ADVANCES IN PHOTONIC CRYSTALS Edited by Vittorio M. N. Passaro Advances in Photonic Crystals http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/47821 Edited by Vittorio M. N. Passaro Contributors Luca Marseglia, Robinson Savarimuthu, Igor Guryev, Juan Ricardo Cabrera Esteves, Jose Amparo Andrade Lucio, Igor A. Sukhoivanov, Oscar Ibarra Manzano, Everardo Vargas Rodriguez, Natalia Gurieva, Wenfu Zhang, Wei Zhao, Marcin Koba, Volodymyr Fesenko, Sergiy Shulga, Tiziana Stomeo, Antonio Qualtieri, Ferruccio Pisanello, Luigi Martiradonna, Pier Paolo Pompa, Marco Grande, Antonella D'Orazio, Massimo De Vittorio, Boris Malomed, Thawtachai Mayteevarunyoo, Shunji Nojima, Zhiyuan Li, Lavrinenko, Vittorio M. N. Passaro Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ana Pantar Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published February, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Advances in Photonic Crystals, Edited by Vittorio M. N. Passaro p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0954-9 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Section 1 Theory 1 Chapter 1 Photonic Crystal Ring Resonator Based Optical Filters 3 S. Robinson and R. Nakkeeran Chapter 2 Single and Coupled Nanobeam Cavities 27 Aliaksandra M. Ivinskaya, Andrei V. Lavrinenko, Dzmitry M. Shyroki and Andrey A. Sukhorukov Chapter 3 Birefringence in Photonic Crystal Structures: Toward Ultracompact Wave Plates 51 Wenfu Zhang and Wei Zhao Chapter 4 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Anisotropic Photonic Structures 79 V.I. Fesenko, I.A. Sukhoivanov, S.N. Shul’ga and J.A. Andrade Lucio Chapter 5 Threshold Mode Structure of Square and Triangular Lattice Gain and Index Coupled Photonic Crystal Lasers 107 Marcin Koba Chapter 6 Two-Component Gap Solitons in Self-Defocusing Photonic Crystals 137 Thawatchai Mayteevarunyoo, Athikom Roeksabutr and Boris A. Malomed Chapter 7 Very Long Photon-Lifetimes Achieved by Photonic Atolls 157 S. Nojima Chapter 8 Dynamic Characteristics of Linear and Nonlinear Wideband Photonic Crystal Filters 179 I. V. Guryev, J. R. Cabrera Esteves, I. A. Sukhoivanov, N. S. Gurieva, J. A. Andrade Lucio, O. Ibarra-Manzano and E. Vargas Rodriguez Section 2 Experiments and Applications 201 Chapter 9 Photonic Crystal Coupled to N-V Center in Diamond 203 Luca Marseglia Chapter 10 Silicon Nitride Photonic Crystal Free-Standing Membranes: A Flexible Platform for Visible Spectral Range Devices 221 T. Stomeo, A. Qualtieri, F. Pisanello, L. Martiradonna, P.P. Pompa, M. Grande, D’Orazio and M. De Vittorio Chapter 11 Photonic Crystals for Optical Sensing: A Review 241 Benedetto Troia, Antonia Paolicelli, Francesco De Leonardis and Vittorio M. N. Passaro Chapter 12 Silicon Photonic Crystals Towards Optical Integration 297 Zhi-Yuan Li, Chen Wang and Lin Gan ContentsVI Preface After 1987 Yablonovitch's milestone paper, photonic crystals have been the topic of a huge num‐ ber of papers. For many years, photonic crystals have been investigated both theoretically and ex‐ perimentally because of their peculiar and intriguing properties for nanophotonic applications, such as laser generation, optical sensing, beam filtering, anisotropic property control, high field confinement, and so on. In particular, after the first demonstration of two-dimensional photonic crystal at optical wavelengths, planar slabs have been investigated to efficiently fabricate two-di‐ mensional photonic crystals by etching the hosting slab or by forming pillars over the slab. To this aim, several technologies have been applied to derive photonic crystal properties in hosting mate‐ rials, such as semiconductor slabs (III/V alloy compounds, silicon and compounds), metamateri‐ als and others, as well as in photonic crystal fibers. Nowadays, many international research groups are still very active in this topic, since many theoretical aspects in modeling and design of photonic crystals, as well as in fabrication aspects, are not yet well standardized. This book presents some advances of the international research in the field, collecting many chap‐ ters relevant to different theoretical and experimental aspects of photonic crystals, mainly two- dimensional, for Nanophotonics applications. Chapters are written by some important international research groups. The book is divided in two parts, a theoretical section followed by a section devoted to experiments and applications. First part includes chapters developing several numerical methods for analysis and design of photonic crystal devices, such as 2D ring resonators for filters, single and coupled nanobeam cavities, birefringence in photonic crystal cavities, propa‐ gation in anisotropic photonic crystals, threshold analysis in photonic crystal lasers, gap solitons in photonic crystals, novel photonic atolls, dynamic characteristics of linear and non linear pho‐ tonic crystal filters. Second part includes four chapters focusing on many aspects of photonic crys‐ tals fabrication and applications, such as nitrogen defect technology in diamond, silicon nitride free standing membranes, silicon photonic crystals structures, applications of photonic crystals for optical sensing. I would like to acknowledge the efforts of all the contributing authors for the best quality of the chapters collected in this book. Moreover, I would like to thank Ms. Mirna Cvijic, Ms. Sandra Bak‐ ic and Ms. Ana Pantar, who have subsequently followed the book publishing process, for their great help in the preparation of this book, in particular the tasks of chapter proposal collection and manuscript editing and correction. Vittorio M. N. Passaro Associate Professor Politecnico di Bari Bari, Italy PrefaceVIII Section 1 Theory [...]... dropping terminals, respectively Figure 6 Schematic structure of the ring resonator based ADF 9 10 Advances in Photonic Crystals In PC structures, there are two ways to design optical resonator as follows, i Line defect or point defect based resonators - changing the size or dielectric constant of rods in the structure ii Ring Resonators (RRs) - removing some rods in order to have a ring shape In RR... shaped by point defects The circular PCRR consists of four rings in the inner cavity, which is constructed by varying the position of both inner and outer rods from their original position towards center of the origin (г) In the four rings inner cavities, the center rod in the structure is considered as the first ring and the second ring is placed around the first ring and then third ring followed... cases, while varying the structural parameters the coupling and dropping efficiencies are not changing however there is a trivial change in passband width in turn Q factor It is observed that, while increasing (decreasing) the value of refractive index, lattice constant and radius of the rod, the resonant wavelength of the filter shifts into the longer wavelength 15 16 Advances in Photonic Crystals (shorter... reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 28 2 Advances in Photonic Crystals Photonic Crystals Figure 1 (a) The geometry of nanobeam cavity (b) Magnetic field in resonance photonic components A variety of high-Q, low-V cavity designs were proposed based on structural modifications in photonic crystal matrices [4–9] The main channel for loosing energy from a free-standing membrane... transmission terminal The bus and the dropping waveguides are formed by introducing line defects whereas the circular PCRR is shaped by creating point defects (i.e by removing the columns of rods to make a circular shape) The circular PCRR is constructed by varying the position of inner rods and outer rods from their original position towards the center of the origin (г) The inner rods are built by varying the... applications that are directed towards the integration of photonic devices 2DPCs is the choice of great interest for both fundamental and applied research, and also it is beginning to find commercial applications K Inoue et al 2004 have summarized the use PCs in various applications as shown in Figure 5 Figure 5 Applications of photonic crystals Photonic Crystal Ring Resonator Based Optical Filters http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54533... emitter in an active material — is located inside a medium exhibiting modified density of electromagnetic states, e.g., a photonic crystal In fact, prospects to modify the density of states gave the major motivation to investigate photonic crystals back in the years of their inception Still they generate large interest from the fundamental cavity quantum electrodynamics perspectives [1–3] Photonic crystals. .. cumulative individual resonance shift of (1nm+2nm+2.2nm) 5.2 nm is noted, which is shown in Figure 13(b) 8 BPF using quasi-waveguides In Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) systems, the number of incoming channels are departed into an optical fiber with designated wavelengths Hence, optical filters are necessary 17 18 Advances in Photonic Crystals to select a required channel(s) at any destination... dimensional photonic crystals with high third order nonlinearity in telecommunication”, in the Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Lasers and Electro Optics, , 1-2 [22] Deubel, M, Von Freymann, G, Wegener, M, Pereira, S, Busch, K, & Soukoulis, C M (2004) Direct laser writing of three dimensional photonic crystal templates for photonic bandgaps at telecommunication wavelengths”, in the Proceedings... ring size is determined by the desired resonant wave‐ length and the tradeoff between the cavity Q and the modal volume V [34] Compared to point defect or line defect PC cavities, Photonic Crystal Ring Resonators (PCRRs) offer scalability in size, flexibility in mode design due to their multi mode nature [37], easy integration with other devices and adaptability in structure design 6.1 Operating principle . propa‐ gation in anisotropic photonic crystals, threshold analysis in photonic crystal lasers, gap solitons in photonic crystals, novel photonic atolls,. Triangular Lattice Gain and Index Coupled Photonic Crystal Lasers 107 Marcin Koba Chapter 6 Two-Component Gap Solitons in Self-Defocusing Photonic Crystals 137 Thawatchai