Luyện tập phát âm tiếng Anh theo trọng tâm: Phần 2

Cuốn sách Luyện tập phát âm tiếng Anh theo trọng tâm đề cập đến trọng âm từ tiếng Anh. Đây cũng là vấn đề gai góc như cách phát âm. Nhiều bài tập hết sức có thể được đưa vào giúp bạn đọc có được cách phát âm khả quan hơn. Sách được chia thành 2 phần, mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung phần 2 cuốn sách.

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PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 28 I BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE THE COMBINATIONS GH, GU, NG, DGE 1 GH- is pronounced /g/: 1 ghastly 3 ghetto 2 gherkin 4 ghost e GH - is silent in STRAIGHT 2 GU — is pronounced /g/ at the beginning of a word: 1 guarantee 4 guilt 2 guess 5 guitar 3 guide Unique case: languor(ous) (la@y goras/ 3 — NGU - is pronounced /ngw/: 1 anguish 2 distinguish 4 — NG - is usually pronounced /ng/: 1 angle 4 finger 2 Anglo — 5 longer 3 anger 6 kangaroo

5 — NG — is pronounced /1/ only in derivatives from verbs and adjectives ending in — ISH:

1 hanger 3 longing

2 hanging 4 youngish

6 — NGE is always pronounced /—nd3/:

1 danger 2 hinge 8 lounge

7 — DGE is always pronounced /—dy:

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PRACTICE Transcribe these words: 1 languid 6 belonging 2 linguist 7 longish (adj) 3 stronger 8 sponge 4 tango 9 revenge 5 revenge 10 judge il CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISES

A Write the pronunciation of the underlined part in each of the following groups of words:

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3 A car B carriage C corn D city 4 A this B thick C math D thin 5 A drive B into C find D outside

PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 29 I BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE THE CONSONANTS H, J, K, L, N, PH, QU A The Consonant H Here the only combination worthy of remark is HU-, which is pronounced /hju:/ 1 hue 4 humid 2 huge 5 humiliate 3 human 6 humour B The Consonant J J is always pronounced /d3/: 1, jam 4, junk 2 jelly 5 project 3 jot 6 rejoinder C The Consonant K

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D The Consonant L

This is always pronounced ///, but there are three different /l/ sounds according to the position of the letter in the word:

1 A clear L at the beginning of a syllable and before /j/: 1 lard 3 simpler 2 belong 4 billion 2 A dark L at the end of a syllable and before a consonant: 1 tall 4 malt 2 milk 5 Alps 3 bulk 6 maltreat

3 A syllabic L at the end of a word after a consonant: 1 bugle 2 little 8 trouble E The Consonant N

This is always pronounced /n/, with the following exception: before the

sounds /g, k/, N is pronounced /n/ but only when the syllable has the principal or subsidiary accent:

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4, céngress 8 céncord (but: con cérdance)

9 cóncourse (but: to con cur) F The Combination PH PH is always pronounced /f/: 1 hyphen 3 philosophy 2 pheasant 4 photography Exceptions: Stephen /sti:van/, nephew /névju:/ G The Combination QU 1 QU is usually pronounced /kw/: 1 acquaint 3 equal 2 conquest 4 liquid 2 It is always pronounced /k/ in - QUE: 1 cheque 3 opaque 2 grotesque 4 unique 3 It is also pronounced /k/ in: 1 conquer 2 exchequer PRACTICE Transcribe these words: 1 liqueur 4 queue 2 liquor 5 mosquito 3 quay 6 tourniquet il CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISES

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1 reel 1 tune 1 raise 1 baton 1 film I The same exercise: 1 bow 1 box 1 act 1 part 1 fall | | OP ON PP DOP OD t2 9 2 WY

NY beat 3 screen 4 people

fewer 3 music 4 amuse

Space 3 able 4 radio adapt 3 platform 4 standing city 3 insect 4 hidden 2 shout 3 thousand 2 want 3 prompt 2 flash 3 actor 2 brass 3 advance 2 audience 3 performance

C Pick out the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently

from the rest: 1 A.enough B cough A few B sew A chooses B houses A suit B seven oe ON A accurate B accept tough blew Tises Sugar aaaana accident D rough D new D horses D sun D success PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 30 I BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE THE CONSONANT § (1)

One of the greatest difficulties in English is whether § should be

pronounced VOICED or VOICELESS The sharp outline of the original

rule — /z/ in the middle of a word, /s/ at the end — has become effaced Except for a remnant of about 30 words; however, all follow definite

laws:

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1 At the beginning of a word, S is always voiceless /s/:

1 sand 2 sense 3 sing 4 song

PRACTICE

Transcribe these words:

1 surgeon 2 syringe 3 skip 4 snake 5 stand 6 sue Exceptions:

1 sugar /[Óg2/ 2 sure /fue/ (f: voiceless)

2 In the middle of a word, S is voiced before and after a voiced

consonant, voiceless before and after a voiceless consonant

VOICED S ->/Z/ VOICELESS S — /s/

1 cos metic 1 ask 2 dis mal 2 as pirin

3 meas les 3 bes tow 4, hus band 4 es quire

5 Lis bon 5 gras p

6 gos ling 6 mos quito Exceptions: S in all these words are pronounced /s/

1 pasr ley 4 rans om

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4 palsy /2/ 5 pansy /z/

6 venison /z/

7 whimsical /z/

3 At the beginning of the root after a prefix ending in a consonant, S is always yoiceless /s/ (the root is that part which remains after subtracting the prefix and the suffix):

1 ab solute 5 dis sent 2 ab surd 6 ob solete 3 con sider 7 sub side

4 con sume

Exceptions: absolve, dissolve, observe, all /z/

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4 resilience 9 resume 5 resist 10 resurrect /z/ — In all other cases the S is voiceless /s/: 1 aside 4 prosecute 2 antiseptic 5 research 3 desolate 6 resurgent 5 The prefixes DIS -, MIS -, TRANS -:

« DIS -, MIS - are pronounced /s/ even before voiced consonant and before vowels:

1 dis appear 5 mis giving 2 dis band 6 mis lay 3 dig dain 7 mis use

4 dis order

Exceptions: dis aster, dis ease, both /z/

¢ TRANS - is pronounced /trenz—/ before voiced consonants and before vowels:

1 transact 4 transmit 2 transit 5 transoceanic 3 transliterate 6 transient

Individual case: transition /trenzifn or trensi3n/

il CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISES

1 1 easel 2 keeper 3 easy

2 1 palette 2 gallery 3 canvas 3 1 laying 2 famous 3 painting

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mm 6 69 wT oa pe 1 daub 1 still 1 old The same exercise: 1 beast 1 hump 1 wild 1 soft 1 black 1 ape HH 2 small 3 portrait 2 mix 3 build 2 most 3 remote

2 treat 3 piece 4 creature 2 tusk 3 trunk 4 monkey 2 stripe 3 tiger 4 ivory 2 spot 3 forest 4 tropical

2 camel 3 panther 4, African

2 face 3 great 4 cage C Pick out the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the rest:

1

ap

wh

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Exceptions: daisy, advisory, provisory, poesy, all /z/

7 Final S in the plural and possessive of nouns and in the present of

verbs is:

a/ voiceless after voiceless consonants /s/ b/ voiced after voiced consonants and vowels /z/

c/ syllabic after sibilants /12/

/s/ ⁄z/ 1z

ships heads loses

hats lives ashes

Jack’s Tom’s judges digs ceases moves harasses breathes _ splashes stirs PRACTICE Transcribe these words: 1 puts 6 allows 2 laughs 7 pays 3 bothers 8 crochets /kraufetz/ 4, eyes 9 hitches 5 Mary’s 10 plunges

8 e Final S is voiceless after short vowels — /s/:

1 this 2 thus 3 us 4 yes 5 apparatus 6 axis 7 chaos _ 8 crisis 9 focus 10 oasis Exceptions: as, is, has, his > all /z/

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1 avoirdupois /vadepl|b} 4 yours 2 series /síari:|sƒ 5 hers 3 species /spí: [| iy 6 theirs

9 The word ending — SE is pronounced: e /s/ immediately after the stressed syllable: 1 Anise 4 púrchase 2 práctice 5 purpose 3 prémise 6 tredtise e /s/ in the case of all adjectives which end in a vowel + ~ SE 1 concise 5 precise 2 jocose 6 profuse 3 morose 7 verbose 4 obtuse

« /s/ in the combinations ~ LSE, — NSE, — RSE:

1 impulse 2 rinse 3 adverse PRACTICE Transcribe these words: 1 condense 4 coarse 2 immense 5 nurse 3 tense

Exception: to cleanse /klenz/

e /z/in all verbs in so far as they do not belong to some other group: 1 advise 4 despise 7 oppose

2 comprise 5 advertise 8 diffuse 3 premise 6 compose 9 refuse

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Transcribe these words: 1 accuse 2 bruise 3 choose Exceptions: 1 abase 2 debase 3 encase Transcribe these words: 1 chase 2 crease 3 decrease PRACTICE 4 ease 5 please 6 rise 4 cease 5 decease PRACTICE 4 increase 5 lease 6 release

e /s/ in nouns and /z/ in verbs in the following homographs: 1 the use /s/ — to use /Z/

2 the excuse — to excuse 3 the house — to house 4, the louse — to louse

5 the mouse — to mouse

6 diffuse (adj) — to diffuse

7 the refuse — to refuse

8 close (adj) — to close PRACTICE

Transcribe the following pairs of words: 1 the advice — to advise

2 the device — to devise

3 the brass — to braze e /z/ in all other words:

1 cheese

4 the glass — to glaze 5 the grass — to graze 6 the loss — to lose

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2 disease 6 rose 3 enterprise 7 vase /va:z/ 4 exercise Exceptions: 1 base 5 loose 2 case 6 noose 3 dose 7 paradise 4 goose

10 Words which do not belong to any of the groups 1 ~ 9 have in the main /z/ in the middle of the word; the following words, however, have /s/: 1 asylum 5 crusade 2 basic 6 nuisance 3 basin 7 philosophy 4 crisis 8 sausage il CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISES

1 1 full 2 push 3 pulpit

2 1 priest 2 preach 3 steeple

3 1 pew 2 queue 3 curate

4 1 church 2 clergy 3 sermon

5 1 Pope 2 only 3 Roman

6 1 find 2 diocese 3 baptize

B The same exercise:

1 1 fatal 2 angel 3 sacred 4 satan 2 1 Gospel 2 quarrel 3 wander 4 promise

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3 1 idle 2 idol 3 Bible 4 baptize 4 1 Hell 2 death 3 devil 4, heaven 5 1 were 2 earth 3 certain 4 worship

6 1 Eve 2 chief 3 Eden 4 believe

C Pick out the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the rest:

1 A bury B friendly C pretty D pleasant 2 <A chorus B cherish C chaos D scholarship 3 A creature B decent C league D menace 4 A measure B dreadful C treasure D breathe 5 <A danger B angel C anger D magic

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1 beneath 3 depth 2 birth 4 growth Exceptions: 1 to bequeath 4 to mouth 2 booth 5 smooth 3 to betroth 6 with 4 The following nouns have /@/ in the singular and /6/ in the plural: 1 bath 4, sheath 2 lath 5 wreath 3 path PRACTICE Transcribe these words: 1 north 4 oaths 2 tooth 5 truths

3 mouths (n & v) 6 youths 5 Derivatives do not change the final /€/ sound:

1 earth en 2 health y 3 filth y Exceptions:

1 smithy /sm161/ 4 northern /n3:den/

2 worthy /w3:61/ 5 heather /héda/ 3 southern /sAdan/

C The Consonant X

1 This is pronounced /ks/, but /gz/ before the principal or subsidiary accent, when the next syllable begins with a vowel or with an H:

1 exáct 3 to éxecute /éksIkju:t/

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PRACTICE Transcribe these words: 1 exhibit 4 exótic 2 exhibítion 5 exúberant 3 exíst

2 X is pronounced /z/ in ANXIETY /eyzdioti/, xylophone /zdilefaun/

and other words of Greek derivation

II CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISES

1 1 lie 2 vice 3 right 2 1 steal 2 evil 3 greedy

3 1 faith 2 obey 3 patience

4, 0 1 true 2 truth 8 prudence

5 1 clergy 2 enjoy 3 religion

6 1 faith 2 truth 3 death

1 1 fir 2 earth 3 further

2 1 wild 2 arrive 3 horizon

3 1 some 2 summit 3 country

4 1 snow 2 slope 3 only

5 1 rock 2 ridge 3: torrent

6 1 peak 2 been 3 ravine

7, 1 dash 2 dazzle 3 glacier

from the rest:

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2 <A.brochure B sugar C scholarship _D conscious

3 A.dynamic B hypocrite C cynicism D typical

4 A heroine B penalty C poetic D convenient

5 <A privilege B collage C college D message

PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 33 1 BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

THE EFFECT OF ACCENT

1 The fundamental rule for the effect of accent is as follows:

If the vowel is unstressed after — CI -, — SI -, — TI -, — CE, these

letters are pronounced /f/, if the vowel has a principal or subsidiary accent, those letters have the value /f1/:

1 artificial ~fIƒV — artiBe ¡ álity fifi £ht/

2 cénscience /-fns/ -> consciéntious /-i€nƒas/

3.ócean — oceánic 4 précigus — preci ósity

5 spécial — speci dlity 6 Asia —> Asi átic

PRACTICE Transcribe the following pairs of words:

1 confidéntial — confident i dlity 2 esséntial —› essent ¡ dlity 3 pártial ~ parti dlity 4 substantial — substant i dlity

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2 associate 5 initiate 3 depreciate 6 negotiate Likewise the words: 1 otiose /2Ó Ia0/ 2 ratio /ré1f 190/ i CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISES

C Pick out the

from the rest:

1 1 coil 2 avoid 3 enjoy

2 1 glade 2 waist 3 retain

3 1 flow 2 rope 3 slope

4 ` 1 melt 2 content 3 pleasant 5 1 helped 2 produced 3 harnessed 6 1 appear 2 engineer 3 experienced

1 1 moss 2 spot 3 lofty

2 1 oak 2 hole 3 slope

3 1 able 2 glade 3 hazel

4 1 nụt 2 honey 3 among

5 1 king 2 timber 3 squirrel

6 1 birches 2 beeches 3 branches

word whose underlined part is pronounced differently

1 A liable B livid C revival D final 2 A houses B faces C horses D places 3 <A pudding B put C pull D puncture

4 A.sovereign _ B fountain C determine _D routine

5 A beard B.word _—C heard D third

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PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 34 I BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

THE PALATALIZATION OF - CE -, — CI ~

(Ngạc hóa âm hoặc có các âm vòm họng cứng khi đọc các mẫu tự —- CE — CI)

¢ The palatal consonants are /f 3 tf d3/

e Palatalization means the process by which the sounds /s t zd g/ merge themselves with a following /j/ sound so that:

—/§+ 1⁄2/L+ J produce a/f/ —/Zz+1/ produces a /3/ -/d+j/,/g+j/ produce a /d3/

¢ The /j/ sound, contained in the written letters E, I and U, gives up its own phonetic value when this merging takes place, unless the accent

retains it as an /-I-/

1 The palatalization of - CE -, — CI - always produces /{/:

1 acacia /aké1fa/ 4, physician 2 commercial 5 ancient 3 social PRACTICE Transcribe these words: 1 delicious 4 herbaceous 2 precious 5 rosaceous 3 coercion 6 ocean

2 In the endings — CIABLE, — CIATIVE, — CIATORY, the /—-1-/ is

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1 appreciable /—prí: ƒIebl⁄ 2 appreciative / [tativ/ 3 depreciatory /— fiateri/ H CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISES

A Write the pronunciation of the underlined part in following groups of words: 1 1 raw 2 1 shop 3 1 wage 4 1 factory B The same exercise: r 1 pint 1 butter 1 depth 1 1 fare M - 0ưnce Ø@ Ø6 1 use thorn profñt 2 price 2 dozen 2 2 2 2 width pair count - unit display Manager oo retailer 3 advertise 3 height 3 money 3 worth 3 vary 3 crown 3 - Queue each of the tradesman manufacture 4 strike 4 customer 4 4 4 length area pound 4 Europe

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PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 35 I BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE THE PALATALIZATION OF -— TI - 1 This always produces /J/: 1 militia 3 presidential 2 initial 4 patient 2 If the — TI — is preceded by an S, palatalization fails to take place except in — STION: 1 bestial /bést jal/ 2 Christian /krist jan/ But: question /kwést fn/ PRACTICE Transcribe these words: 1 portion /f/ 3 suggestion /tf/ 2 national /J/ 4 combustion /tf/ 3 In the endings - TLABLE, - TIATIVE, ~ TIATORY, it is the same as with — Cl —: 1 sati able 2 negotiable 3 initi ative 4 Special cases:

1 inertia /— ƒ1s/ 3 frontier /—tI2/ 2 transition 4 righteous /—tfas/

5 No other words ending in — TEOUS have palatalization

Il, CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISES

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|| ok Oy PF Do ew be 1 try 1 after 1 hot 1 walk 1 unit The same exercise: 1 wealth 1 sail 1 fast 1 port rl ||| 1 first 1 cotton 2 3 2 2 straw 2 produce 2 petrol 2 trade 2 2 North 2 foreign 2 bargain jostled Own ww farming Ow ww ww work 3 Style department shopping bought perfumery century replace market almost colony world

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2 controversial 5 anxious /@nk [as/ 3 Persian PRACTICE Transcribe these words: 1 Persia 4 Russian 2 Russia 5 magnesia 3 fuchsia /fja:fo/

3 We get /3/ in the ending — SIER (— ZIER):

1 hosier 4 brazier These three are more 2 osier 5 glazier ¢ frequently pronounced

3 crosier 6 grazier /-€1z1a/ 4 — SION is pronounced:

e /-Jn/ after a consonant (including R, 8):

1 aversion 3 succession

2 compulsion 4 tension

e /-3an/ after a vowel:

1 deci sion 2 fusion 3 resci ssion /rIsĩ4en/ Il CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISES

1 1 lay 2 frame 3 slater

4 mason 5 labour 6 scraper

2 1 straw 2 storey 3 mortar

3 1 ask 2 architect 3 carpenter

4.000 1 plan 2 gang 3 stand

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ea

PF

YN

C Pick out the from the rest: 1 A those 2 A bus 3 A chair 4 A wait 5 <A whole 1 1 1 1 1 1 climb knee width houses Ø œØ œ Pœ needle hanger lose but cheap Tain when 2 comb 2 knob 2 smith 2 brushes 2 handle 2 painter C both C busy C chemist C laid C which 3 plumber (mute b) 3 knock (mute k) 3 length 3 switches 3 gentle 3 plasterer word whose underlined part is pronounced differently D goes D bunch D child D hair D white PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 37 i BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

ABSENCE OF PALATALIZATION: DISSIMILATION

1 In the following words — at all events in British English — no palatalization takes place:

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1 Rhodesia /—z19/ 3 Parisian /-zjan/ 2 artesian /-zjon/ 4 brazier

PRACTICE

1 glazier /z/ 3 nausea /s/

2 gaseous /s/ 4 omniscient /—stont/

2 Nouns derived from verbs in — CIATE are pronounced — CIATION

/-fie1fn/ Owing to the process of dissimilation the pronunciation /—

sié1fn/ has prevailed in the following words:

« EMACIATION, ENUNCIATION, GLACIATION

« and frequently in the words: APPRECIATION, DEPRECIATION

* similarly SOCIOLOGY /sausibled31/

¢ in the verbs ENUNCIATE & GLACIATE, the /-si/ pronunciation also prevails nowadays

i CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISES

1 1 let 2 rent 3 tenant

2 1 see 2 lease 3 sweep

Em 1 true 2 move 3 remove

4. _— 1 full 2 foot 3 soot

5 1 new 2 suit 3 during

6 1 caught 2 warm 3 quarter

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* we

2 1 plot 2 common 3 politics

3 1 hedges 2 villages 3 cottages

4 1 own 2 roll 3 road

5 1 train 2 grave 3 graze

6 1 crowd 2 christ 3, creeper

from the rest:

1 A disguise B bruise C cruise D suit 2 A.honourable B honesty C historic D heir 3 A creature B creative C creamy D crease 4 A police B seize C machine D veil 5 A ascent B parachute C mission D vicious

PRONUNCIATION & ORTHOGRAPH 38

1 BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

THE PALATALIZATION OF - GE -, - GI -

¢ In the endings ~ GEON, - GIAN, - GION, ~ GEOUS, — GIOUS the I or E, as the case may be, no longer has the value of a vowel; it is absorbed through the palatalization of the G The endings are

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3 contagion ¢ Exception: the /I-/ remains in COLLEGIATE /—d31t/ 6 courageous II CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISES

A Write the pronunciation of the underlined part in each of the following groups of words: Pe wne Drank oN 1 1 | roar love 1 spark 1 wave 1 1 that few The same exercise: 1 lighted 1 closes 1 risers 1 baths /6z/ NN NN NY WD forge coming smart baker useful black 2 prevented 2 houses 2 2 villagers wow ww wo Có ao w Có booths 3 store flourish barber labourer community anvil intoxicated circuses travellers clothes

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PALATALIZATION THROUGH U

This is in character similar to palatalization through I, but has not had such far — reaching effects We find it regularly in the following endings: -URE(R), — URY, — UE, — UAL, — UOUS

1 — SURE is pronounced

/-39/ after vowels:

1 exposure 2 measure 3 seizure /si:39/

/—fa/ after consonants:

1 censure 2 fissure (= fisher) — SUR — within the word is pronounced /—39/:

1 censurer 2 treasury 3 usury /JÚ:52r1/ — XUR - in LUXURIOUS /1AgzjÓarias/

but in LUXURY /Akfari/ — SUR - in USURIOUS /ju:zjéar1as/

2 — TURE is pronounced /tfa/; in rare words or in careful speech /-toa/: aparture /épatfa or — tjuo/ 8 gesture 1 2 candidature /—ditfo/ 9 legislature /-lé1tfa/ 3 capture 10 literature

4 creature /kri:tfo/ 11 miniature /minjatfa/ 5 curvature /—vat fa/ 12 overture /aovatjua or — tfo/ 6 furniture 13 signature

7 future

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PRACTICE Transcribe these words: 1 temperature 4, torture 2 stature 5 venture 3 texture 6 vulture

— Derivatives and similar formations are pronounced correspondingly:

1 cultural /-tforal/ 5 century /-tfort/ 2 futurism /-tƒar—/ 6 fortune

3 natural 7 fortunate /-tfonit/

4 picturesque 8 saturate /-tforeit/ 3 — JURE is pronounced /d32/: 1 to conjure 3 perjure 2 injure 4 perjury 4 — DURE: 1 procedure /—d30/ 2 verdure /-d30, — djo/ 5 — UE is not palatalized:

1 issue /isju:/ 2 residue 3 virtue

6 — UAL is palatalized only in the words:

1 mutual 5 usual /-300l/

2 punctual > /-tfool/ 6 visual /-3juel/

3 virtual 7 sensual

4 casual /ke3uel,— Zjool/ § sexual /sékƒ0al/

In all other formations — in — UOUS, - UENT, - UATE, — UARY, ete —

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exer eee

il CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISES

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SILENT CONSONANTS

The following section provides a survey of the most important

instances of silent consonants:

1 B is silent in —~ MB, — BT and derivatives: 1 bomb 2 bomber /búma/ 3 climb 4 dumb 5 succumb 2 — C is silent before QU: 1 acquaint 2 acquire — Also in: 1 to indict /indatt/ 2 victuals /vitlz/ 3 Connecticut /—ét—/ 3 CH is silent in: 1 drachm 2 fuchsia 4 D is silent in:

1 handkerchief 2 handsome 3 Wednesday /wenz—/

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Ae jee VXA But: 1 diaphragmatic /-fregmet—/ 2 phlegmatic ~ It is also silent in GN -, - GN 1 gnat 6 campaign

2 gnaw 7 Cologne /kalaÓn/

3 gnome 8 foreign /fúrin/

4, arraign 9 benign /-nain/

5 assign 10 malign

PRACTICE

1 oppugn /ppju:n/ 2 reign 3 sign 4 sovereign

— In the derivatives, G is pronounced: 1 benignity 6 signal 2 assignation 7 signature 3 dignity 8 signify 4 malignant 9 insignia 5 repugnant But: 1 assignee 2 physiognomy (without G) 6 ~ H is silent in:

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1 annihilate /andrelett/ 3 shepherd /fépad/ 2 prohibition /proui—/ 4 vehement /VÍ:I—/ PRACTICE Transcribe these words: 1 nihilism 6 exhaust 2 philharmonic 7 exhibit 3 posthumous 8 exhilarate 4 silhouette 9 exhort 5 vehicle

~ But it is pronounced before the stressed syllable: 1 nihility 2 prohibit 8 vehicular

7 — K is silent in BLACKGUARD /biéga:d/

~ and in KN -:

1 knee 2 knife 3 knob 8 — Lis silent in - ALK, —- ALM, — ALF:

1 talk 2 almond 3 calf

— in — OLK, — OLM and other cases: (See PRONUNCIATION 18) 1 folk 2 holm

~ also in:

1 could 2 should 3 would /~ud/

9 — N is silent in — MN (in the verb forms as well):

1 autumn 4, condemn

2 column 5 solemn

3 damn 6 hymn — But it is not silent in the derivatives:

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“ease eWay “ 2 columnist 3 condemnation 5 solemnize 10 — P is silent in PN -, PS —, PT -: 1 pneumatic 2 pneumonia 3 psalm 4 pseudonym — It is also silent in: 1 cupboard 2 corps /ko:/ 5 psychology 6 psychiatrist 7 ptarmigan 3 raspberry 4 receipt

11 R is silent between vowels only in IRON /d1on/ 12 — S is silent before palatal combinations 1 conscious 2 fissure — Also in: 1 aisle /ail/ 2 apropos 3 chamois 4 debris

13 ~ T is silent above all in —

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PRACTICE Transcribe these words: 1 thistle 3 whistle 2 postpone 4 wrestle — T is also silent in: 1 crochet 5 mortgage 2 croquet 6 often 3 hautboy /hdubor/ 7 ragout 4 Matthew 8 soften 14 TH is silent in ASTHMA /£sma/, ISTHMUS /1smes/ 15 — W is silent in WR -: 1 wrap 4 wry 2 write 5 awry /2rú1/ 3 wrong — Also in: 1 who /hu:/ 4 whoop (ing~cough) 2 whose 5 whole 3 whore /ho:/ — And in:

1 answer /d:nso/ 2 housewife 3 two /tu:/

Il CUMULATIVE WRITTEN & MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISES

A Write the pronunciation of the

following groups of words:

underlined part in each of the

1 ' 1®ld 2 mow 3 woven

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| 7 wt TF ODE DM Oman w lÍ: an 1 loft 1 seek 1 thread 1 tied The same exercise: 1 haggle 1 salt 1 folk 1 buy 1 basket 2 B2 bw we flock fleece meadow hide barrow Stall poultry sight - Master Oo (3 ww what Weave Shepherd climb 3 cabbage 3 abroad 3 3 strike 3 wholesale bargain

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Part Two

WORD STRESS

“English word stress cannot be learnt by means of rules In most cases there is no rule as to the incidence of stress It is therefore necessary for the forign student to learn the stress of every word individually.” (Professor Daniel Jones, the Quthine of English

Phonetics.)

“But the rules do exist and they can be a great help to the learner.”

(W Friederich) For each rule only a few examples are adduced; in most cases they stand for dozens, if not_hundreds, of others Often the best ~ known words have not been chosen as examples since the reader will

easily find these for himself The exceptions, on the other hand, have

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# ‘ Hệ „ k * " 6 Kr WORD STRESS 1 ! BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE:

STRESS OF TWO - SYLLABLE WORDS A Words of two syllables are usually stressed on the first: 1 bréther: 3 cóuntry: 2 window: 4, standard: B Verbs compounded with prefixes are stressed on the last: 1 admit: 7.omit: 2 arrive: 8 outdó: 3 dený: 9 relý: 4 prepáre: 10 uphóld: ð forgó: 11 withstánd: 6 belóng:

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