485690 485830 488200 488260 488450 488480 488550 488700 488750 488870 488300 Chumphon Ranong Surat Thani Phuket Trang Hat Yai (AFB) Narathiwat Hanoi Phu Lien Vinh Dong Hoi Da Nang Qui Nhon Buon Ma Thuot Phan Thet Lang Son TH TH TH TH TH TH TH VS VS VS VS VS VS VS VS VS 10.48 9.98 9.12 8.12 7.52 6.92 6.42 21.02 20.80 18.70 17.52 16.03 13.77 12.68 10.93 21.83 99.18 98.62 99.35 98.32 99.62 100.43 101.82 105.81 106.63 105.67 106.58 108.18 109.22 108.08 108.10 106.77 11 71 18 71 16 37 15 13 38 22 487 267 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/83-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/83-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 4/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1/78-12/98 1.3 1.7 0.9 2.5 1.2 1.6 1.1 2.1 2.4 1.5 2.2 1.3 1.6 2.7 3.3 1.9 For each of the shaded stations the following parameters are summarized in the remainder of the appendix: Annual Average Wind Speed – The time series plot of annual mean wind speed is useful for identifying long-term trends, if any, in the wind speed distribution Factors that can influence the distribution include local vegetation growth, urbanization, and deterioration in the monitoring equipment Monthly Average Wind Speed – The plot provides an indication of the seasonal distribution in wind speed Hourly Average Wind Speed – This chart presents the change in wind speed by time of day The hourly, or diurnal, distribution in simple terrain typically reveals a maximum during the mid-afternoon hours and a minimum near sunrise The distribution can become complex within mountainous areas where wind speed peaks are sometimes observed during the late night or early morning hours Joint Wind Speed/Direction Distribution – The table provides the percentage of observations in m/s wind speed bins as well as by direction sector Wind Direction Plot – The wind direction diagram, or wind rose, presents the percentage of the time that the wind blows from each of 16 direction sectors (light gray) It also provides the percentage of energy available from the wind from each sector (black) Note that where joint wind speed/direction tables and charts are not shown, directional data were not available for this station A-62 Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia Tall Towers: Qui Nohn (IMH) and Phuket (EGAT) Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia A-63 Qui Nhon, Vietnam Latitude 13.917 N Longitude 109.21 E Elevation 4m Anemometer Height #Observations/Day Period of Record 40 m 24 1998-99 Annual Average Wind Speed (m/s) Speed (m/s) Average = 4.9 m/s 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Monthly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Speed (m/s) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Hourly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Speed (m/s) 0 12 15 18 21 Hour A-64 Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia Qui Nhon, Vietnam Joint Wind Speed / Direction Percent Frequency Distribution Bin Wind Direction Sector (m/ s) N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW CALM 0.14 * 0.06 * 0.06 * 0.08 * 0.11 0.34 0.23 0.42 0.34 0.40 0.20 0.11 0.40 0.65 0.59 0.54 0.65 0.99 0.40 0.65 0.23 0.31 0.20 0.40 0.65 0.71 0.48 0.40 0.37 0.68 0.42 0.42 0.08 0.25 0.14 0.40 0.82 0.54 0.14 0.54 1.24 0.54 0.59 0.25 0.51 0.48 0.65 1.10 0.28 0.11 0.40 0.85 1.19 0.88 0.28 0.23 0.25 0.51 1.64 0.23 * 0.23 1.21 1.07 0.42 0.14 0.08 0.25 0.56 1.41 0.11 0.06 0.11 1.04 0.71 0.11 ** ** * 0.51 1.38 0.20 * ** 0.82 0.85 ** ** ** 0.06 0.31 1.27 ** ** ** 0.40 0.54 ** ** ** ** 0.37 0.82 * ** ** 10 0.34 0.28 ** ** ** ** 0.08 0.65 ** ** ** 11 * 0.11 ** ** ** ** ** 0.11 ** ** ** 12 * 0.08 * ** ** ** ** 0.08 ** ** ** 13 * ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.06 ** ** ** 14 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 15 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 16 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 17 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 18 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 20 Total 7.54 6.78 3.11 1.27 1.44 1.98 4.77 10.6 2.49 1.69 2.85 3541 valid hourly wind speed values represent ed wit h corresponding valid * Percent frequency less t han 0.05% ** No Occurrence % WSW W WNW NW NNW Total 1.0 0.48 0.42 0.34 0.17 0.20 2.6 1.72 3.70 2.94 1.19 0.56 15.4 1.58 5.00 4.24 1.07 0.71 17.4 1.04 3.93 4.26 0.76 0.82 15.2 0.34 2.49 2.23 1.02 0.62 12.8 0.42 0.79 1.16 0.56 0.79 10.0 0.25 0.28 0.25 0.42 0.40 7.1 0.11 ** * 0.06 0.25 4.4 ** ** ** ** 0.08 3.4 ** * ** ** ** 2.1 ** ** ** ** ** 1.4 ** ** ** ** ** 0.2 ** ** ** ** ** 0.2 ** ** ** ** ** 0.1 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 5.96 16.6 15.4 5.25 4.43 direction records Qui Nhon, Vietnam 40 m Wind Rose Graph 1998 Percent of Total Wind Energy (Wh/m²): Percent of Total Time: Circle Center: 0.0% Inner Circle: 25.0 % Outer Circle: 50.0 % Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia A-65 Phuket, Thailand (Tall Tower Site) Anemometer Height #Observations/Day Period of Record Latitude 6.42 N Longitude 101.82 E Elevation 1m 36 m 24 1996-98 Annual Average Wind Speed (m/s) Speed (m/s) Average = 5.2 m/s 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Monthly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Speed (m/s) J F M A M J J A S O N D Month Hourly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Speed (m/s) 0 12 15 18 21 Hour A-66 Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia Trang, Thailand Latitude Longitude Elevation 7.53 N 99.32 E 7m 10 m 24 1998 Anemometer Height #Observations/Day Period of Record Annual Average Wind Speed (m/s) Speed (m/s) Average = 1.7 m/s 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Monthly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Speed (m/s) J F M A M J J A S O N D Month Hourly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Speed (m/s) 0 12 15 18 21 Hour A-94 Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia Thailand and Vietnam Meteorological Stations Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia A-95 Bangkok, Thailand Latitude 13.92 N Longitude 100.60 E Elevation 2m Anemometer Height #Observations/Day Period of Record 10 m 24 1978-98 Annual Average Wind Speed (m/s) Speed (m/s) Average = 2.7 m/s 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Monthly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Speed (m/s) J F M A M J J A S O N D Month Hourly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Speed (m/s) 0 12 15 18 21 Hour A-96 Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia Bangkok, Thailand Joint Wind Speed / Direction Percent Frequency Distribution Wind Direction Sector Bin (m/s) N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW % W WNW NW NNW Total CALM 0.99 0.79 0.72 0.81 1.22 1.03 1.14 0.95 1.31 0.68 0.48 0.41 0.63 0.58 0.56 0.79 0.56 0.53 0.61 0.99 0.87 0.92 1.06 1.73 1.12 0.59 0.48 0.70 0.49 0.46 1.25 0.76 0.56 0.70 1.12 1.03 1.12 1.60 3.86 2.53 1.17 1.43 1.42 0.92 0.81 0.67 0.53 0.20 0.24 0.69 0.42 0.63 1.35 4.59 3.08 2.00 2.06 1.58 0.50 0.37 0.10 0.08 * * 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.20 1.06 0.82 0.46 0.57 0.29 0.06 * 0.09 0.07 * * 0.10 * * 0.18 1.22 1.01 0.75 0.74 0.46 0.09 * * * * * * * * * 0.61 0.79 0.56 0.47 0.26 * * * * * * * * ** * 0.37 0.53 0.34 0.37 0.25 * * ** * ** ** ** * ** ** * 0.06 * 0.08 * ** ** * * ** ** ** ** ** ** * * * 0.06 * ** ** 10 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * * ** * ** ** 11 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * * ** * * ** ** 12 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * * ** * * ** ** 13 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 14 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 15 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 16 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** 17 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 18 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 20 Total 3.89 2.79 2.00 2.37 4.22 3.43 3.87 5.34 14.74 10.63 6.35 6.68 5.59 2.65 2.20 32372 valid hour ly wind speed values r epr esented with c orresponding valid dir ec tion rec or ds * Per cent fr equenc y less than 0.05% ** No Occ ur rence 0.65 0.63 0.83 0.39 * * * * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 2.51 19.8 12.9 12.5 21.1 19.3 3.9 4.7 2.7 1.9 0.1 0.1 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Bangkok, Thailand 10 m Wind Rose Graph 1978-1998 Percent of Total Wind Energy (Wh/m²): Percent of Total Time: Circle Center: 0.0% Inner Circle: 25.0% Outer Circle: 50.0% Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia A-97 Phu Lien, Vietnam Latitude 20.8 N Longitude 106.63 E Elevation 37 m Anemometer Height #Observations/Day Period of Record 10 m 1978-98 Annual Average Wind Speed (m/s) Speed (m/s) Average = 2.4 m/s 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Monthly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Speed (m/s) J F M A M J J A S O N D Month Hourly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Speed (m/s) 0 12 15 18 21 Hour A-98 Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia Phu Lien, Vietnam Joint Wind Speed / Direction Percent Frequency Distribution Bin (m/ s) N NNE NE ENE E CALM ** ** ** ** ** 1.84 0.79 2.17 0.92 1.83 0.76 0.72 1.14 1.09 1.00 0.59 0.54 0.90 0.99 0.97 0.26 0.23 0.41 0.48 0.41 0.13 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.13 * * 0.06 * 0.05 * * 0.07 * * * * * * * * * * * * 10 * ** ** ** * 11 * * ** * ** 12 ** * * ** * 13 ** ** * * ** 14 ** ** ** ** ** 15 ** ** ** ** ** 16 * ** * ** ** 17 ** ** ** * ** 18 ** ** ** ** ** 19 ** ** ** ** ** 20 3.56 2.38 4.90 3.63 4.39 Total 46954 valid hourly wind speed values * Percent frequency less t han 0.05% Wind Direction Sector ESE SE SSE S SSW ** * ** ** ** 0.95 4.05 1.49 2.15 0.35 1.13 2.22 1.33 1.30 0.38 1.13 2.07 1.15 1.15 0.30 0.46 0.83 0.58 0.56 0.18 0.15 0.26 0.19 0.28 0.09 * 0.06 0.05 0.11 * * * * 0.05 * * * * * * * * * * ** ** ** ** * ** * * * * * * * * * ** * * ** ** ** ** ** * ** * ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 3.82 9.50 4.78 5.61 1.30 represent ed wit h corresponding ** No Occurrence % SW WSW ** 0.34 0.33 0.23 0.10 0.08 * * * * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 1.07 valid W WNW NW NNW Total 47.9 ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.14 0.37 0.20 1.04 0.75 19.4 0.12 0.20 0.24 0.59 0.56 13.1 0.10 0.15 0.14 0.39 0.39 11.2 0.05 0.06 * 0.18 0.22 5.0 * * * 0.09 0.11 1.9 * * * 0.05 * 0.4 * * ** * * 0.1 ** * * * * ** * ** * * * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** * * ** ** * ** * * ** ** ** ** * * ** ** ** ** * ** ** * * ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** 0.41 0.78 0.59 2.34 2.02 direct ion records Phu Lien, Vietnam 10 m Wind Rose Graph 1978-1998 Percent of Total Wind Energy (Wh/m²): Percent of Total Time: Circle Center: 0.0% Inner Circle: 25.0% Outer Circle: 50.0% Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia A-99 Vinh, Vietnam Latitude 18.70 N Longitude 105.67 E Elevation 15 m Anemometer Height #Observations/Day Period of Record 10 m 1978-98 Annual Average Wind Speed (m/s) Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Average = 1.5 m/s 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Monthly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Jan Apr Jul Oct Month Hourly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Mean Wind Speed (m/s) 0 12 15 18 21 Hour A-100 Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia Vinh, Vietnam Joint Wind Speed / Direction Percent Frequency Distribution Bin (m/ s) N NNE NE ENE E CALM ** ** * ** ** 2.26 0.46 2.62 0.43 2.66 0.90 0.32 1.24 0.31 1.46 0.90 0.28 1.32 0.25 1.47 0.33 0.15 0.44 0.09 0.55 0.15 * 0.25 * 0.16 0.15 * 0.18 * 0.07 * * 0.05 * * * * * * * * * * ** * 10 ** ** ** ** * 11 * * ** ** ** 12 ** * ** ** ** 13 ** ** ** ** ** 14 ** ** ** ** ** 15 ** ** ** ** ** 16 ** ** ** ** ** 17 ** ** ** ** ** 18 ** ** ** ** ** 19 ** ** ** ** ** 20 4.69 1.21 6.09 1.07 6.37 Total 59991 valid hourly wind speed values * Percent frequency less t han 0.05% Wind Direction Sector ESE SE SSE S SSW ** ** ** ** ** 0.16 0.49 0.06 0.95 0.28 0.12 0.20 * 0.21 0.10 0.12 0.23 * 0.14 0.07 0.07 0.08 * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * ** ** * ** ** ** * * * * ** ** * * ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.46 0.99 0.06 1.29 0.46 represent ed wit h corresponding ** No Occurrence % SW WSW ** 2.15 0.82 0.96 0.49 0.36 0.28 0.08 * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 5.14 valid W WNW NW NNW Total 63.8 ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.25 1.14 0.23 2.45 0.37 16.9 0.12 0.37 0.09 0.68 0.21 7.1 0.13 0.30 * 0.43 0.10 6.7 0.09 0.16 * 0.09 * 2.5 * 0.10 * * * 1.0 * 0.05 * * * 0.7 * * * * * 0.1 * ** ** * ** ** * * * * * ** ** * * * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * * ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.58 2.11 0.32 3.65 0.67 direct ion records Vinh, Vietnam 10m Wind Rose Graph 1978-1998 Percent of Total Wind Energy (Wh/m²): Percent of Total Time: Circle Center: 0.0% Inner Circle: 25.0% Outer Circle: 50.0% Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia A-101 Dong Hoi, Vietnam Latitude 17.52 N Longitude 106.58 E Elevation 13 m Anemometer Height #Observations/Day Period of Record 10 m 1978-98 Annual Average Wind Speed (m/s) Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Average = 2.2 m/s 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Monthly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Jan Apr Jul Oct Month Hourly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Mean Wind Speed (m/s) 0 12 15 18 21 Hour A-102 Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia Dong Hoi, Vietnam Joint Wind Speed / Direction Percent Frequency Distribution Bin (m/ s) N NNE NE ENE E CALM ** ** ** ** ** 1.41 0.69 2.07 0.37 1.95 0.62 0.43 0.96 0.27 0.73 1.00 0.57 1.11 0.19 1.01 0.36 0.21 0.25 0.07 0.20 0.29 0.18 0.18 * 0.09 0.34 0.19 0.20 * * 0.13 0.08 0.10 * * 0.06 * * * * * * * ** * 10 ** ** ** ** * 11 * * ** ** ** 12 ** * ** ** ** 13 ** ** ** ** ** 14 ** ** ** ** ** 15 ** ** ** ** ** 16 ** ** ** ** ** 17 ** ** ** ** ** 18 ** ** ** ** ** 19 ** ** ** ** ** 20 4.20 2.34 4.87 0.90 3.98 Total 59992 valid hourly wind speed values * Percent frequency less t han 0.05% Wind Direction Sector ESE SE SSE S SSW ** ** ** ** ** 0.26 1.62 0.31 1.13 0.87 0.18 0.47 0.12 0.25 0.42 0.26 0.98 0.10 0.40 0.71 0.11 0.17 * 0.06 0.20 * 0.12 * * 0.15 * 0.05 * * 0.09 * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * ** ** * * ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.82 3.40 0.53 1.84 2.43 represent ed wit h corresponding ** No Occurrence % SW WSW ** 1.76 0.63 1.60 0.54 0.46 0.28 0.07 * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 5.33 valid W WNW NW NNW Total 51.9 ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.23 0.78 0.36 3.87 0.36 18.0 0.14 0.22 0.20 1.26 0.23 7.1 0.21 0.42 0.18 3.48 0.35 12.5 0.12 0.16 0.11 1.13 0.15 3.8 0.11 0.12 * 0.86 0.09 2.7 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.88 0.09 2.3 * * * 0.15 * 0.5 * * * 0.10 * 0.2 * * * * * ** ** * * * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * * ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.89 1.79 0.90 11.7 1.26 direct ion records Dong Hoi, Vietnam 10 m Wind Rose Graph 1978-1998 Percent of Total Wind Energy (Wh/m²): Percent of Total Time: Circle Center: 0.0% Inner Circle: 25.0% Outer Circle: 50.0% Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia A-103 Da Nang, Vietnam Latitude 16.03 N Longitude 108.18 E Elevation 38 m Anemometer Height #Observations/Day Period of Record 10 m 1978-98 Annual Average Wind Speed (m/s) Speed (m/s) Average = 1.3 m/s 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Monthly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Speed (m/s) J F M A M J J A S O N D Month Hourly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Speed (m/s) 0 12 15 18 21 Hour A-104 Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia Da Nang, Vietnam Joint Wind Speed / Direction Percent Frequency Distribution Bin (m/ s) N NNE NE ENE E CALM 0.21 * 0.14 0.07 0.42 1.71 0.38 0.70 0.33 2.42 1.51 0.32 0.63 0.31 1.96 1.02 0.27 0.38 0.15 0.85 0.67 0.19 0.15 0.10 0.36 0.30 0.08 0.08 * 0.07 0.17 * * * * 0.10 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 10 * * ** ** ** 11 * ** * ** * 12 * * * ** ** 13 ** ** ** ** * 14 ** ** ** ** ** 15 ** ** ** ** ** 16 ** ** ** ** ** 17 ** ** * ** ** 18 ** ** ** ** ** 19 ** ** ** ** ** 20 5.67 1.23 2.08 0.95 6.07 Total 46024 valid hourly wind speed values * Percent frequency less t han 0.05% Wind Direction Sector ESE SE SSE S SSW 0.06 0.09 * 0.06 * 0.42 0.70 0.14 0.63 0.16 0.40 0.38 0.06 0.16 0.08 0.16 0.16 * 0.06 0.05 0.08 0.06 * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * ** * * ** * * ** * * * ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 1.12 1.39 0.20 0.91 0.30 represent ed wit h corresponding ** No Occurrence % SW WSW 0.10 0.47 0.25 0.10 0.05 * * * * ** * ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.97 valid W WNW NW NNW Total 73.3 * * * 0.13 0.07 1.3 * 0.20 0.09 1.10 0.59 10.0 * 0.10 0.06 0.54 0.52 7.2 * * * 0.35 0.31 3.9 * * * 0.17 0.19 2.0 ** * * 0.08 0.10 0.7 * * * * 0.06 0.2 ** ** * * * 0.1 ** ** ** * * ** ** * * * * ** * * ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** ** * * ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.30 0.15 2.36 1.83 direct ion records Da Nang, Vietnam 10 m Wind Rose Graph 1978-1998 Percent of Total Wind Energy (Wh/m²): Percent of Total Time: Circle Center: 0.0% Inner Circle: 25.0% Outer Circle: 50.0% Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia A-105 Qui Nhon, Vietnam Latitude 13.77 N Longitude 109.22 E Elevation 22 m Anemometer Height #Observations/Day Period of Record 10 m 1978-98 Annual Average Wind Speed (m/s) Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Average = 1.6 m/s 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Monthly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Mean Wind Speed (m/s) Jan Apr Jul Oct Month Hourly Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Mean Wind Speed (m/s) 0 12 15 18 21 Hour A-106 Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia Qui Nhon, Vietnam Joint Wind Speed / Direction Percent Frequency Distribution Wind Direction Sector Bin (m/s) N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW % W WNW NW NNW Total CALM 0.60 0.12 0.09 * 0.05 0.09 0.46 0.15 0.06 * * * 0.21 0.25 0.39 5.04 0.51 1.41 0.14 0.63 0.23 3.33 0.67 0.71 * 0.20 0.06 1.24 0.34 3.13 2.63 0.68 0.93 0.09 0.16 0.14 1.47 0.81 0.19 * 0.11 0.10 0.83 0.35 1.55 2.58 0.32 0.71 * 0.06 * 0.74 0.23 0.14 * 0.06 * 0.89 0.11 1.05 1.02 0.27 0.37 * * * 0.22 0.08 * * * * 0.28 0.06 0.39 1.01 0.10 0.24 * * * 0.08 * * ** * * 0.33 * 0.34 0.33 0.06 0.07 * ** * * * * ** * ** 0.14 * 0.14 0.12 * 0.06 * * ** * * * * * ** 0.06 * 0.09 * * * * * * * * * ** ** * * * ** * * * ** * * * * * ** ** * * * * 10 ** ** ** ** * ** * * ** ** ** ** * * * 11 * * ** ** ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 12 ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * * ** 13 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** 14 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 15 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 16 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 17 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 18 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 19 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 20 0.37 0.16 3.99 1.10 7.08 Total 13.32 2.07 3.89 0.23 0.91 0.46 6.30 1.95 1.10 ** 43273 valid hour ly wind speed values r epr esented with c orresponding valid dir ec tion rec or ds * Per cent fr equenc y less than 0.05% ** No Occ ur rence 54.6 0.20 0.61 0.48 0.17 0.07 0.05 * * ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 1.58 2.7 18.3 10.5 7.1 2.8 2.2 0.7 0.3 0.1 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** Qui Nhon, Vietnam 10m Wind Rose Graph 1978-1998 Percent of Total Wind Energy (Wh/m²): Percent of Total Time: Circle Center: 0.0% Inner Circle: 25.0% Outer Circle: 50.0% Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia A-107 APPENDIX C RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DISSEMINATION The wind resource atlas and its key results should be distributed widely within the Southeast Asia region, within the World Bank and international lending agencies and non-profit organizations with programs in the region, and within the wind industry itself This could be accomplished in several ways: • Two hundred copies of the atlas and CD-ROM are to be provided by TrueWind Solutions to the World Bank A number of these copies should be sent to the key energy and agricultural development agencies of the four countries, including the Thai Department of Energy Development and Promotion, the Thai Meteorological Department, and the Vietnam Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology Copies should also be distributed within the World Bank among staff involved in energy programs in the region, and to their counterparts in the Asia Development Bank Remaining copies can be retained for distribution upon request to non-profit organizations carrying out energy programs in the region, wind developers, and others as appropriate • The Executive Summary and key maps (including perhaps a folded poster-size map) should be produced as a short, stand-alone document that can be distributed far more widely than the atlas itself We would recommend an initial printing of 1000 • An interactive web site could be developed that would allow anyone with internet access to view and zoom in on the maps and obtain tabular wind data for any site they choose An example of such a web site is one developed by TrueWind Solutions for New York State; see www.truewindsolutions.com and follow the link to the New York Map • Papers and poster sessions should be presented at wind energy conferences and exhibitions A-108 Wind Energy Resource Atlas of Southeast Asia