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Tiêu đề Giving And Responding To Compliments In English In Validation And The Devil Wears Prada
Tác giả Mai Thi Thu Dong
Người hướng dẫn Dr. Tran Thi Le Dung, Ph. D.
Trường học Hanoi Open University
Chuyên ngành English Language
Thể loại M.A. Thesis
Năm xuất bản 2021
Thành phố Hanoi
Định dạng
Số trang 99
Dung lượng 882,8 KB

Cấu trúc

  • 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 2 (12)
  • 1.3. Research questions 3 (13)
  • 1.4. Methodology of the study 3 (13)
  • 1.5. Scope of the study 5 (15)
  • 1.6. Significance of the study 5 (15)
  • 1.7. Structure of the study 5 (0)
  • Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 7 (17)
    • 2.1. Previous studies 7 (17)
  • Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 79 (34)
    • 4.1. Recapitulation 79 (89)
    • 4.2. Concluding remarks 79 (89)
    • 4.3. Limitation of the research 81 4.4. Recommendations and suggestion for further studies (91)

Nội dung

Aims and objectives of the study 2

The study is conducted to help Vietnamese learners of English give and respond to compliments in English correctly and effectively

To achieve the aims above, the following objectives can be put forward:

- To identify topics that the native speakers of English often compliment on the films Validation and The devil wears Prada

- To find out strategies of giving and responding to compliments in English on the films Validation and The devil wears Prada

- To give Vietnamese learners of English some implications of using topics and strategies in giving and responding to compliments in English effectively.

Research questions 3

This study intends to answer the following questions:

1 What do the native speakers of English often compliment in the films

Validation and The devil wears Prada?

2 What are strategies of giving and responding to compliments in English in the films Validation and The devil wears Prada?

Methodology of the study 3

The methods used in this study include:

This study aims to assist Vietnamese learners of English in giving and responding to compliments effectively by identifying key topics and strategies showcased in two films To achieve these objectives, both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed to analyze the compliments and their responses depicted in the films.

Major methods and supporting methods

This study examines the categories of compliments in English as depicted in two films, utilizing a descriptive method that incorporates both quantitative and qualitative approaches The quantitative aspect involves the collection of extensive raw data from various authoritative sources, while the qualitative method focuses on describing and interpreting the key characteristics of English compliments and their corresponding responses.

Analytical methods assist to the major method in this study Analytical method will be used to analyze compliments that are available after carrying out the descriptive research

To ensure high reliability in achieving the study's aims and objectives, two data collection techniques were utilized: selecting relevant materials and gathering compliments along with their responses from the two specified films.

The chosen materials concerning categories of compliments in English significantly contributed to the study's supplementary data To analyze compliments and their corresponding responses, the author gathered information from two films.

The article explores the theme of validation in "The Devil Wears Prada," analyzing the various strategies used for giving compliments and their implications for Vietnamese learners It highlights the importance of understanding cultural nuances in complimenting and responding, offering valuable insights for effective communication in diverse contexts.

Furthermore, Google search engine was used to select materials Up to now, it has become the most popular and effective ways to find reliable and diverse sources of materials

From the films, data are gathered and all of them are then taken and analyzed

In this research, data coding is utilized to simplify the analysis of each data point, following a systematic approach based on the sequential order of the data numbers.

V or D (V for Validation, D for The devil wears Prada)

The number of each datum

The time when the compliment occurs

The following example is given to make it clear

It means that the datum is from the film Validation with number 03 The compliment occurs in the hour of zero, minute of 30 and 6 second

It means that the datum is from the film The devil wears Prada with number 01

The compliment occurs in the hour of zero, minute of 20 and 6 second

In analyzing the collected data, some steps are conducted as follows:

* Giving mark on compliments and their responses in the dialogues (Utterances typed bold are compliments, while the underlined utterances are compliments responses)

This article examines the topics of compliments, the responses they elicit, and the politeness strategies employed by speakers when delivering compliments and responding to them It utilizes Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory alongside Herbert’s strategies for responding to compliments, providing a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics involved in compliment exchanges.

*Classifying all the utterances of compliments, the compliment responses, and politeness strategies found in data analysis into a unit of discussion

The analysis is arranged as follows:

It shows the dialogue between participants containing the compliments and their responses

This part presents the context of communication, the participants of the conversation, and the relationship between participants

The analysis explores how characters express compliments and the responses they receive, highlighting various topics of compliments Utilizing Chaika's kinesics theory, the study examines the non-verbal cues associated with these interactions Additionally, it analyzes the addressee's responses to compliments through Herbert's theory of compliment responses Furthermore, Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory is applied to assess the politeness strategies employed by participants in both giving and receiving compliments.

Scope of the study 5

- The data used in the study are collected from 2 films called Validation

(2007) by Kurt Kuenne and The devil wears Prada (2006) by David Frankel

- The study only investigates compliments’ topics and strategies employed in the films Validation and The devil wears Prada

- The information of giving and responding to compliments in English is also collected from the internet, M.A thesis, book…

- The study only deals with topics of compliments and strategies given when speakers give and respond to compliments.

Significance of the study 5

This article provides an in-depth analysis of key themes related to compliments in English, as explored in the films "Validation" and "The Devil Wears Prada," offering a theoretical framework for studying the English language.

The study's findings will enhance communication skills for English users, especially for Vietnamese speakers, by promoting effective use of compliments in English As an English teacher, the author is committed to educating students about conventional behaviors in everyday interactions.

1.7 Structural organization of the study

The thesis consists of 4 chapters as follow:

Chapter 1 serves as the introduction to the study, outlining the rationale behind the chosen topic, the research objectives, and the scope of the investigation It also highlights the significance of the study and provides an overview of its structural organization.

Chapter 2 encompasses the literature review and theoretical background of the study, providing a concise overview of relevant literature and the foundational theories associated with each topic discussed.

Chapter 3 is the Findings and Discussions In this chapter, it presents and analyzes the collected data from clues in two films Validation and The devil wears

The article explores the key themes of compliments presented in two films, highlighting their significance Additionally, it provides valuable insights for Vietnamese English learners on effectively giving and responding to compliments in English.

Chapter 4 is the Conclusion of the study which presents the recapitulation of the study, the limitations of the study and some suggestions for further study

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Previous studies

Johnson (1979) says that in English speaking cultures, accepting a compliment by saying a single “Thank you” may be enough and at the same time regarded as the most adequate response

Pomerantz (1978) argues that the dynamics of responding to compliments in American English may differ from expectations She identifies two conflicting principles that create pressure on the recipient of a compliment On one hand, it is generally preferable to avoid disagreement in conversations, suggesting that an ideal response should be one of acceptance and agreement On the other hand, such a response could be perceived as self-praise, which might be viewed negatively by the person giving the compliment.

Based on two common principles of Pomerantz (1978), Herbert (1986) showed three categories of compliment responses: Agreement, Non-agreement, and other interpretations

In their 1981 study, Manes and Wolfson analyzed 686 compliments through ethnographic methods, documenting everyday compliments and enlisting research assistants for data collection They found that compliments in American English are highly formulaic, with three patterns accounting for 85% of the syntactic structures observed Additionally, two-thirds of the adjectival compliments utilized only five specific adjectives, highlighting the simplicity and predictability of complimenting in this linguistic context.

In a study replicating Manes and Wolfson's research, Holmes (1986) collected 517 compliments in New Zealand English through ethnographic methods, revealing a high frequency of regular syntactic patterns The findings confirmed the formulaic features of compliments in this English variety, with the three most common syntactic structures identified by Manes and Wolfson representing 70% of Holmes' data Additionally, six adjectives were frequently used, comprising about two-thirds of all adjectives in the compliments Notably, Holmes also observed unique syntactic variants characteristic of New Zealand English.

Mojica (2002) conducted an ethnographic study involving 270 compliments with the help of students, focusing on how Philippine college students express and respond to compliments in the Filipino language Her research aimed to uncover the nuances of complimenting behavior within this cultural context.

Filipino compliments were formulaic in nature in that a limited set of syntactic patterns and some positively-valued adjectives were frequently used to give compliments

Herbert (1989) compiled a collection of compliments and their responses from 40 American feature films, comparing his findings with research by Manes and Wolfson (1981) He found that the film data closely aligns with naturally-occurring data from a pragma-linguistic perspective, though it diverges in socio-pragmatics The distribution of syntactic patterns in compliments matches that reported by Manes and Wolfson Additionally, Jucker (2009) gathered data from fictional sources, including short stories, novels, and movies, documenting all instances of compliments and their responses.

In the study "A Vietnamese-English Cross-Cultural Study of Positive Politeness and Negative Politeness in Complimenting," Loan Nguyen (2010) examines the contrasting strategies of Positive Politeness and Negative Politeness employed by native English speakers and Vietnamese individuals when giving compliments.

Canh, Truong (2010) in “Giving and Receiving Compliments-A Cross-

Cultural Study in English and Vietnamese” studies how people give and receive compliments in Australian English and in Vietnamese

In her 2000 study "On the Ways of Complimenting and Responding to Compliments in Vietnamese-American Discourse," Kieu Oanh Ho explored the dynamics of complimenting and the responses to compliments between Vietnamese and American cultures.

This study explores English compliments and their responses as depicted in the films "Validation" and "The Devil Wears Prada," aiming to provide a detailed analysis of how compliments are given and received in English Unlike previous research that primarily focused on cultural differences in English and Vietnamese, this investigation seeks to enhance understanding of compliment dynamics within the English language context.

Pragmatics is a key branch of linguistics that examines the meaning of utterances in context According to Leech (1983), pragmatics involves understanding how the meaning of statements varies depending on specific situations Essentially, pragmatics explores the relationship between language and its practical use in communication.

9 concerned with the meaning of utterance which the meaning depends on the situation where the utterance happens

Pragmatics, as defined by Yule (2006), is the exploration of contextual meaning in communication This field examines how the context shapes the interpretation of a speaker's intent and the significance of their message It also involves analyzing how speakers structure their communication effectively, taking into account the timing, setting, and circumstances surrounding the speech act.

LITERATURE REVIEW 7

Previous studies 7

Johnson (1979) says that in English speaking cultures, accepting a compliment by saying a single “Thank you” may be enough and at the same time regarded as the most adequate response

Pomerantz (1978) argues that the dynamics of responding to compliments in American English may differ from expectations Her theory highlights two opposing principles that create pressure on the recipient when responding to a compliment She suggests that, ideally, conversations should avoid disagreement, leading to a response of acceptance and agreement However, such a response may come across as self-praise, which could be perceived negatively by the person giving the compliment.

Based on two common principles of Pomerantz (1978), Herbert (1986) showed three categories of compliment responses: Agreement, Non-agreement, and other interpretations

In their 1981 study, Manes and Wolfson conducted an ethnographic analysis of 686 compliments, documenting everyday usage and enlisting research assistants for data collection They found that compliments in American English are highly formulaic, with three patterns accounting for 85% of the syntactic structures observed Additionally, two-thirds of the adjectival compliments utilized only five specific adjectives, highlighting a significant linguistic trend in complimenting behavior.

Holmes (1986) replicated the study by Manes and Wolfson (1981), collecting 517 compliments in New Zealand English through an ethnographic approach The findings revealed a high frequency of regular syntactic patterns, confirming the formulaic nature of compliments in this English variety Notably, the three most common syntactic structures identified by Manes and Wolfson represented 70% of Holmes' data Additionally, six adjectives were frequently used, comprising approximately two-thirds of all adjectives observed Holmes also highlighted the presence of unique syntactic variants characteristic of New Zealand English.

In her 2002 study, Mojica ethnographically examined 270 compliments with the help of students to explore how Philippine college students express and respond to compliments in the Filipino language The findings revealed key insights into the cultural nuances of complimenting behaviors among this demographic.

Filipino compliments were formulaic in nature in that a limited set of syntactic patterns and some positively-valued adjectives were frequently used to give compliments

Herbert (1989) analyzed compliments and their responses from 40 American feature films, finding that the film data closely aligns with naturally-occurring data from a pragma-linguistic perspective, though not in terms of socio-pragmatics He noted that the distribution of syntactic patterns in compliments matches the findings of Manes and Wolfson (1981) Similarly, Jucker (2009) gathered data from fictional sources, including short stories, novels, and movies, meticulously documenting all instances of compliments and their responses.

In her 2010 study, "A Vietnamese-English Cross-Cultural Study of Positive Politeness and Negative Politeness in Complimenting," Loan Nguyen explores the differing strategies employed by native English speakers and Vietnamese speakers when giving compliments The research highlights the significance of both positive and negative politeness in cross-cultural communication, shedding light on how these strategies influence interpersonal interactions in different cultural contexts.

Canh, Truong (2010) in “Giving and Receiving Compliments-A Cross-

Cultural Study in English and Vietnamese” studies how people give and receive compliments in Australian English and in Vietnamese

In her 2000 study titled "On the Ways of Complimenting and Receiving Compliments in Vietnamese-American Discourse," Kieu Oanh Ho explores the dynamics of complimenting and responding to compliments between Vietnamese and American cultures.

This study aims to explore English compliments and their responses, expanding beyond previous research that primarily examined cultural differences in English and Vietnamese By analyzing the films "Validation" and "The Devil Wears Prada," the author seeks to provide detailed insights into effective ways of giving and responding to compliments in English.

Pragmatics is a key branch of linguistics that examines the meaning of utterances within specific contexts According to Leech (1983), pragmatics involves understanding how utterances convey meaning based on the situational factors surrounding them This highlights the importance of context in interpreting language effectively.

9 concerned with the meaning of utterance which the meaning depends on the situation where the utterance happens

Pragmatics, as defined by Yule (2006), is the examination of contextual meaning, focusing on how context affects the interpretation of a speaker's intent This field of study explores the organization of speech, considering the appropriate manner, timing, and circumstances surrounding a communication act Understanding pragmatics is essential for grasping the nuances of meaning in conversation.

Pragmatics is the study of meaning in language, emphasizing the relationship between language and context This field focuses on how the interaction between context and language shapes understanding and communication.

The British philosopher Austin (1962) was the first one to define the term

The theory of "speech acts," initially introduced by various theorists, was later expanded upon by scholars such as Searle (1969, 1976), Leach (1983), Levinson (1983), and Yule (1996, 1997) These theorists collectively emphasize the strong relationship between speech acts and the functions of language, highlighting their interconnectedness in communication.

In his 1962 work, Austin explores the various functions of utterances in interpersonal communication, highlighting that many statements lack informational content yet function similarly to actions He refers to these as "words that do things," emphasizing that when a speaker articulates something, they are also performing an action.

(1960) firstly used the norm “speech acts to refer to an utterance” and the “total situation in which the utterance is issued”

Sharing with Austin’s ideas, Richards, Platt, J and Platt, H (1992) defines,

“speech acts is an utterance as a functional unit in communication” Also, Yule

(1996) states, “Actions performed via utterances are generally called speech acts” These speech acts are commonly given such specific labels as apologizing, complaining, complimenting, inviting, promising or requesting etc

Thus, their common assumption is that when conversing people use grammatical and lexical units not only to produce utterances, but also to perform

10 actions These speech acts, considered as minimal units of human communication, are performed in actual situations of language use – as Searle (1969) says, “…

Speech acts…are the basic or minimal units of linguistic communication”

Austin's theory (1962) posits that every speech act operates under three forces, which correspond to three types of meaning: locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary.

Locutionary Force: is what produces the act of “saying something”, i.e., the act of uttering a certain sentence with a meaning

Illocutionary force refers to the inherent function of a speech act, distinguishing between locutionary acts (the act of saying) and illocutionary acts (the act in saying something) When we perform locutionary acts, we may also convey intentions such as questioning, promising, warning, or ordering For instance, the statement “I’ll help you” functions as a promise if the speaker believes it will please the listener Understanding this distinction enhances our comprehension of how words carry meaning beyond their literal interpretation.

CONCLUSION 79

Recapitulation 79

This chapter summarizes the findings from the previous analysis, revealing four main types of compliments: appearance, skills or talents, work accomplishments or dedication, and possessions Compliments on appearance focus on physical traits such as hair, body, and clothing In contrast, compliments on skills or talents highlight the abilities and talents of the recipient Additionally, speakers acknowledge the dedication and achievements of the hearers in the work accomplishments category Lastly, compliments on possessions pertain to the belongings of the hearer, including items like houses, clothing, and jewelry.

As a result, there are four topics of compliments that are applied by the characters in the movie entitled “Validation” and “The devil wears Prada”

The characters in the two films employ varying strategies, with three primary positive politeness strategies being most prevalent: noticing the hearer, giving gifts to the hearer, and exaggerating While positive politeness strategies are frequently used, negative politeness appears less often, occurring in only two instances Additionally, elements such as voice, intonation, gestures, postures, eye contact, touching, and facial expressions play a crucial role in the characters' success in delivering compliments.

Concluding remarks 79

On exploring compliments and their responses in the two films, the researcher has found some notable remarks when the characters employ compliments and give responses as follow:

Combination of some non-verbal elements of communication accompanies the delivery of a compliment The ways characters deliver compliments are:

- Voice: in low or moderate voice

- Intonation: in falling or raising intonation

- Eye contacts: gazes at hearer, stares at hearer, watching hearer from head to toe, gazes at the object being complimented or no eye contact (look away)

- Facial expressions: smile -simple, upper, sickly smile, eyebrows slightly or highly lifted, and sad face and crying face

- Gestures: speaker’s arms held wide toward hearer then placing both hands to chest…

- Touches: shake hearer’s hand, hold hearer’s elbow that end up touch hearer’s chin, and walk hand in hand with hearer

Compliments can be categorized into four main topics: appearance, skills and talents, work accomplishments or dedication, and possessions Among these, compliments on appearance are the most frequently used, occurring 19 times, followed by compliments on skills and talents, and work accomplishments or dedication, each appearing 10 times.

9 compliments respectively Compliments on possession are delivered the least with only 5 times

The ways that the addressees respond to the compliments are various The responses employed by the addressee are as follows:

Appreciation tokens encompass both verbal and non-verbal forms of acceptance Verbal acceptance is communicated through expressions of gratitude and acknowledgment, while non-verbal acceptance is conveyed through gestures such as nodding, smiling, and maintaining a still posture Responses can vary, including joyful laughter, a range of smiles, expressions of happiness or sadness, and subtle body language like a tilted head or direct eye contact These interactions can occur in both formal and informal contexts, characterized by a moderate voice and variations in intonation.

Addressee accepts the complimentary force and offers a relevant comment on the appreciated topic

The scale down is expressed through joke that comes along in low voice, in falling intonation, with laughter, upper smile, plus throwing arms to speaker’s neck and kissing him

Responses can vary in volume, featuring either loud or soft tones, often accompanied by a rising intonation Participants typically maintain eye contact with the speaker, displaying slightly raised eyebrows and a simple or broad smile Gestures may include placing the left hand on the chest, all conveyed in an informal manner that expresses feelings of surprise and happiness.

The disagreement is expressed through indirectness utterance and hesitation that comes along in low voice, falling intonation, looking away from speaker’s eyes, sad face and with sadness feeling

The employment of politeness strategy by the characters in delivering and responding compliment are as follows:

- All characters employ positive politeness in delivering compliments The speaker uses mixed strategies of notice to hearer, give ‘gifts’ to hearer, exaggerate, and use in-group identity marker

The research highlights that giving and receiving compliments is a simple daily practice, with a variety of topics available English speakers often utilize four key types of compliments, which can be easily integrated into conversations By observing behaviors, voice, and other cues portrayed in films, individuals can enhance their complimenting skills, making interactions more engaging and enjoyable.

Limitation of the research 81 4.4 Recommendations and suggestion for further studies

In this thesis, the researcher focuses on key aspects of compliments in English, examining their topics, strategies, and various applications, while providing insightful responses to these expressions.

There are also some other kinds of compliments; however, in this scope of the thesis, the author would not deal with them

In my analysis, I focused on two films, acknowledging that my selection may not represent the best due to my limited experience My examination of the compliments within these films was approached solely from a linguistic perspective, without considering other factors such as culture, belief, or tradition While I find the compliments and suggestions valuable, I recognize that their usefulness may vary for different audiences.

4.4 Recommendations and suggestions for further research

Compliments and their responses offer valuable insights for readers looking to master the art of giving and receiving compliments effectively There remains a wealth of topics to explore within this realm, prompting future researchers in Pragmatics to investigate further, particularly concerning various complimented subjects This could include analyzing utterances in authentic contexts, such as those found in Vietnamese films or other literary forms like novels and short stories.

Future researchers can explore compliments and their responses from various perspectives, such as analyzing their structures and commonly used vocabulary This study aims to provide valuable insights and contributions to readers, particularly students interested in understanding compliments and their responses more deeply.

On the whole, there will be some topics related to the problem left for further research:

1 Compliments and their responses made by English and Vietnamese teenagers

2 A contrastive study of compliments and their responses in English and Vietnamese films

3 Adjectival compliments in English and Vietnamese short stories

1 Allen, Robert C and Gomery, Douglas Film history University of Wisconsin

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Việt-Mỹ” Unpublished M.A Thesis Vinh University

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Positive Politeness and Negative Politeness in Complimenting Unpublished M.A Thesis Hung Vuong University

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46 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSPYgwP9R84

APPENDIX APPENDIX 1: COMPLIMENTS AND COMPLIMENTS’ RESPONSES

V01/00.00.35 You are awesome Execuse me?

V02/00.00.50 You have an amazing face You’ve got powerful features man Anyone ever tell you that?

V03/00.01.00 Absolutely You are great (smile happily)

V04/00.01.14 You are great ma’am You have amazing checkbones

V05/00.02.05 That is a fantastic suit It really flatters you

V06/ 00.02.15 You guys work so hard You are the backbone that keeps this place running

I always felt like not really appreciate it

Your contributions are incredibly valuable, and I believe the boss would be eager to meet you The impact you have is significant, as you create hundreds of jobs that support numerous families, which is truly remarkable.

It’s so good to hear

V09/00.03.02 Mr president no matter what people say about you You have still got a great golf swing

V10/00.03.06 You have a fantastic mustache Thank you

V11/00.03.38 That is why you’re great at what you do

You think so? (rising intonation)

V12/00.04.44 You are amazing You are so efficient…

V13/00.04.47 Victoria Oh that’s a beautiful name

V14/00.04.59 You take such good care of your equipment they’re lucky to have you

V15/00.05.30 They match your eyes sorta Oh yeah the most beautiful eyes I’ve ever seen

V16/00.05.41 You eat healthy to see take good care of yourself not so awesome

V17/00.05.47 You’ve even a great pet owner Say nothing

V18/ 00.08.25 You’re gorgeous… not in the prime of your lives of you, guys

V19/00.08.46 Excellent… One more… one more beautiful… beautiful…

Look at each other…Oh fantastic

V20/00.09.05 You guys are awesome… beautiful… beautiful…

Thank you… Nice meeting you

V21/00.09.13 You get the most sincere smiles of people I’ve ever seen

(say nothing but receive the offer)

V22/00.09.32 You have two of the most beautiful eyes I’ve ever seen

V23/00.09.55 Your eyes! they are gorgeous You are gorgeous And your dress matches your eyes It’s perfect!

V24/ 00.12.08 You are awesome You are gonna have so much fun on this trip…

V25/00.12.15 The stories, you’re gonna tell people, when you get back will be amazing

I can’t wait; I’ve always wanted to see Paris…

V26/00.14.11 Because you are great You are amazing

No one has ever said that about me before (smile)

APPENDIX 2: COMPLIMENTS AND COMPLIMENTS’ RESPONSES

IN THE DEVIL WEARS PRADA

D01/00.11.40 Well, I have been thinked you look great always

Oooh, I think you fool of it

D02/00.30.57 Perfect Thank God somebody came to work today

D03/01.01.41 Ow, Oh my God – Andy, you look so chic

D04/01.01.47 Em… you look so thin (flattered) Do I?

D05/01.02.51 Miranda, fabulous event as always (smile)

D06/01.04.16 You… you are vision Oh

D07/01.04.43 But what I did read wasn’t that bad I think I think you have talent, Andy

D08/01.06.23 You look really pretty (stunned)

D09/01.13.12 This show is amazing I am so proud of you

D10/01.24.09 Gorgeous Really I think my work on you is done

D12/01.37.04 But I was very very impressed by how intently you tried to warn me

(slightly smiling with sad face)

D13/01.37.12 I never thought I would say this,

Andrea, but I really I see a great deal of myself in you

D14/01.37.29 You can see beyond what people want, and what they need and you can choose for yourself

- I couldn’t do what you do to Nigel I couldn’t do something like that

D15.01.41.42 Your clips are excellent These things on the janitor’s union that’s exactly what we do here

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Tài liệu tham khảo Loại Chi tiết
1. Allen, Robert C and Gomery, Douglas. Film history. University of Wisconsin Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: Film history
2. Austin, J.L(1962). How to do things with words. Harvard University Press Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: How to do things with words
Tác giả: Austin, J.L
Năm: 1962
3. Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some language universals in language use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: Politeness: Some language universals in language use
Tác giả: Brown, P., & Levinson, S
Năm: 1987
4. Brown, P.& Levinson, S. (1990). Politeness: Some language universals in language use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: Politeness: Some language universals in language use
Tác giả: Brown, P.& Levinson, S
Năm: 1990
5. Bruce Tillitt. (2006). Speaking naturally. Communication Skills American English. Cambridge University Press Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: Speaking naturally. Communication Skills American English
Tác giả: Bruce Tillitt
Năm: 2006
6. Chaika, E. 1994. Language: The Social Mirror, third edition. Boston, Massachusetts: Heinle and Heinle Publishers Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: Language: The Social Mirror, third edition
7. David, J Bordwell. (1997). History of film style. Harvard University Press Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: History of film style
Tác giả: David, J Bordwell
Năm: 1997
8. Ebsworth, T.J. (1992). Appropriateness of Puerto Rican/ American cross- cultural communication. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. New York University Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: Appropriateness of Puerto Rican/ American cross-cultural communication
Tác giả: Ebsworth, T.J
Năm: 1992
9. Eibl- Eibesfeldt’s, I. (1997). The biology of human behavior. Weyarn: Seehamer Verlag Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: The biology of human behavior
Tác giả: Eibl- Eibesfeldt’s, I
Năm: 1997
10. Herbert, R.K. (1986). SAY "thank you" or something. American Speech. The American Center West Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: thank you
Tác giả: Herbert, R.K
Năm: 1986
11. Herbert, R.K. (1986). The ethnography of English compliment and conpliment responses: A contrasticive sketche. Constrastive Pragmatics. Amsterdam. John Benjamins Publishing Company Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: The ethnography of English compliment and conpliment responses: A contrasticive sketche. Constrastive Pragmatics
Tác giả: Herbert, R.K
Năm: 1986
12. Herbert, R.K. (1986). Say “thank you”- or something. American speech Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: Say “thank you”- or something
Tác giả: Herbert, R.K
Năm: 1986
13. Hill et al Hill, (1986). Universals of linguistic politeness: Quantitative evidence from Japanese and American English. Journal of Pragmatics Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: Universals of linguistic politeness: Quantitative evidence from Japanese and American English
Tác giả: Hill et al Hill
Năm: 1986
14. Holmes, J. “Compliment. (2003): A Positive Politeness Strategy” in Christina Bratt Paulston & G. Richard Tucker (eds). Blackwell Publisher Ltd Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: Compliment. ("2003)": A Positive Politeness Strategy
Tác giả: Holmes, J. “Compliment
Năm: 2003
15. Holmes, J. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. UK: Longman Group Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics
16. Holmes, J. (1988). Paying compliments: A sex-preferential politeness strategy. Journal of pragmatics Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: Paying compliments: A sex-preferential politeness strategy
Tác giả: Holmes, J
Năm: 1988
17. Holmes, J. (1995). Women, Men and Politeness. Longman. Loughborough University Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: Women, Men and Politeness
Tác giả: Holmes, J
Năm: 1995
19. Jucker, H. (2009). The case of compliments. English Department. University of Zurich Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: The case of compliments
Tác giả: Jucker, H
Năm: 2009
20. Kieu Oanh, Ho (2000). Về cách thức khen và tiếp nhận lời khen trong phát ngôn Việt-Mỹ”. Unpublished M.A Thesis. Vinh University Sách, tạp chí
Tiêu đề: V"ề "cách th"ứ"c khen và ti"ế"p nh"ậ"n l"ờ"i khen trong phát ngôn Vi"ệ"t-M"ỹ
Tác giả: Kieu Oanh, Ho
Năm: 2000
26. Merriam- Webster dictionaries online (2015). https://www.merriam- webster.com/ Link

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