ADVANCES IN APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY Edited by Marian Petre Advances in Applied Biotechnology Edited by Marian Petre Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Igor Babic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team Image Copyright sergio77, 2011. DepositPhotos First published January, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Applied Biotechnology, Edited by Marian Petre p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-820-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Biotechnology of Agricultural Wastes - Recycling, Saving Energy and Food Quality Preservation 1 Chapter 1 Biotechnology of Agricultural Wastes Recycling Through Controlled Cultivation of Mushrooms 3 Marian Petre and Alexandru Teodorescu Chapter 2 Total Recycle System of Food Waste for Poly-L-Lactic Acid Output 23 Kenji Sakai, Pramod Poudel and Yoshihito Shirai Chapter 3 Making Green Polymers Even Greener: Towards Sustainable Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Agroindustrial By-Products 41 José G. C. Gomez, Beatriz S. Méndez, Pablo I. Nikel, M. Julia Pettinari, María A. Prieto and Luiziana F. Silva Chapter 4 Fermentation Processes Using Lactic Acid Bacteria Producing Bacteriocins for Preservation and Improving Functional Properties of Food Products 63 Grazina Juodeikiene, Elena Bartkiene, Pranas Viskelis, Dalia Urbonaviciene, Dalia Eidukonyte and Ceslovas Bobinas Chapter 5 Biological Activities and Effects of Food Processing on Flavonoids as Phenolic Antioxidants 101 Ioannou Irina and Ghoul Mohamed Part 2 Microbial Biotechnology as an Effective Tool in Biopharmaceutical Production 125 Chapter 6 Increasing Recombinant Protein Production in E. coli by an Alternative Method to Reduce Acetate 127 Hendrik Waegeman and Marjan De Mey VI Contents Chapter 7 Improvement of Heterologous Protein Secretion by Bacillus subtilis 145 Hiroshi Kakeshita, Yasushi Kageyama, Katsuya Ozaki, Kouji Nakamura and Katsutoshi Ara Chapter 8 Approaches for Improving Protein Production in Multiple Protease-Deficient Bacillus subtilis Host Strains 163 Takeko Kodama, Kenji Manabe, Yasushi Kageyama, Shenghao Liu, Katsutoshi Ara, Katsuya Ozaki and Junichi Sekiguchi Chapter 9 The Development of Cell-Free Protein Expression Systems and Their Application in the Research on Antibiotics Targeting Ribosome 177 Witold Szaflarski, Michał Nowicki and Maciej Zabel Part 3 Molecular Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering 193 Chapter 10 Built-In Synthetic Gene Circuits in Escherichia coli – Methodology and Applications 195 Bei-Wen Ying and Tetsuya Yomo Chapter 11 Effect of Environmental Stresses on S-Layer Production in Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 209 Moj Khaleghi and Rouha Kasra Kermanshahi Chapter 12 The Thermostable Enzyme Genes of the dTDP-L-Rhamnose Synthesis Pathway (rmlBCD) from a Thermophilic Archaeon 225 Maki Teramoto, Zilian Zhang, Motohiro Shizuma, Takashi Kawasaki, Yutaka Kawarabayasi and Noriyuki Nakamura Part 4 Biotechnological Applications of Tissue Engineering 235 Chapter 13 Magnetic Particles in Biotechnology: From Drug Targeting to Tissue Engineering 237 Amanda Silva, Érica Silva-Freitas, Juliana Carvalho, Thales Pontes, Rafael Araújo-Neto, Kátia Silva, Artur Carriço and Eryvaldo Egito Chapter 14 Experimental Lichenology 257 Elena S. Lobakova and Ivan A. Smirnov Preface According to the most accurate definition, biotechnology is the scientific field of studying and applying the most efficient methods and techniques to get useful end- products for the human society by using viable micro-organisms, cells and tissues of plants or animals, or even certain functional components of their organisms that are grown in fully controlled conditions, to maximize their specific metabolism inside fully automatic bioreactors. Any other definition that does not emphasize the molecular, cellular, or tissue level of living organisms that are used in biotechnological applications through their selected cultures as well as the controlled micro-environment for their growing and development is not appropriate at all. It is very important to make the specific difference between biotechnology as a distinct science of getting valuable products from molecules, cells, or tissues of viable organisms, and any other applications of bioprocesses that are based on using the whole living plants or animals in different fields of human activities such as bioremediation, environmental protection, organic agriculture, or industrial exploitation of natural resources. This volume having the title ADVANCES IN APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY is a scientific book containing recent advances of selected research works that are ongoing in certain biotechnological applications. Fourteen chapters divided in four sections related to the newest biotechnological achievements in environmental protection, medicine and health care, biopharmaceutical producing, molecular genetics, and tissue engineering are presented in this book. The first part refers to environmental biotechnology and includes two chapters regarding total recycling of agricultural and food wastes through the biodegradation and bioconversion processes that are performed by selected microbial species in controlled cultivation systems. The next chapter is dedicated to the biotechnology of biopolymer producing by saving energy comparing with the conventional chemical processes. The last two chapters of this first part are dedicated to food quality safety and preservation through the biosynthesized anti-bacterial compounds, and by keeping the phenols as functional molecules in foods. X Preface In the second part, all chapters refer to the latest advances in microbial biotechnology to be used in recombinant protein production as well as heterologous protein biosynthesis. The chapters included in the third section are focused on recent achievements in molecular biotechnology and genetic engineering. In the final section, the chapters emphasize the main scientific results that were accomplished in tissue engineering as an important biotechnological tool in medicine and health care. Additionally, I would like to thank each one of the chapter authors for their tremendous work to present the most valuable achievements in their specific activity fields, and I really hope the readers will appreciate the high scientific content of any chapter included in this book. My special thanks are directed to Mr. Aleksandar Lazinica for his great kindness to invite me, after a rigorous selection process, to bring my scientific contribution to the publishing of this outstanding volume both as book editor and chapter author. Last but not least, I would like to thank the whole staff of InTech Open Access Publishing, especially Ms Alenka Urbancic and Mr Igor Babic, for their professional assistance and technical support during the whole book processing. Prof Marian Petre University of Pitesti Romania [...]... wastes The main aim of this work was focused on screening the optimal biotechnology of edible and medicinal mushrooms growing through the solid-state cultivation by recycling different 4 Advances in Applied Biotechnology kind of agricultural by-products and wastes coming from vineyard farms and winemaking industry (Petre et al., 2011) Taking into consideration that most of the edible and medicinal mushrooms... first interfacing zone and this one is connected with the fruit body processing zone by the second interfacing area, as it is shown in figure 11 16 Advances in Applied Biotechnology N O N S T E R I L E Z O N E N O N Natural Raw Materials Income Natural Raw Materials Processing Filling in the Plastic Bags with Compost Automatic Microwave Sterilization of Plastic Bags Filled in with Compost THE FIRST INTERFACE... of composts, inoculation in aseptic chamber by controlled injection device containing liquid mycelia as inoculum, incubation as well as mushroom fruit bodies formation in special growing chambers with controlled atmosphere and the picking up of edible and medicinal mushroom fruit bodies (Petre et al., 2009) The biotechnology concerning the controlled cultivation of edible mushrooms in continuous flow... ml During the incubation time, all the spawn cultures were maintained in special culture rooms, designed for optimal incubation at 25°C Three variants of culture compost were prepared from marc of grapes and vineyard cuttings in the following ratios: 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 (w/w) The winery and vineyard wastes were mechanically pre-treated by using an electric grinding device to breakdown the lignin and cellulose... Giosanu , D (2009) Food biotechnology for edible mushrooms producing by using a modular robotic system In: Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium „New Researches in Biotechnology , 22 Advances in Applied Biotechnology SimpBTH 2009, Biotechnology Series F–Suppl., pp 261-269, ISSN:1224-7774, Bucharest, Romania, November 18-19, 2009 Petre, M & Petre, V (2008) Environmental Biotechnology to Produce... continuous flow depends on the strictly maintaining of biotic as well as physical and chemical factors that could influence the bioprocess evolution The proceeding of edible mushroom cultivation consists in a continuous biotechological flow, having a chain of succesive stages that are working in the non-sterile zone and mostly in the sterile zone of the modular robotic system In this way, there is provided the... liquid fraction in the preliminary samples of fungal biomass 12 Advances in Applied Biotechnology In each experimental variant the amount of fresh biomass mycelia was determined The percentage amount of dry biomass was determined by dehydration at 70°C, up to constant weight Total protein content was determined by biuret method, whose principle is similar to the Lowry method, this method being recommended... Composition Winery wastes Mixture of winery wastes and rye bran 2.5% Mixture of winery wastes and rise bran 2% Mixture of vine cuttings and wheat bran 1% Mixture of vine cuttings and barley bran 1.5% Pure cellulose Table 5 The composition of five compost variants used in mushroom culture 18 Advances in Applied Biotechnology The fungal cultures were grown by inoculating 100 ml of culture medium with 3-5%... Recycling Through Controlled Cultivation of Mushrooms Pure mushroom cultures (L edodes, P ostreatus) 5 Mechanical pre-treatment of winery and vineyard wastes by grinding Expanding of pure mushroom cultures by growing in liquid media Adding carbon, nitrogen and mineral sources to the compost variants Inoculum preparation and growing on culture media Transfer of each compost variant to 1000 ml jars Growing... the biological challenging and technically demanding research in the biotechnology domain known to humankind so far Annually, the accumulation of huge amounts of vineyard and winery wastes causes serious environmental damages nearby winemaking factories Many of these ligno-cellulose wastes cause serious environmental pollution effects, if they are allowed to accumulate in the vineyards or much worse . resources. This volume having the title ADVANCES IN APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY is a scientific book containing recent advances of selected research works that are ongoing in certain biotechnological applications cropping Mechanical pre-treatment of winery and vineyard wastes by grinding Advances in Applied Biotechnology 6 of grapes, because it showed the highest influence upon the mycelia growing. ADVANCES IN APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY Edited by Marian Petre Advances in Applied Biotechnology Edited by Marian Petre Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000