Luận văn offering and responding to offers in english and vietnamese

Bộ giáo dục đào tạo Tr-ờng đại học dân lập hải phòng Mang li tr nghim mi m cho ng■■i dùng, công ngh■ hi■n th■ hi■n ■■i, b■n online khơng khác so v■i b■n g■c B■n có th■ phúng to, thu nh tựy ý Nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp Sinh viên: Nguyễn Thị H-ơng Mà số: 091175 Lớp:NA 904 Ngành: Ngoại ngữ Tên đề tài: Offering and responding to offers in English and Vietnamese Mangh■n Luôn 123doc Th■a Xu■t Sau Nhi■u h■■ng phát thu■n l■i event cam s■ nh■n m■t tr■ t■ h■u k■t s■ thú nghi■m t■i ýxác n■m t■■ng m■t d■ng v■, s■ nh■n website mang event kho m■i ■■i, t■o t■ th■ m■ l■i c■ng ki■m ■■ng d■n 123doc CH■P vi■n nh■ng cho ■■u ■■ng ti■n h■ kh■ng ng■■i NH■N ■ã quy■n th■ng thi■t chia t■ng ki■m dùng, l■ CÁC s■ th■c s■ l■i b■■c v■i ti■n vàchuy■n ■I■U t■t công h■n mua 123doc online kh■ng nh■t 2.000.000 ngh■ bán KHO■N sang b■ng cho tài ■■nh hi■n ng■■i li■u ph■n tài TH■A tài v■ th■ li■u hàng t■o li■u thơng dùng tríhi■n THU■N hi■u c■ c■a ■■u ■ tin t■t h■i Khi ■■i, qu■ Vi■t xác c■ khách gia b■n nh■t, minh l■nh Nam t■ng Chào online hàng uy tài v■c: l■nh thu Tác m■ng tín kho■n tr■ nh■p không tài phong v■c cao thành b■n email nh■t tài online khác chuyên ■■n li■u thành tínb■n Mong cho d■ng, v■i so nghi■p, viên kinh ■ã t■t 123doc 123doc.net! v■i mu■n công ■■ng c■a c■ doanh b■n hoàn mang ngh■ 123doc ký g■c online thành v■i h■o, Chúng l■i thông B■n 123doc.netLink cho viên Tính ■■ n■p có tơi tin, c■ng c■a cao th■ ■■n cung ti■n ngo■i tính website phóng ■■ng th■i vào c■p ng■, Khách trách xác tài ■i■m D■ch xã to,kho■n th■c nhi■m h■i thutháng V■ nh■ m■t s■ c■a (nh■ ■■i hàng ■■■c tùy ngu■n 5/2014; 123doc, v■i ■■■c ý cóg■i t■ng th■ tài 123doc v■ mơ ngun b■n d■ ng■■i ■■a t■ dàng s■ v■■t d■■i tri dùng ■■■c ch■ tra th■c m■c ■ây) email c■u M■c h■■ng quý 100.000 cho tài b■n tiêu báu, li■u b■n, nh■ng ■ã hàng phong m■t l■■t tùy ■■ng ■■u quy■n cách truy thu■c phú, ky, c■a c■p ■a l■i b■n vào 123doc.net m■i d■ng, sau xác, vuingày, n■p lòng “■i■u nhanh giàu ti■n s■ ■■ng tr■ giá Kho■n chóng h■u thành tr■ nh■p 2.000.000 website ■■ng Th■a th■ email vi■n th■i Thu■n c■a thành mong tài v■ li■u viên mu■n S■ online ■■ng D■ng click t■o l■n ký, D■ch ■i■u vào nh■t l■t link ki■n V■” vào Vi■t 123doc top sau cho Nam, 200 ■ây cho ■ã cung các (sau g■iwebsite c■p users ■âynh■ng ■■■c cóph■ thêm tài bi■n g■i thu li■u t■t nh■t nh■p ■■c T■it■i khơng t■ng Chính Vi■tth■i th■ Nam, v■y ■i■m, tìm t■123doc.net th■y l■chúng tìm ki■m tơi th■ racóthu■c ■■i tr■■ng th■nh■m c■p top ngo■i 3nh■t ■áp Google tr■ ■KTTSDDV ■ng 123doc.net Nh■n nhu c■u ■■■c theo chiaquy■t danh s■ tài hi■u li■udo ch■t c■ng l■■ng ■■ng vàbình ki■mch■n ti■n online website ki■m ti■n online hi■u qu■ uy tín nh■t Mangh■n Ln 123doc Th■a Xu■t Sau Nhi■u h■■ng phát thu■n l■i event s■ cam nh■n m■t tr■ t■ h■u k■t s■ thú nghi■m t■i ýxác n■m t■■ng m■t d■ng v■, s■ nh■n website mang event kho m■i ■■i, t■o t■ th■ m■ l■i c■ng ki■m ■■ng d■n 123doc CH■P vi■n nh■ng cho ■■u ■■ng ti■n h■ kh■ng ng■■i NH■N ■ã quy■n th■ng thi■t chia t■ng ki■m dùng, l■ CÁC s■ th■c s■ l■i b■■c v■i ti■n vàchuy■n ■I■U t■t công h■n mua 123doc online kh■ng nh■t 2.000.000 ngh■ bán KHO■N sang b■ng cho tài ■■nh hi■n ng■■i li■u ph■n tài TH■A tài v■ th■ li■u hàng t■o li■u thông dùng tríhi■n THU■N hi■u c■ c■a ■■u ■ tin t■t h■i Khi ■■i, qu■ Vi■t xác c■ khách gia b■n nh■t, minh l■nh Nam t■ng Chào online hàng uy tài v■c: l■nh thu Tác m■ng tín kho■n tr■ nh■p khơng tài phong v■c cao thành b■n email nh■t tài online khác chuyên ■■n li■u thành tínb■n Mong cho d■ng, v■i so nghi■p, viên kinh ■ã t■t 123doc 123doc.net! v■i mu■n công ■■ng c■a c■ doanh b■n hoàn mang ngh■ 123doc ký g■c online thành v■i h■o, Chúng l■i thông B■n 123doc.netLink cho viên Tính ■■ n■p có tơi tin, c■ng c■a cao th■ ■■n cung ti■n ngo■i tính website phóng ■■ng th■i vào c■p ng■, Khách trách xác tài ■i■m D■ch xã to,kho■n th■c nhi■m h■i thutháng V■ nh■ m■t s■ c■a (nh■ ■■i hàng ■■■c tùy ngu■n 5/2014; 123doc, v■i ■■■c ý cóg■i t■ng th■ tài 123doc v■ mơ ngun b■n d■ ng■■i ■■a t■ dàng s■ v■■t d■■i tri dùng ■■■c ch■ tra th■c m■c ■ây) email c■u M■c h■■ng quý 100.000 cho tài b■n tiêu báu, li■u b■n, nh■ng ■ã hàng phong m■t l■■t tùy ■■ng ■■u quy■n cách truy thu■c phú, ky, c■a c■p ■a l■i b■n vào 123doc.net m■i d■ng, sau xác, vuingày, n■p lòng “■i■u nhanh giàu ti■n s■ ■■ng tr■ giá Kho■n chóng h■u thành tr■ nh■p 2.000.000 website ■■ng Th■a th■ email vi■n th■i Thu■n c■a thành mong tài v■ li■u viên mu■n S■ online ■■ng D■ng click t■o l■n ký, D■ch ■i■u vào nh■t l■t link ki■n V■” vào Vi■t 123doc top sau cho Nam, 200 ■ây cho ■ã cung các (sau g■iwebsite c■p users ■âynh■ng ■■■c cóph■ thêm tài bi■n g■i thu li■u t■t nh■t nh■p ■■c T■it■i khơng t■ng Chính Vi■tth■i th■ Nam, v■y ■i■m, tìm t■123doc.net th■y l■chúng tìm ki■m tơi th■ racóthu■c ■■i tr■■ng th■nh■m c■p top ngo■i 3nh■t ■áp Google tr■ ■KTTSDDV ■ng 123doc.net Nh■n nhu c■u ■■■c theo chiaquy■t danh s■ tài hi■u li■udo ch■t c■ng l■■ng ■■ng vàbình ki■mch■n ti■n online website ki■m ti■n online hi■u qu■ uy tín nh■t Lnh■n 123doc Th■a Xu■t Sau h■■ng phát thu■n cam nh■n m■t t■k■t s■ t■i ýxác n■m t■■ng d■ng s■ nh■n website mang ■■i, t■o t■l■i c■ng ■■ng d■n 123doc CH■P nh■ng ■■u ■■ng h■ NH■N ■ã quy■n th■ng chia t■ng ki■m CÁC s■s■ l■i b■■c ti■n vàchuy■n ■I■U t■t mua online kh■ng nh■t bán KHO■N sang b■ng cho tài ■■nh ng■■i li■u ph■n tài TH■A v■ li■u hàng thơng dùng tríTHU■N hi■u c■a ■■u tin Khi qu■ Vi■t xác khách nh■t, minh Nam Chào hàng uy tài l■nh Tác m■ng tín kho■n tr■ phong v■c cao thành b■n email nh■t tàichuyên ■■n li■u thành b■n Mong v■i nghi■p, viên kinh ■ã 123doc 123doc.net! mu■n ■■ng c■a doanh hoàn mang 123doc kýonline v■i h■o, Chúng l■ivà 123doc.netLink cho Tính ■■ n■p tơi c■ng cao ■■n cung ti■n tính ■■ng th■i vào c■p trách xác tài ■i■m D■ch xãkho■n th■c nhi■m h■itháng V■ m■t s■ c■a (nh■ ■■i ■■■c ngu■n 5/2014; 123doc, v■i ■■■c g■i t■ng tài 123doc v■ mô nguyên b■n ng■■i ■■a t■s■ v■■t d■■i tri dùng ■■■c ch■ th■c m■c ■ây) email M■c h■■ng quý 100.000 cho b■n tiêu báu, b■n, nh■ng ■ã hàng phong l■■t tùy ■■ng ■■u quy■n truy thu■c phú, ky, c■a c■p ■a l■i b■n vào 123doc.net m■i d■ng, sau vuingày, n■p lòng “■i■u giàu ti■n s■ ■■ng tr■ giá Kho■n h■u thành tr■ nh■p 2.000.000 website ■■ng Th■a th■ email vi■n th■i Thu■n c■a thành mong tài v■ li■u viên mu■n S■ online ■■ng D■ng click t■o l■n ký, D■ch ■i■u vào nh■t l■t link ki■n V■” vào Vi■t 123doc top sau cho Nam, 200 ■ây cho ■ã cung các (sau g■iwebsite c■p users ■âynh■ng ■■■c cóph■ thêm tài bi■n g■i thu li■u t■t nh■t nh■p ■■c T■it■i không t■ng Chính Vi■tth■i th■ Nam, v■y ■i■m, tìm t■123doc.net th■y l■chúng tìm ki■m tơi th■ racóthu■c ■■i tr■■ng th■nh■m c■p top ngo■i 3nh■t ■áp Google tr■ ■KTTSDDV ■ng 123doc.net Nh■n nhu c■u ■■■c theo chiaquy■t danh s■ tài hi■u li■udo ch■t c■ng l■■ng ■■ng vàbình ki■mch■n ti■n online website ki■m ti■n online hi■u qu■ uy tín nh■t Luônh■n Th■a Xu■t Sau Nhi■u 123doc Mang h■■ng phát thu■n l■i event cam s■ nh■n m■t tr■ t■ h■u k■t s■ thú nghi■m t■i ýxác n■m t■■ng m■t d■ng v■, s■ nh■n website mang event kho m■i ■■i, t■o t■ th■ m■ l■i c■ng ki■m ■■ng d■n 123doc CH■P vi■n nh■ng cho ■■u ■■ng ti■n h■ kh■ng ng■■i NH■N ■ã quy■n th■ng thi■t chia t■ng ki■m dùng, l■ CÁC s■ th■c s■ l■i b■■c v■i ti■n vàchuy■n ■I■U t■t công h■n mua 123doc online kh■ng nh■t 2.000.000 ngh■ bán KHO■N sang b■ng cho tài ■■nh hi■n ng■■i li■u ph■n tài TH■A tài v■ th■ li■u hàng t■o li■u thơng dùng tríhi■n THU■N hi■u c■ c■a ■■u ■ tin t■t h■i Khi ■■i, qu■ Vi■t xác c■ khách gia b■n nh■t, minh l■nh Nam t■ng Chào online hàng uy tài v■c: l■nh thu Tác m■ng tín kho■n tr■ nh■p khơng tài phong v■c cao thành b■n email nh■t tài online khác chun ■■n li■u thành tínb■n Mong cho d■ng, v■i so nghi■p, viên kinh ■ã t■t 123doc 123doc.net! v■i mu■n cơng ■■ng c■a c■ doanh b■n hồn mang ngh■ 123doc ký g■c online thành v■i h■o, Chúng l■i thơng B■n 123doc.netLink cho viên Tính ■■ n■p có tin, c■ng c■a cao th■ ■■n cung ti■n ngo■i tính website phóng ■■ng th■i vào c■p ng■, Khách trách xác tài ■i■m D■ch xã to,kho■n th■c nhi■m h■i thutháng V■ nh■ m■t s■ c■a (nh■ ■■i hàng ■■■c tùy ngu■n 5/2014; 123doc, v■i ■■■c ý cóg■i t■ng th■ tài 123doc v■ mô nguyên b■n d■ ng■■i ■■a t■ dàng s■ v■■t d■■i tri dùng ■■■c ch■ tra th■c m■c ■ây) email c■u M■c h■■ng quý 100.000 cho tài b■n tiêu báu, li■u b■n, nh■ng ■ã hàng phong m■t l■■t tùy ■■ng ■■u quy■n cách truy thu■c phú, ky, c■a c■p ■a l■i b■n vào 123doc.net m■i d■ng, sau xác, vuingày, n■p lòng “■i■u nhanh giàu ti■n s■ ■■ng tr■ giá Kho■n chóng h■u thành tr■ nh■p 2.000.000 website ■■ng Th■a th■ email vi■n th■i Thu■n c■a thành mong tài v■ li■u viên mu■n S■ online ■■ng D■ng click t■o l■n ký, D■ch ■i■u vào nh■t l■t link ki■n V■” vào Vi■t 123doc top sau cho Nam, 200 ■ây cho ■ã cung các (sau g■iwebsite c■p users ■âynh■ng ■■■c cóph■ thêm tài bi■n g■i thu li■u t■t nh■t nh■p ■■c T■it■i khơng t■ng Chính Vi■tth■i th■ Nam, v■y ■i■m, tìm t■123doc.net th■y l■chúng tìm ki■m tơi th■ racóthu■c ■■i tr■■ng th■nh■m c■p top ngo■i 3nh■t ■áp Google tr■ ■KTTSDDV ■ng 123doc.net Nh■n nhu c■u ■■■c theo chiaquy■t danh s■ tài hi■u li■udo ch■t c■ng l■■ng ■■ng vàbình ki■mch■n ti■n online website ki■m ti■n online hi■u qu■ uy tín nh■t u■t phát Nhi■u Mang Luôn 123doc Th■a Xu■t Sau h■n h■■ng phát thu■n l■i event s■ cam nh■n t■ m■t tr■ t■ h■u ýk■t s■ thú nghi■m t■i ýt■■ng xác n■m t■■ng m■t d■ng v■, s■ nh■n website mang event t■o kho m■i ■■i, t■o t■ c■ng th■ m■ l■i c■ng ki■m ■■ng d■n 123doc CH■P vi■n nh■ng cho ■■ng ■■u ■■ng ti■n h■ kh■ng ng■■i NH■N ■ã quy■n th■ng thi■t chia ki■m t■ng ki■m dùng, l■ CÁC s■ th■c ti■n s■ l■i b■■c v■i ti■n vàchuy■n ■I■U t■t công online h■n mua 123doc online kh■ng nh■t 2.000.000 ngh■ bán KHO■N b■ng sang b■ng cho tài ■■nh hi■n tài ng■■i li■u ph■n tài TH■A li■u tài v■ th■ li■u hàng t■o li■u thơng dùng trí hi■u hi■n THU■N hi■u c■ c■a ■■u ■ tin qu■ t■t h■i Khi ■■i, qu■ Vi■t xác c■ khách gia nh■t, b■n nh■t, minh l■nh Nam t■ng Chào online uy hàng uy tài v■c: l■nh thu Tác tín m■ng tín kho■n tr■ cao nh■p khơng tài phong v■c cao thành b■n nh■t email nh■t tài online khác chun ■■n li■u thành tín Mong b■n Mong cho d■ng, v■i so nghi■p, viên kinh ■ã mu■n t■t 123doc 123doc.net! v■i mu■n công ■■ng c■a c■ doanh b■n mang hoàn mang ngh■ 123doc ký g■c online thành v■i l■i h■o, Chúng l■i thông B■n cho 123doc.netLink cho viên Tính ■■ n■p có c■ng tơi tin, c■ng c■a cao th■ ■■n cung ti■n ngo■i ■■ng tính website phóng ■■ng th■i vào c■p ng■, Khách trách xác xã tài ■i■m D■ch xã to,h■i kho■n th■c nhi■m h■i thum■t tháng V■ nh■ m■t s■ c■a (nh■ ■■i hàng ngu■n ■■■c tùy ngu■n 5/2014; 123doc, v■i ■■■c ý cótài g■i t■ng th■ tài 123doc nguyên v■ mô nguyên b■n d■ ng■■i ■■a t■ dàng s■ v■■t tri d■■i tri dùng ■■■c ch■ th■c tra th■c m■c ■ây) email c■u quý M■c h■■ng quý 100.000 cho tài báu, b■n tiêu báu, li■u b■n, nh■ng phong ■ã hàng phong m■t l■■t tùy ■■ng ■■u phú, quy■n cách truy thu■c phú, ky, c■a c■p ■a ■a l■i b■n vào d■ng, 123doc.net m■i d■ng, sau xác, vuingày, n■p giàu lòng “■i■u nhanh giàu ti■n giá s■ ■■ng tr■ giá Kho■n chóng h■u tr■ thành tr■ nh■p ■■ng 2.000.000 website ■■ng Th■a th■ email th■i vi■n th■i Thu■n mong c■a thành mong tài v■ li■u mu■n viên mu■n S■ online ■■ng D■ng t■o click t■o l■n ■i■u ký, D■ch ■i■u vào nh■t l■t link ki■n ki■n V■” vào Vi■t 123doc cho top sau cho Nam, cho 200 ■ây cho ■ã cung các (sau g■i users website c■p users ■âynh■ng có ■■■c cóph■ thêm thêm tài bi■n g■i thu thu li■u t■t nh■p nh■t nh■p ■■c T■it■i Chính khơng t■ng Chính Vi■tth■i vìth■ Nam, vìv■y v■y ■i■m, tìm 123doc.net t■123doc.net th■y l■chúng tìm ki■m tơi th■ racó ■■i thu■c ■■i tr■■ng th■ nh■m nh■m c■p top ngo■i ■áp 3nh■t ■áp Google ■ng tr■ ■KTTSDDV ■ng 123doc.net nhu Nh■n nhuc■u c■u ■■■c chia theo chias■ quy■t danh s■tàitài hi■u li■u li■uch■t ch■t c■ng l■■ng l■■ng ■■ng vàvàki■m bình ki■mch■n ti■n ti■nonline online website ki■m ti■n online hi■u qu■ uy tín nh■t TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT PART I: INTRODUCTION Rationale 2 Aims of the study Methods of the study Scope of the study Design of the study PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND I Speech act theory Definition Speech act hierarchy 2.1 Locutionary act 2.2 Perlocutionary act 2.3 Illocutionary act 2.4 Differences between illocutions and perlocutions Felicity Direct, indirect and nonliteral speech acts II Politeness 10 Definition 10 Strategies of politeness 10 2.1 Bald on-record 11 2.2 Positive politeness 12 2.3 Negative politeness 13 2.4 Off-record 14 III Context 15 Definition 15 The importance of context 15 CHAPTER II: OFFERING AND RESPONDING TO OFFERS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE I Offering 17 What is offering 17 When people offer 17 II Offering in English 18 Offering in form of question 18 1.1.Yes/no questions 18 1.2.Elliptic questions 21 1.3 Questions with How 21 1.4 Tag-question 22 Offering in form of statement 23 Offering in form of imperative sentence 23 III Offering in Vietnamese 25 Offering in form of question 25 Offering in form of statement 27 Offering in form of imperative sentence 27 IV Responding to offers in English and Vietnamese 28 Responding to offer in English 28 1.1.Accepting offers in English 28 1.2 Refusing offers in English 30 Responding to offers in Vietnamese 34 2.1 Accepting offers 34 2.2 Refusing offers in Vietnamese 35 CHAPTER III: FINDINGS AND IMPLICATION 39 Findings 39 Implication 40 PART III: CONCLUSION Summary of the study 42 Suggestions for further study 42 REFERENCES 43 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the process of doing the graduation paper, I have received a great deal of assistance, guidance and encouragement from my teachers, family and friends who have always been beside me They have been a great source of inspiration for me to complete this graduation paper First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my supervisor – Mr Trinh Van Sach, M.A who has always been most willing and ready to give me valuable advice, inspiration and supervision to finish this study Secondly, I would like to give my deepest thanks to Mrs Tran Ngoc Lien, M.A – The Dean of the Foreign Language Department for her valuable teaching and tremendous assistance In addition, my sincere thanks are also sent to all the teachers of Hai Phong Private University, Foreign Language Department for their precious and useful lessons during my four-year study which have been then the foundation of this graduation paper Last but not least, I wish to express my heartfelt thanks to my devoted parents for their patience, understanding and encouragement throughout the preparation and development of this study Hai Phong, June, 2009 Nguyen Thi Huong PART I: INTRODUCTION Rationale: In today’s scenario of public relations, verbal contact of different cultures becomes a necessity and the medium by which these communities communicate therefore is of great important In the world, people from different countries speak different languages but it is unable to negate that English is being the global language While English is not the most widely spoken language in the world, you look at it in terms of the number of native speakers English is the world’s most prominent language in business, education, world news, and communication…To catch up with the rate of development progress of the whole society, everyone is studying English However, English is also one of the most sensitive languages; and in order to speak and use English properly; it is not easy at all Since studying English the author has strong interest in making offers Many people don’t know how to make offers and to respond to offers properly and effectively Through this graduation paper, author wants to help people understand clearly how to offer and respond to offers politely Nevertheless due to my limited knowledge in English, this study can not avoid shortcomings; I hope to receive your contributions so that my study will be more completed Aims of the study: The study aims at: - Giving some understandings on speech act and politeness - Studying offering and responding to offers in English and Vietnamese - Presenting the structures in making offers and responses to offers - Providing some common conversations of offering and responding to offers Methods of the study: I this research from the knowledge and experiences which I gained from my teachers as well as reference books I have read in the process of learning English In addition, I have taken advantage of internet accessing; internet supplies such a large source of information that I can easily find datas relating to the subject of my graduation paper In short, to study successfully and effectively in my studying process, the methods of this study are: - Information collection and analysis - Personal observation and assessment Scope of the study: In English, there are lots of interesting aspects to study Being the author of this study – offering and responding to offers is the most interesting field I have tried to study Due to limited time and knowledge of an un-experience person like me, my study only introduces a little about speech act, politeness, offers in English and their responses, how to offer and respond to offers properly and politely, introduces some conversations of offers When doing the research, the writer has paid much attention to make offers, to see how to understand and use them properly in communication as well as for their learning purposes Design of the study: The graduation paper is divided into three parts and the second one is the most important part Part I: Introduction, include Rationale of the study, Aims of the study, Scope of the study, Methods of the study and Design of the study Part II: Development that states three chapters: Chapter I: Theoretical background dealings with theory of speech act, politeness and context Chapter II: Offering and responding to offers in English and Vietnamese Chapter III: Some findings and implication I find out during the study Part III: Conclusion: summarize the study, state the orientation for further study PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND I Speech act theory: Definition: Speech act theory argues that when we use language we are performing certain acts Traditionally philosophers have distinguished actions and speaking on the basis that speaking about something is quite different from doing it As a consequence, all we can of utterances is asked whether they are correct representation of reality, not whether they work or not Making a statement may be the paradigmatic use of language, but there are all sorts of other things we can with words We can make requests, ask questions, give orders, make promises, give thanks, offer apologies, and so on Moreover, almost any speech act is really the performance of several acts at once, distinguished by different aspects of the speaker's intention: there is the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, such as requesting or promising, and how one is trying to affect one's audience In general, speech acts are acts of communication To communicate is to express a certain attitude, and the type of speech act being performed corresponds to the type of attitude being expressed For example, a statement expresses a belief, a request expresses a desire, and an apology expresses regret As an act of communication, a speech act succeeds if the audience identifies, in accordance with the speaker's intention, the attitude being expressed (Kent Bach) We perform speech acts when we offer an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal A speech act is an utterance that serves a function in communication A speech act might contain just one word, as in "Sorry!" to perform an apology, or several words or sentences: "I’m sorry I forgot your birthday I just let it slip my mind." Speech acts include real-life interactions and require not only knowledge of the language but also appropriate use of that language within a given culture Here are some examples of speech acts we use or hear every day: Greeting: "Hi, Eric How are things going?" Request: "Could you pass me the mashed potatoes, please?" Complaint: "I’ve already been waiting three weeks for the computer, and I was told it would be delivered within a week." Invitation: "We’re having some people over Saturday evening and wanted to know if you’d like to join us." Compliment: "Hey, I really like your tie!" Refusal: "Oh, I’d love to see that movie with you but this Friday just isn’t going to work." Speech act hierarchy: There are three distinct levels of action beyond the act of utterance itself That is, the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, and what one does by saying it, and dubs these the 'locutionary', the 'illocutionary' and the 'perlocutionary' act, respectively Suppose, for example, that a bartender utters the words, 'The bar will be closed in five minutes,' reported by means of direct quotation That case performing the locutionary act of saying that the bar (i.e., the one he is tending) will be closed in five minutes (from the time of utterance), and what is said is reported by indirect quotation (notice that what the bartender is saying, the content of his locutionary act, is not fully determined by the words he is using, for they not specify the bar in question or the time of the utterance) In saying this, the bartender is performing the illocutionary act of informing the patrons of the bar's imminent closing and perhaps also the act of urging them to order a last drink Whereas the upshots of these illocutionary acts understand on the part of the audience, perlocutionary acts are performed with the intention of producing a further effect The bartender intends to be performing the perlocutionary acts of causing the patrons to believe that the bar is about to close and of getting them to want and to order one last drink He is performing all these speech acts, at all three levels, just by uttering certain words 2.1 Locutionary act: Or locution, refers simply to the act of saying something that makes sense in the language; in other words, that follows the grammatical rules of language In order to produce a locutionary act, speaker must have the capacity of articulating the sound (to perform phonic act) in the first place and the language that speaker produces must be meaningful as well (therefore, propositional act of referring is created) Obviously, those who have difficulty with actually forming the sounds and words to create a meaningful utterance in a language (e.g because it is foreign or they arte tongue-tied) might fail to produce a locutionary act 2.2 Perlocutionary act: The perlocutionary act (or just simply the perlocution) carried out by a speaker making an utterance is the act of causing a certain effect on the hearer and others.(Hurford, R) If I say “There’s a hornet in your left ear”, it may well cause you to panic, scream and scratch wildly at your ear Causing these emotions and actions of your is the perlocutions of my utterance, or the perlocutionary act I perform by making that utterance The perlocution of an utterance is the causing of a change to be brought about, perhaps unintentionally, through, or by means of, the utterance (Latin per “through, by means of”) The point of carefully distinguishing the perlocutionary aspect of the speech act from others is that perlocutions can often be accidental, and thus bear a relatively unsystematic relationship to any classification of sentence types It’s important to remember that the perlocutionary acts involved in examples above is not the effect of the original utterance Rather, the perlocutionary act involved in making an utterance is that part of the total act which causes such effects 2.3 Illocutionary act: The illocutionary act (or simply the illocution) carried out by a speaker making an utterance is the act viewed in terms of the utterance’s significance within a conventional system of social interaction (Hurford, R) Illocutions are acts defined by social conventions, acts such as accosting, accusing, admitting, apologizing, challenging, complaining, condoling, congratulating, declining, giving permission, giving way, greeting, leave-taking, mocking, naming, offering, praising, promising, proposing marriage, protesting, recommending, thanking In saying: “I’m very grateful to you for all you have done for me” performs the illocutionary act of thanking Illocutionary acts form a kind of social coinage, a complicated currency with specific values, by means of which speakers manipulate, negotiate and interact with other speakers To continue the metaphor, social encounters involve the exchange of illocutions Example: Speaker A: “Hello” (greeting) Speaker B: “Hello” (greeting) Speaker A: “You took the last biscuit” (accusation) Speaker B: “No, I didn’t” (denial) 2.4 Differences between illocutions and perlocutions: As a further indication of the notion of illocutionary act, we contrast it with that of perlocutionary act The perlocution of an utterance is often quite different from its illocution Generally speaking, the illocutionary act inherent in an utterance is intended by the speaker, is under his full control, and if it is evident, it is also as the utterance is made, whereas the perlocutionary act performed through an utterance is not always intended by the speaker, is not under his full control, and is usually not evident until after the utterance is made It is much more usual to talk of a speaker “trying” to carry out a perlocutionary act (e.g trying to amuse, or shock, or annoy someone) than it is to talk of a 10 Yes, thank you/Thanks Yes, please Thanks a lot In accepting an offer, saying “thanks” is very important, because “thanks” present not only politeness but also the pleasant and thanking of the hearer to the speaker It’s short answer of accepting to offer In addition, the long answers following express the politeness and formality: - That is very kind of you Thank you very much - I’d love some Thank you - That would be great Thank you - Oh, would you? Thank you very much - That’s nice of you Thanks - Yes, please Thanks a lot Some very informal answers: - Okay - Great - Yes, of course Depending on the expected result, relationship, certain situation, the hearer chooses the different ways to present the acceptance to offer: For example: - I’ll answer it, shall I?  That’s very kind of you - Would you like some toast?  I’d love some - Would you like to dance?  I’d love to - Would you like me to carry that for you?  Thank you very much - Would you like me to turn the lights on?  Yes, of course 32 (V Hollett, Business Objectives, Page 111) Let’s see in the following conversations: (a) A: Are you doing anything special tonight? B: No, not really I’m just going home and watching TV A: How about coming out for a drink? B: That’s a good idea (b) A: I don’t know when I’ll get time to get to the post office B: Shall I post them for you? A: Oh, that would be great Thanks a lot B: You are welcome (V Hollett, Business Objectives, Page 114) (c) Offering a classmate to spend the evening with you at your home: A: Are you going to anything special this evening, Jane? B: No, I don’t think I have anything special to A: Would you like to come over and spend the evening with us We’ve a friend who just came from China I thought you might be interested in meeting her B: Sure, I’d love to I’ll come over around seven A: That’s fine See you later 1.2 Refusing offers in English: How to refuse to offer politely is very important in communication When making an offer, the speaker wants to receive “Yes” answer, so, the way of refusing offer can influence much to the speaker’s face If the hearer is a bit impolite when refusing, he/she can make the speaker lose their faces The proper way of refusing will avoid a tense conversation One refusing sentence has the form as following: Saying “No” + “thanks” + the reason for refusing offer For example: No, thanks, don’t bother I can it myself No, it’s all right, thanks I think I can manage Thanks ever so much, but it’s all right, really 33 Thanks a lot, but I’m OK Saying “No” means refusing The hearer must show that he/she sincerely thanks to the speaker’s offer Through saying “No”, he/she must express the pleasant if having another chance to receive an offer again Certainly, the hearer gives the reasonable explanations/ideas for his/her refusal There are some offering and refusing to offers: - Would you like some grapes?  No, thanks, it looks lovely, but I’m full - Shall I open it for you?  No, thanks I can it myself - Can I hang your coat up for you?  No, thanks I’ll keep it on - Would you like to go and see a film this evening?  Not this evening, thanks Perhaps another time? (V Hollett, Business Objectives, Page 11) In this situation, always be gracious to someone offer you, whether you need or not the offer, just thanks them if you don’t need, however give them another opportunity to offer you and tell them that you maybe available in the near future The hearer refuses and gives another choice: (a) Would you like some tea?  Thanks, I’d prefer coffee, if you’ve got some (b) Shall I put the kettle on for a cup of tea?  I’d prefer coffee, if you have some In both (a) and (b), the speaker offers a cup of tea, but the hearer prefers coffee, so, the hearer gives the one more option - coffee Practice some conversations: (1) A: Here, shall I open the door for you? B: Yes, please A: You have got a lot there Shall I give you a hand? B: No, it’s all right Thanks I can manage 34 (2) A: I have lost all my money B: Shall I buy you a drink? A: No, thanks, all the same B: Well, shall I give you a lift home then? A: Yeah, I think you’d better (Business objective, page 114) When refusing to offer, the hearer often present the regret not to have the chance to receive offer You must be polite and respectful to anyone offering help This applies whether you need the assistance or not In the following conversation, the speaker makes an offer of going out for seeing a concert: A: Tim, I want to ask if you’re free on Wednesday evening I’ve got two tickets for the theatre and unfortunately my wife can’t go I’m wondering if you might like to go with me B: Gee, I’m really sorry I can’t go A: I thought you had no classes on Wednesday B: No, I don’t teach on Wednesday But this Wednesday, I’ve to baby-sit A: What? Babysitting? Where is Joan? B: She’s going to an evening class A: Well, that’s too bad (TiÕng Anh giao tiÕp thÕ kû 21) The hearer gives some reasons for not accepting the offer: For example: The offer: “Would you like to see a movie?” There are several ways of refusing: - Thank you I’d like to, but I have to work late - Thank you, I’d love to, but I need to save money - Thank you, I’d like to, but I want to visit my parents - Oh, I’m sorry, but I can’t go I’m very busy (New Interchange, page 24) 35 - That’s very kind of you, but… - I think I’d prefer that myself because… - It looks lovely, but… - No, thank you It’s not necessary Particularly, for the offering help, always be gracious to someone offering you help, whether you need or not, just thank them for offering to help you, and, if you don’t need it, just tell them that you can handle it, but give them another opportunity to help you and tell them that you may need their offer in the future Forms of refusing offer to help: (a) Negative phrase Refusal No I don’t need That kind of refusing rarely appears (b) Negative phrase Thanking No Thanks No Thank you No Thanks anyway Thanking Reason why not accepting the (c) offer Thanks I will reserve these books and pick them up later as I will take my younger sister tomorrow (d) Positive Reason/explanation comment why not accepting You’re Thanking so But I’m okay without Thanks kind that item A nice offer But I can open it myself Thank you 36 It means, “Thank you for offering, but I think I’m Ok with this at the moment I really appreciate your offer.” (e) Exclamation Expressing regret Oh, what a pity I wish I didn’t buy the ticket for the bus coming (f) Consolation Reason/explanation No worry Never mind Responding to offers in Vietnamese: How to offer is very important in Vietnamese, and how to respond to offers is more important In Vietnamese, there are many ways to respond to offer 2.1 Accepting offers: Most of acceptance of Vietnamese is formal and sensitive; still, there are some informal ways: With offer: Can I open the door for you? There are several ways to reply: - Vâng, cám ơn (Yes, thanks) (informal way) - Vâng, quí hoá (Thanks, that is very kind of you.) (formal way) - Qúi hoá quá, g× b»ng (Thank you That’s very kind of you) (formal way) You are offered to come to a party You are very happy You express pleasant through these responses: - Vâng, tuyệt quá, thích Yes, thatd be splendid Id love to - ý kiến hay That sounds a nice idea 37 2.2 Refusing offers in Vietnamese: In communication, all speech acts toward a certain practical purpose; we must choose one proper form to present each speech act For example, when a person refuses an offer about going to see a film, at that time, depending on expected results, on relationship, on certain communicative conversation, we should use one of the following expressions: - Chµ! Tèi bận!(1) - ờ! Phim xem rồi! Mình chả đâu!(2) - Ôi! Phim chán chán! Xem làm gì!(3) - Cậu điên à? Tối đài báo có bÃo(4) - Cháu cảm ơn bác, nh-ng hôm cháu trót hẹn ng-ời bạn rồi(5) (Đinh Trọng Lạc-Nguyễn Thái Hoà, Phong cách học Tiếng Việt) These above ways of responding have different senses and attitudes To close friend or familiar people, we use the informal way to respond, or even add jokes, like (1), (2), (3), (4) On the other hand, when responding to the Old, naturally, we must present the politeness and sincerity, like (5) In daily conversation, how to refuse offer effectively is not simple See several ways as following: Direct way to refuse offer: - Lên xe chở nhà! Tôi không cần anh hộ tống đâu! I dont need to escort me home! This direct way may lose the hearer’s face However, we rarely use this way The communicators often use polite, light ways to succeed in refusing offer For example: Can I give you a hand? Thôi cảm ơn lòng tốt bạn! No, thanks for your kindness Or: Không đâu, anh biết mà, dù cảm ơn 38 No, no I know you can’t Thanks anyway Indirect ways to refuse to offer: For example: “Can I open the door for you?”  Thôi mày mở cánh cửa không đ-ợc đâu! No, you can’t open this door Or:  Tao kh«ng muèn mày phá cửa đâu I dont want you to destroy this door Or:  Chµ, chµ Anh tèt quá, nh-ng em nghĩ em tự mở đ-ợc Cảm ơn anh nh¸! Look! You are so kind! But I think I can it myself Thanks Some responses to the offer: Can I give you a lift? Dạ, cảm ơn Phiền Cháu đợi đ-ợc mà! Thanks No worry Im waiting here Bạn thật hào phóng làm sao, nh-ng quen với việc rồi! Youre so generous, but Im familiar with it Cảm ơn em, anh nặng Tr- Bát Giới đó! Có chở nỉi kh«ng? (a joke) Thanks, but I’m heavier than Mr Tru Bat Gioi Can you it?  Kh«ng, em phải xe buýt, ba đợi bÕn xe buýt kÕ tiÕp mµ! No, I must come home by bus, because my Dad is waiting for me at the next bus stop! We can draw the general structure to refuse offer: Direct ways to refuse offers: (a) Negative words/phrases Thanking Thôi Cảm ơn Không Cảm ơn Khỏi cần/Cóc cần Cảm ơn Chả cần đâu Cảm ơn 39 The equivalence to “No, thank you” or “No, thanks”, commonly, is không, cảm ơn; however, in very informal situation, that is, chả cần đâu/cóc cần đâu, cảm ơn! (b) Thanking Reasons/explanation why not accepting Cảm ơn anh Em xe buýt Cảm ơn nhá Mình chờ xe buýt đ-ợc (c) Sympathizing with S Proposal Làm đủ sức mà chở Để Expressing afraidness Reason/Explanation (d) for afraidness Em sợ làm phiền sếp Em không muốn anh đổ mồ hôi chuyện vặt nµy (e) Words/phrases Thanking Reason/explanation why not accepting No Thanks But I think I can manage Thôi mà Cám ơn Tao làm đ-ợc Some other refusals are flexibly used as in: - ừ, xe buýt đến Anh cảm ơn em nhé! - Dạ, em không muốn anh đổ mồ hôi cánh cửa đâu ạ!(employeremployee) 40 The refusal of offer: “I can lend you my money!” Is: Mày tưởng mày chứ? Bill Gate hả? mà đòi cho anh mày mượn tiền. This refusal is very informal, like a joke 41 CHAPTER III: FINDINGS AND IMPLICATION Findings: During the process of the study of offering and responding to offers in English and Vietnamese, the writer found out a lot of interesting issues related to the subject, especially that of making offers and their responses in English and Vietnamese Communication and communicative competence are the first priority The language learners must have good communicative competence (how this language is used in a specific socio-cultural context) besides having linguistic competence (the knowledge of grammar and structure) The writer realized that using politeness in English and Vietnamese is very important and necessary because the politeness is indispensable in communication Imagine that if there is no politeness in communicating with others, communicators will feel unpleasant and uncomfortable In addition, politeness in English is relatively as same as in Vietnamese The study states many ways of making offers and responses to offers The way to offer and respond to offer depends on age, relationship and situation According to those factors, people can respond to offer formally or informally Through the study, we can see some differences and similarities between making offers and responding to offers in English and Vietnamese Both speaking of English and Vietnamese, when making offers, want to give H something beneficial or to H an action that is good for H The act of offering in both languages shows S’s consideration toward H and also S’ expectation that H will accept the offer The offering act is tentative and embodies a degree of uncertainty so it always calls for an answer of either acceptance or refusals from H Both speakers of English and Vietnamese can choose from various forms and ways of offering which may include forms of questions, form of statements and form of imperative sentences 42 To make offers more effective, both speakers of English and Vietnamese can use same devices such as lexical items In English the word “please” is often used while “h·y”, “cø”, “nhД are used in Vietnamese When refusing the offer, both hearers in English and Vietnamese try not to hurt speakers’ feeling by making the refusal as tactful and reasonable as possible When accepting the offer, hearers in both languages often show their happiness However, some differences can be found in the act of offering in English and Vietnamese The types of question that are used in making offers in English varied more than those in Vietnamese In English there are Yes/No questions, elliptic questions, tag questions and questions formed with “How” while in Vietnamese, in most cases, only Yes/No questions with or chứor tag question đ-ợc không ạ? are used In addition, the vocabulary used in offers in Vietnamese is much more diversified Vietnamese speakers often use such words as nhé, ạ,dạ, thôithat are difficult to find their equivalents in English Moreover, the addressing system in Vietnamese is much more complicated than it is in English Implication: Learners of a foreign language are generally interested in studying the culture of the target language They want to know about the native’s way of life, what they are like? What their customs are like? It’s the trend of knowledge They want to understand more clearly about culture which then can help much in communicating with native speakers accurately, fluently, naturally The ability to react with speakers of another language depends not only on language skills but also on comprehension of cultural habits and expectations The ways to make offers and respond to offers properly is very important and necessary in business and trading, especially restaurant business People value politeness the most important thing In fact there are more likely to forgive inaccuracies than rudeness In restaurant business, to offer politely is a vital thing to make success of restaurant’s staff For instance, the waiters and waitress won’t be successful if they don’t know how to offer and if there is no politeness 43 Hence, the waiters always must communicate and behave politely with their guests Here are some tips for making offers politely in business meetings: - Don’t use phrase like: “What you want to drink…?”, that sounds rude, so, please use “Would you like…?”/ “What would you like?”, that sounds more polite E.g Would you like a cup of coffee? - Remember to use “please” Using “please” shows your pleasure to offer something to somebody: Would you like some toast, please? - Use modal verbs: The verbs change the mood of the sentence and allow you to sound polite and diplomatic They also make the speaker and hearer come closed, reduce distance between speaker and hearer Taking notice of the use of different modal verbs is also important For example, using modal verb “could” sounds more polite than “can”: Could I give you a lift? (1) Can I give you a lift? (2) In the sentence (1), the hearer will feel more comfortable 44 PART III: CONCLUSION Summary of the study: With the help of supervisor, teachers, family and friends, this graduation paper has been completed on time After consulting and collecting information from both English and Vietnamese I have designed this paper into three parts; the second part which consists of three chapters is the main part Chapter one states theoretical background on speech act theory, context, and politeness theory Chapter two focus on studying offering and responding to offers in English and Vietnamese This chapter is divided into four main sub-parts: an overview in offering, offering in English, offering in Vietnamese, responding to offer in English and Vietnamese I would like to give as many examples and conversations as possible which are of best selection from different sources in both English and Vietnamese in order to help readers have a wide and clear understanding of my study Chapter three states some findings and implication on the study Due to the limitation of time and knowledge of mine in this field, the research paper may not satisfy the readers entirely There still remain some shortcomings and limitation in this paper Once again, I would like to express my deepest thanks to my supervisor, Mr Trinh Van Sach (M.A) as well as all of my teachers in Foreign Language Department for their guidance and comments Suggestions for further study: Offering and responding to offer in English and Vietnamese is a broad subject to researchers Therefore, the author of this study would like to give some suggestions which may be useful for further researches: - Offering and responding to offers in English and Vietnamese in business context - Offering and responding to offers between English and Vietnamese, a contrast analysis 45 REFERENCES: Books: Hurford, R (1983), Semantics, CUP Hång Oanh, TuyÕt S¬n, TiÕng Anh giao tiÕp thÕ kû 21, NXB Tp HCM Ban Quang, Diệp, (1998), Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt, NXB GD Hữu Quỳnh, Nguyễn, (2001), Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt, NXB Từ điển Bách Khoa Trọng Lạc, Đinh, (2001), Phong c¸ch häc TiÕng ViƯt, NXB GD To¸n Minh, Bùi, A Lê, Hùng, Việt Đỗ, (1997), Tiếng Việt thực hµnh, NXB GD Leo Jones, Richard Alexander, New International Business English, NXB TrỴ Michael Swan, Cathrine Walter, The New Cambridge English Course (1&2), Cambrigde University Press Vicki Hollett, Business Objectives, Oxford University Press 10 Vicki Hollett, Business Opportunities, Oxford University Press 11 Jack C.Richards, New Interchange 1, NXB §HQG 12 David Grant, Robert Mc Larty, Business Basics, NXB Đà Nẵng Website: http://usingenglish.com http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/politeness-theory http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/speechact-theory http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/context-(language-use) http://ngonngu.net http://www.learnenglish1.com/2008/05/15/everyday-english-9/3663.htm http://google.com.vn 46 ... divided into four main sub-parts: an overview in offering, offering in English, offering in Vietnamese, responding to offer in English and Vietnamese I would like to give as many examples and conversations... yourself to some more wine IV Responding to offers in English and Vietnamese: Responding to offer in English: When receiving an offer in English, the hearer has two ways of responding: either accepting... on speech act and politeness - Studying offering and responding to offers in English and Vietnamese - Presenting the structures in making offers and responses to offers - Providing some common