Báo cáo khoa học:Chủ nghĩa Mác Lênin mô hình tân cổ điển mới chủ nghĩa tư bản docx

TONG HOP-PHAN TICH-Di; BAO Chu nghia Mac - mo hinh tan co flien mm cua chu nghia lu ban Tac gia: Giao su" Hiroshi Ohnishi- Nguoi dich: Hoang Van Cuang*, Iran Quang Tuyen" C hil nghia Mac bao gdm hai linh vyc nghien ctru, la hpc thuyet gia tri thang du va chti nghia duy vat lich sir. Trong do hpc thuyet gia tri thang du da Mac dugc trinh bay tron ven trong bd sach "Tu ban". Nhung nghien ctru ve chii nghia duy vat lich sir thi chua cd mpt cudn sach nao nhu vay, va vdi y nghia do, chting ta se phai cd nhiem vu trinh bay van de nay theo each hien dai. VcVi muc dich nay, nghien ciru cua tdi da thiet lap mpt md hinh toan de chtrng minh rdng vi sao chu nghia tir ban xuat hien, phat trien va diet vong. Trudc day nha kinh te hpc iVtac xil ngudi Nhat Ban Nobuo Okisliio chirng minh sy bdc lot ciia cac nha tu ban bdng mpt md hinh toan, va thanh tyu nghien ciiu ctia tdi chdc chdn phai dupe so sanh vdi nha nghien cuu Mac xit nay. Tuy nhien, bai viet nay chi ra mpt vai ham y ben canh nhtrng minh chung da dupe de cap d tren. Dd la nhung khai niem can dupe dinh nghia ve chti nghia tu ban, che dp Stalin d Lien Bang Xd Viet va nhtrng dieu kien can thiet de xoa bd sy bdc lot vd'n bdt ngudn ttr bdt binh ddng ve tai san giua ngudi giau va ngudi ngheo I. "Chu nghia xa hoi" la gi? Cho de'n nay, van de quan trpng nhat ddi vdi chting ta la hieu nhu the nao ve cai gpi la "Chii nghia xa hpi" d Lien Xd trudc nam 1991 va d Ddng Au trudc nam 1989. Ndi each khac la cd phai sy sup dd ciia Ddng Au va Lien Xd chinh la sy ket thtic ctia chti nghia xa hpi? Neu khdng tra ldi dupe cau hdi nay, thi chting ta, nhung ngudi theo chu nghia Mac, se khdng the ndi dupe dieu gi ve van de do, va toi da tra Idi cau hdi nay mpt each rd rang ngay sau khi dien ra su sup dd trong mdt nghien ctru ctia toi vao nam 1992. Cau tra Idi ciia toi la sy sup do chinh la nhung budc chuyen ttr chti nghia tu ban nha nudc sang chti nghia tu ban tu nhan (hay chii nghia tu ban thi trudng), bdi vi sy tich Itiy tu ban dya vao nha nudc la xu the chung tren the gidi nhu dugc trinh bay trong Bang 1. Dd la "chti nghia tu ban nha nudc" d Nhat Ban tmdc nam 1945, d Dire tmdc nam 1945, d Indonesia trudc 1967, tai Ai Cap tmdc nam 1970, d Nga tmdc nam 1991, d An Dp nam 1991 va tai Trung Qudc trudc nam 1978. Va sau cac nam dd, tat ca nhung qudc gia nay da trd thanh "chti nghia lu ban tu nhan". Mac dti da cd mOt sd sy khac biet giua Nhat Ban, Dire, Indonesia, Ai Cap, An Dp va Trung Qudc, Nga, tat ca nhung nudc tren da tich luy vdn dau tu mpt each nhanh chong ban hdn thdi ky "chti nghia tu ban tu nhan". Dieu dd dupe minh chtrng rdt ro net d Nga, va cting tuang ty tai Trung Qudc theo sd lieu dupe the hien trong lai lieu nghien ctru ciia Chow (1993). Tuy nhien, cd the cd mpt sd quan diem phan ddi lai lap luan tren va cho rdng d Anh va My da khong ton tai loai hinh "chti nghia tu ban nha nirdc" nhu tren. Nhung theo nhu lich sir nudc Anh, chung ta co the bie't de'n phong trao rao dat lan thtr hai, khi dd chinh quyen da giiip giai cap lu san mdi chiem rudng dat ctia ngudi ndng dan. Ngoai ra phien ban dau tien cua dao luat ve nha may cung cho phep cac nha tu ban bdt budc ngudi lao ddng phai lam viec trong thdi gian dai ban. Nhtrng sy kien nay chtrng td rdng, vai tro ciia Nha nudc Anh ltic dd hoan toan gidng vdi vai trd ctia"chii nghia tu ban nha nudc". • Gido su Kinh 16' cua D^i tipc Kyoto, Nh$t Ban; Pho Chu lich Hiep hoi The gioi ve Kinh te Chinh iri Nghii^n ciju .sinh nRinh kinh le chinh Iri, Truons Oai hoc Kinh le- DHQG Ha Ngi Gianij viOn Khoa Kinh 10 Chinh Irj, D^i hyc Kinh 10- DHQG Ha Ngi So 268-269 (6/2009) KINH T^ CHAU A -THAI BINH DUONG 39 [DIEN DAN I FORUM] Va dieu dd cd the cung nhu d My. Theo ldi thi che dp nd le d the ky thtr 19 cung ddng vai trd hoan loan tuong ty nhu vai trd cua "chii nghia tu ban nha nudc". Va tat nhien la che dp dd dupe bao dam bdi hang loat cac dieu luat ctia Nha nudc. Hon the nua da cd nhtrng chinh sdch can thiep ciia chinh phti nhdm chuan bj cho sy phat trien kinh te theo hudng thi trudng trong cac giai doan sau nay. II. Chil nghia tir ban la gi? Tuy nhien, de lam rd hon nhung hieu biet tren, chting ta nen dinh nghia lai "chii nghia tu ban" bdi vi chiing ta khdng the sir dung khai niem "chii nghia tu ban nha nudc" khi khdng co khai niem ve chii nghia tu ban. Do dd, trong phan nay, ldi mud'n trinh bay sy hieu bie't ctia minh ve "chii nghia tu ban" mdt each sang td dya tren co sd cdng nghe ciia no, vi "chii nghia tu ban" va "chil nghia xa hpi" deu la cac pham trti ciia duy vat lich sir. Trudc lien, tdi xin dupe giai thich khai niem "che dp phong kien" de nhan biet "chti nghia lu ban" ttr hinh thai xa hdi trudc dd cua nd. Theo toi, trong xa hdi tmdc khi cd cupc each mang cdng nghiep xay ra khdng he co bat cir mdt phuong lien may mdc hien dai nao, chi cd nhtrng cdng cu lao ddng, va nhung thp thti cdng sir dung cac cdng cu san xuat vdi trinh dp gid'ng nhau nhung lai tao ra nhtrng san pham vdi chat luong khac nhau. Neu vay thi dieu gi tao nen sy khac biet dd? Tdi cho rdng sy khac biet dd Id do cd sy khac biel ve ky nang lao dpng. Va theo y nghia nay thi nhiem vu quan trpng nhat ddi vdi xa hpi phong kien la lam cho cdc ky nang dd nhay ben d cap dp qud'c gia. Vdi muc dich nay, xa hdi dd tao nen nhirng he thdng lam viec dya iiaiig 1: Hai giai tSoaa ctia chu nghia lu ban va cac dang chinh tri cam qu,>rn .Nhat Ban T>iK Indonesia .\i Cap Truno QutH: >ga An Do \ 1 aisoi\okusaiikai IDan*^ Quiic xa Uana dau tdc (Siitcimo) XLXSSCT Dang Cong i ui Iniug Quoc (Mao) :Dang Cong sail |Dang dan toe (Nehru) 194.^ 1945 1967 1970 1978 1991 1991 LDP CDU (jorkal(Suh,irto) Sadat D.Tiig Cpiig s.in Inmg Quoc (Rang) Vchsiu Bang dan loc (Rao) tren tham nien nghe nghiep, vi nhung ngudi lao ddng lau nam ban thi dp lanh nghe, nang suat ban va bang he thdng nay ngudi lao ddng cd the lam viec d ciing mdt nha may trong sudt cudc ddi minh de trau ddi ky day dti ky nang ciia minh. Trong dieu kien lam viec nhu vay, mdi quan he gitra ngudi vdi ngudi trd thanh sy hpc hdi ve nghe nghiep va chinh dieu nay da bien ddi thanh mpt triet ly nhu Khdng giao. Dac tinh can thie'l ciia xa bdi nay khdng chi cd vay. Ben canh dd, xa hdi nay gidi ban quy md ctia nha may, bdi vi neu nha may vdi sd luong nhan cdng ddng ddo thi hp se khdng the bpc hdi tir mot ngudi thp ca trong mdt nha may bdi vi chinh dac tinh cua loai hinh ky nang nay. Nhtrng ky nang lien tie'n cd the dupe day trong mdt Idp Idn, nhung nhtrng ky nang lao ddng trong thdi phong kien dupe gitr kin va chi cd the dupe hpc hdi bdng each bdt chudc each lam ctia ngudi thp ca qua viec quan sat ky cang. Do dd, xa hdi nay phai chia thi tmdng theo timg theo ttrng thi Iran nhdm gidi ban quy md cua cdc nhd may. He thdng dd la he thdng cd tinh phuong hpi. Tuy nhien, vdi sy xuat hien cua mdy mdc sau cudc cdch mang cdng nghiep da lam cho nhtmg hodn canh nay khdng cdn ntia. Trong xa hdi mdi, sd luong vd chat lupng ctia san pham dupe quye't dinh chinh bdi sd luong va chat lupng ctia mdy mdc thie't bi, khi dd cdng nhan khdng can phai cd ky nang tinh xao, va chi la yeu to phu. Va sy thay ddi quan trpng nha't tir xa hdi cti la sy yeu the cua ngudi lao ddng khi thuong lupng dd'i vdi nhtrng nha lu ban, bdi vi thyc te dd nhiing nha tu ban cd the tap hop nhtrng nhan cdng khdng cd ky nang mdt each dk dang ttr thi tmdng lao ddng . Gid day, bat ky ngudi lao dpng nao Iren thj tmdng lao ddng cung cd the thay the vi tri ciia nhtrng cdng nhan dang lam viec trong nha may. Do vay, dudi dieu kien nay, mirc luong ctia ngudi lao dpng trd nen tha'p ban va Ipi nhuan cao ban, va hau bet cdc phan ciia Ipi nhuan duoc sir dung de tai ddu tu va nhd dd quy md sir dyng may mdc cho boat ddng san xuai ngay cdng dupe md rdng. d ddy, vi chting ta da gid dinh rdng quy md ctia may mdc quye't dinh quy md ctia san pham dupe lam ra sau cudc each mang cdng nghiep, tbi chinh viec tai dau tu nay cd nghia Id sy phat trien kinh te. Dd chinh la sy phat trien kinh le Iheo con dudng tu ban chu nghia! Tuy nhien, trong ludn diem nay, chiing ta nen luu y mdt so diem va dieu dau tien chinh la thai dp ciia chiing ta ddi vdi chu nghia tu ban. Chting ta khdng he chi trich chii nghia tu ban ma chi nhdm ly giai tai sao chiing ta can chti nghia lu ban sau cudc each mang cdng nghiep. Ndi each khac, khi chii nghia tu ban dupe nghien ciru tbi chting la nen 4D KINHTE CHAU A -THAI BINH DUONG S<i 268-269 (6/2009) IONG HOP-PHAN TiCH-D'J BAO nhin nhSn dudi gdc dp Mac-xit. Dieu dd cung hoan toan giong nhu thyc le la khi ndi ve chii nghia xa hpi thi chti nghia xa hpi cfing nen dupe hieu theo chti nghia Mac. Dd phai la each nhin nhan dting ddn ma mdt ngudi theo chii nghia Mac nen cd khi xem xet van de nay. Thu hai, each bieu nay mang dac tinh ljch sii va duy vat, bdi vi trong khuon kho phan tich ctia tdi, chinh co sd khoa hpc ky thuat quyet dinh cau true thuong tang ctia xa hpi va ca sd xa hpi nay thay ddi ve phuong dien lich sir. Toi nghi rdng, cho dti neu kien thirc ctia tdi ve chti nghia Mac co khac biet nhieu so vdi nhtmg each hieu khac dang cd ve chti nghia Mac thi "tinh lich sir" va "duy vat" van la nhtmg ye'u to mang tinh quye't dinh nhat va vi vay sy hieu bie't ctia tdi chdc chdn la mdt sy hieu bie't thuoc chil nghia Mac. Thir ba, each hieu nhu vay ve loai hinh xa hpi sau cupc each mang cdng nghiep pbii hop khi dupe gpi la chil nghia lu ban, bdi vi vdi loai hinh xa hdi nay thi vd'n (tu ban) la nhan td quan trpng va loan bd he thdng xa hpi dupe phuc vu cho qua trinh tich luy lu ban. Vi du, giao phai Tin lanh da phuc vu cho muc dich nay d cac nudc phuong Tay, trong khi dd dao Khdng va Phat giao lai dupe cai bie'n de phuc vy muc dich nay trong thdi ky Edo d Nhat Ban. Cac nha nudc da thie't lap he thdng gido due thudc nhieu loai hinh khac nhau de phuc vu cac nhu cau trong thdi ky hien dai, va thu thap thang du xa hdi de xay dyng ca sd ha tang xa hpi. III. Mo hinh moi Tan c6 dien cua chu nghia tu ban Nhu toi da de cap d Iren, sy hieu bie't ve chii nghia tu ban cd the dupe hieu theo mdt each hieu ve chti nghia Mac. Tuy nhien, sy hieu bie't tuang ty cting cd the dupe hieu dudi mo hinh tan cd dien. Qua dd tdi mudn khdng dinh va ciing cd sy hieu biel ciia minh ve chii nghia Mac. Do do, de lam dupe dieu nay, tmdc bet chiing la thie't lap m \m°m' (i) -m (2) mpt nen kinh te bang hai ham san xuat sau day: Trong d6,(K K, L, s, va a), Y the hien san lupng hang hoa tieu dting, K la lupng vdn, L la tdng sd lao ddng, .? la ti le long sd lao dpng dupe sir dung cho san xuat hang hoa lieu diing, va a chi cdng nghe dupe sir dung. Xin km y rdng s cd Ihe dupe hieu nhu Id ly le lao dpng dting de san xudt bang boa tieu dting cho con ngudi trong ky ban ngdn, va Is la ty 16 lao ddng dung de sdn .Midi vdn. Va chung ta gia djnh Ipi tuc theo quy md khdng doi Irong ham san xuat hang lieu diing tren. O day, nen kinh te nay tdi da hoa loi ich bang viec tdi da hda tdng tieu diing trong thdi gian khdng gidi ban. Dd la: Max U = fe-'' log}\T)dr JO K(0^li-s(r)]L (3) (4) Trong dd, p the hien viec uu tien thdi gian ctia mpt ca nhan dai dien. Va cac giai phap cho van de toi da hda cd the dupe dien ta bdng hinh ve sau: Tlinh 1; Durnin tine tiinniij; trii ini cua tj ic von - lao dong sau cuoc each mang cong nghiep C\i6c cich mang cong nghiep Hinh 2; Oirtm^ trin^ truxm^ toi ini cua "t\ 1^ tiet kiem" Nau cuoc _ each mane cong ngliiep CHOC cach mang cone nghiep Nhu da trinh bay trong Hinh sd 2, ty le tdi uu (chiing ta CO the coi la ty le tiet kiem hay ly le dau lu) ciia long sd lao dpng sir dung cho san xuat hang hoa da tang vpt trong cupc each mang cdng nghiep, vi tich luy vdn khong CO ich Ipi gi trudc cupc each mang cdng nghiep, da trd thanh ye'u td then chdt trong cudc each mang cdng nghiep, va sau dd ty le nay ngay cang nhd ddn va cudi cting gan bdng 0, khdng ke khau hao, khi dd ty le tu ban - lao dpng dat de'n gia tri can bdng cudi ciing. Do dd, chung ta cd the sir dyng toan bd lao ddng cho san xudt hang boa tieu diing trong ky liep theo, khong phai i ho S6 268-269 (6/2009) KINHTt CHAUA -THAI BINH DUONG 4- 1 [DliN DAN I FORUM] san xuat tu ban trong thdi ky phong kien, nhung sau dd va cho de'n khi dat dupe gia tri can bdng cudi cting, chiing ta nen nhanh chdng ttr bd viec lieu dting d miie cao nhat va nen tich Itiy tu ban vi day la ky nguyen cua cac nha tu ban. Chiing ta can trai qua thdi ky nay cho de'n khi chuyen sang mdt thdi ky tiep theo, thdi ky cd the dupe gpi la hau chii nghia tu ban hay "chii nghia cdng san" Ngoai ra can phai luu y rdng md hinh nay khong chi mang tinh duy vat lich sir ma cdn bao gdm ly thuyet ve gia tri thang du ctia chti nghia Mac trong phuong thirc sau day: Trudc lien md hinh etia chting ta the hien nen kinh the nhu mdt he thdng san xuat sir dung rtiay mdc theo con dudng vdng tdi uu . Ttr "tdi uu" cd nghia la ldi da hda so lupng san pham dupe lam ra vdi ciing md#t sd lupng cdng nhan, hay noi each khac, td'i thieu boa lupng nhan cdng can thiet de san xuat khdi lupng hang hda tuong duong. Vl the, d day thudc do duy nhdt ctia san xuat chinh la sd lupng cdng nhan. De giai thich dieu dd bdng mdt vi dy, bay gid chiing ta gia dinh rdng co bdn loai cdng nghe cd the san xudt ra mpt khdi lupng san pham bdng nhau, dd la: Cdng nghe dau tien ket hpp nhan td la 0 may mdc va 1000 gid cdng lao ddng, Cdng nghe thu hai ket hpp nhan td la 5 may mdc va 200 gid cong lao dpng, Cong nghe thu ba ket hpp nhan to la 10 may mdc va 50 gid cdng lao ddng, Cong nghe thtr tu ket bop nhan to la 20 may mdc va 20 gid cong lao ddng. Hay luu y rdng bdn cdng nghe nay san xuat ra ciing mdt sd lupng san phdm, va sau dd, neu chting ta lai gia dinh rdng mpt may mdc cd the san xuat trong 10 gid cong lao dpng, tdng sd lao ddng can thie't cho bdn cdng nghe tren la: 0x10+ 1000 = 1000 gid, cdng nghe thir nhat, 5 X 10 + 200 = 250 gid, cdng nghe thtr hai, 10 x 10 + 50 = 150 gid, cdng nghe thir ba, 20 X 10 + 20 = 220 gid, edng nghe thir tu. Do dd, xa hdi loai ngudi nen chpn cong nghe thu ba de giam thie'u sd lupng lao ddng can thie't de sdn xudt ra sd lupng hang hoa gid'ng nhau (ve mat nay chiing ta cd the gpi dd la ty le tu ban — Ipi nhuan td'i da ), va chiing ta nen thtra nhan rdng thudc do duy nha't chinh la lao ddng. Day chinh la ly thuyet gia tri lao ddng. Tuy nhien, thyc te la khdng dk de dat dupe myc dich cudi ciing, vi sy tich luy tu ban cdn thie't eho cdng nghe thtr ba la rat kin va kVn ban tdng san pham trong mpt nam. Vi vay, xa hdi loai ngudi nen danh nhieu thdi gian hon de dat tdi diem nay va di qua con dudng cd the dupe tinh bang uu tien thdi gian p. Dd chinh la "con dudng toi uu" de tien den cdi dich cud'i ciing va xet ve mat nay chung ta cd the xac dinh dupe chiing ta can bao nhieu thdi gian de dat ldi diem dd, hay ndi mdt each khac, chiing ta se trai qua thdi ky chu nghia tu ban trong thdi gian bao lau. Theo quan diem ciia tdi, vi phdn san pham qud'c dan danh cho tich ly tu ban la phuc vu tryc tiep cho tu ban chu khdng phuc vy true tiep con ngudi. Phan nay cd the dupe bieu la "sy bdc lot" ciia tu ban dd'i vdi cdng nhan. Tat nhien nhu tdi da de cap d phdn tren, sy bdc lot ndy ed the dupe bien hd theo each hieu rdng hon ciia chu nghia duy vat lich sir, vi sy bdc lot dd phuc vu con ngudi trong ddi ban. It nha't thi, theo each hieu nay, chiing ta co the md rdng Iy thuyet gid tri lao ddng Iri Iheo trien vpng lich sir va cd the dinh nghia "sy bdc lot" hoan loan khac vdi each bieu trudc day ciia chii nghia Mac IV. Bat binh dang tal san va **b6c lot" trong "Mo hinh dong" Mac dil vay, md binh tren khdng dii de difen ta cac mdi quan he xa bdi quan trpng gitra ngudi giau va nguoi ngheo. Ndi dting ra la trong md binh ciia chiing ta, "boc lot" dupe bieu nhu ti le ddu tu cua long sdn phdm qudc npi (GDP) hoac li le lao ddng dupe sir dung cho lich tu lu ban theo nghia Id phan dd khdng tryc tie'p phuc vu cho nhu cdu cudc sd'ng ctia ngudi dan. Vdi each hieu nay, chiing ta cd the dinh nghia dupe "sy bdc Idt" dudi mpt xa hdi cdng bdng nhu Lien Xd cti va ky nguyen ctia Mao d Tmng Qud'c, bdi vi trong nhtmg xa hdi nay "tu ban" boc lot ngudi dan. Nhung mat khac, tren thyc te, xa hdi ctia chiing ta van thudng cd bat binh ddng ve thu nhap hay tai san giua nhung eac ca nhan, va sy chenh lech nay dem de'n cho ngudi giau dia vi xa bdi de bdc lot ngudi khac, va ngudi ngheo d dia vi ciia ke bi bdc lot. Chiing ta cd the hieu rdng dd la sy bdc lot khdng phai bdi "tu ban" ma bdi "cac nha tu ban". Theo each hieu ctia ldi, kieu "bdc lot" ndy cb the hodn loan dupe xde dinh bdi cdc nha phan lich Macxit va mdt nha Macxit Nhat Ban Shubei Mizuchi (Mizuchi 1984). Hp bdo ve quan diem rdng trong dieu kien cdng nghe vdi Ipi tuc gidm ddn Iheo lu ban, viec chuyen giao lu ban ttr ngudi giau sang ngudi ngheo da lao ra nhieu sdn lupng, va thudng thi viec chuyen giao nay di6n ra dudi dang mot kieu "cho thue" lu ban ctia ngudi giau cho ngudi ngheo. O day, ttr "cho thue" khdng chi la ban than viec "cho thue" ma cdn la viec lam cdng an luong, bdi khac biet duy nhdt gitra ban than viec "cho thue" va viec lam cdng 42 KINHTE CHAUA -THAI BINH DUONG S6 268-269 (6/2009) TONG HOP-PHAN TiCH-Di; BAO an lutmg la d nai ma nguf'ri ngheo lam viec, ndi each cua sy uu tien thdi gian nhu du(;c trinh bay tai chii thich khac, la noi may mdc dupe van hanh. sd 4. Vi vay, ca hai giai cap se dtmg tich luv khi hp dat Mpt vi du ciia hpp ddng "cho thue" nay dupe trinh dupe muc dich cudi cting: dd la ty Ic tu ban-lao dong toi bay trong Bang 2 uu, va ho se tiep tuc ky hpp ddng "cho thue", \i tai diem Trono h.inq 2 bdn don \'i tir h,\n dirar nguai giau na\ v,in en <;u chenh lech tai san giua hp. Trong thyc te. tai rat nhieu qudc gia, cd nhung nhom sdc tpc cd uu tien thdi gian rat khac biet, ctidng ban nhu ngudi Do Thai va cac nhdm ngudi thieu sd khac d Hoa Ky, hoac d Tmng Qudc hay tai cac nuoc Dong .Nam A. 2) Mpt dieu kien nua phuc tap hon mpt chiit vi no kem Iheo rat nhidu dieu kien phu khac:. Truoc tien. toan bp thang du dupe lao ra ttr hop dong "cho thue" do ngudi giau ndm giu. Thu hai, khong co (ho ngudi ngheo thue, va bdng hpp dong cho thue nay, khau hao. Thu ba, khdng cd thi trudng vdn noi ngudi giau ly le tu ban-lao dpng cua ca hai ben deu bdng nhau. Do ban tu ban cho ngudi ngheo. Thu tu, ngudi giau khdng la diem tdi uu cho toan xa hpi vdi cdng nghe nay, nhung cd ky vpng dai han nao dya tren ly tri. Trong cac dieu van de la d cho la ai cb the ndm phan thang du dupe tao kien nay, tham chi khi ngudi giau da dat dupe mi.ir dich ra do qua trinh thay ddi dd. Cac nha Macxit phan tich cudi ciing, anh ta van cd the ky mdt hpp ddng "cho thue" thira nhan rdng lat ca phan thang du dd se do ngudi giau vdn vdi ngudi ngheo, va nhan lay phan thang du, sau dd ndm giir, l)di hp manh htm ngutii ngheo, va hp xac dinh tdi da hoa thang du dd, nhieu tu ban du(;c tich luy bdi phan thang du ma ngudi giau gianh dupe chinh la "sy anh ta thi cang Idt hon cho anh ta ma thoi. Do do, tai san M|>Ddn xiin diiu Saakiii cho time Bang 2: Hop dong cho thue giua ngurii fJiau va sir tha\ doi ciia san lut/njj Sgicifi Gimt Ngictti Xgheo Tir bin 10 1 an 1 San lironf; 3 6 1 2.5 Ttr f>an 2 6 l.ao San dong \ lutmg 1 1 1 i 2.5 nguni N gheo va Ttian xd hoi Tu- han 12 12 I.an dont; 2 2 San lui./ng 4 5 btic lot" ctia nha tu ban. nguon von ciia ngudi giau se cao ban ty le ttr ban-lao Vl vay, chiing ta can nghien cuu hucmg di mang tinh dpng tdi tru, mat khac, nguiri ngheo cung tiep tuc licli luy dpng ciia hai giai cdp nay trong md hinh da md rpng tu ban den ty le tu ban-lao dpng td'i uu, va cudi cting, ty Ihanh mi) hinh hai giai cap, va kei luan co ban ctia chting le tu ban-lao dpng ctia toan xa hpi se vupt qua ty le Idi t(")i da du()c Irinh bay trong cdng Irinh nghien cuu ciia tdi uu. 'Toi gpi dieu dd la "sy tlcii luy t|ua mtrc" nhtr clirtrc nam 2005 va Yamashila nam 2005, dd la trong mpt ttidi trinh bay trong phan phu luc. gian diii, sy bal binh ddng vd' tai san sau cting se bie'n Trong thyc le, toi nghi rdng hinh thtrc thtr nhai ctia mai b(>i kel qua cua tich lu tai san ciia nhung ngudi sy "biJc kit" lien tuc nghiem Irpng htm, va c> dti mau ngheo, va ca hai viec cho thue tu ban cung nhu "bdc lot" thudn Ipi ich gitra ngudi giau va ngucii ngheo trd Ihanh se kel thtic bdi vi sy bat binh ddng nay chinh la dieu kien mau thudn giua cac nhom sdc tpc. Du sao thi Idi cung lien quyei cho ht;p ddng cho Ihue tu ban. Chinh vi the, nghi rdng day khting phai van de xa hpi chti nghia hay ttr khi chimg la lien tdi dupe ly le tu ban-lao dpng ldi uu nhu ban chti nghia, va can phai giai quyet bdng cac triei ly xa da innh bay trong muc 4 phan chu thich, se la luc cao hpi khac, tham chi nhung triet ly nay ciing tcjn lai vdi chti chting ciia chti nghia tu ban, va ciing ltic dd, tat ca nhung nghia Mac. chenh lech giau- ngheo, viec tra luong cho lao ddng, va Do dd, van de quan trpng nhat d day chinh la hinh "bdc lot" se kei thiic. V. Trirong hop ngoai le ciia bat van de binh d^g dai d^g , "boc lot" va tich luy cfua miic thiic thtr hai, nhung chting la can luu y hai diem ciia dieu kien thtr hai. Dd la, - Dieu kien nay rat dac biet va khdng pho bien. Vi vay, nhu tdi da noi d tren, chiing la cd thc> thuimg xuyen bd qua kha nang nay, va cd the hieu rdng chii nghia ttr liiy nhit-n, Ihdng than ma ndi, duoi mdt sd dieu ban se chdm diit khi chung ta dat dtin ty le lu ban - lao kien, sy chenh lech lai san se khdng the bie'n mat, va vi ddng "tdi uu" vay viec lam cong an luang va ".sy bdc lot" se lien tuc l6n . Tuy nhien, neu tap tmng vao kha nang nay, chung tni. Nhirng di.'-ti kien do la: ,a ^,-, „,g „r^ .^ ^.y, 3,-, ^-^^^^ p^,^p ^^ ^^.^^^ ^,, „,.,,,,,., ^^^^.^ 1) Neu nhu cd cac diem khac nhau ve uu lien thdi miic. Chdng ban, phiic loi ciia nha nucVc hay ht;- thdng g.an giua cac giai cdp, thi nhung ly 16 tu ban - lao ddng tdi .^ue luy lien ciia cac nha dan chu xa hdi la cach dO tang uu sd trd nen khac nhau, vi ti le nay cung la mdt ham so si 268-269 (t/2009) KINHTt CHAU A -THAI BINH DUONG 43 [DIEN DAN I FORUM] tieu dting va kiem che dau tu. Mdt each khac la each tbuc ctia nhung ngudi theo chii nghia cdng doan. Hp yeu cau trich mpt phan ctia "thang du" dupe tao ra bdi cac hpp ddng "cho thue", va bang each chia se na\', dpng lyc dau tu ctia nhung ngudi giau cb the giam di. Nhung each thirc nay cd the dupe hieu la each thirc phi Macxit, vi ban than chiing khdng cham dirt "sy bdc lot". Tuy nhien, Mac mong mudn chdm diit "sy bdc lot" bdng each trirc tiep tich thu tai san ctia nha tu ban. Theo quan diem ctia toi, each thirc cudi ciing do Mac de ra khong mang tinh Ihyc te, va do dd, chting ta phai tim ra mdt bien phap khac, va kien nghi ciia tdi la thiet lap nen thi trudng vd'n de cho ngudi giau ban tuban ciia hp. Hay noi mdt each khac, kien nghi nay la each de dap iing cac dieu kien ddn den ngudi giau va ngudi ngheo cd the ddng thdi tie'n tdi ti le tu ban- lao ddng tdi uu. Chung tdi tim thdy each thirc nay bdng bien phap bdng nghien cuu chinh xac ndi tren. Mpt diem khac dang luu y la each thirc ciia chung tdi cting ty chdm dirt "sy bdc Idt", va xet theo khia canh nay thi cd the coi dd la mdt bien phdp theo each ciia chti nghia Mac. Tai Nhat Ban, cd rat nhieu giao su khong cho rdng each thiic cua Mac khdng phai ludn ludn chi la tjch thu. Va trong thyc le, Mdc thdy trudc dupe kha nang ra ddi cac cdng ty cd phan trong tuong lai. Dieu dd mang tinh chat tan cd dien, nhu md hinh ctia chting ta cung chinh la mdt hinh thtrc tan cd dien. Dieu do co phai la ngdu nhien hay khdng? Chu thich 1 Gia dinh rang Ipi ich tic then la logarit cia Y. 2 Chjig ta gia djnh rang a chay tuO len mot gia trj nhat dmh (Ion hon 0 hoac nho hon 1). 3 NOI dung ra, may moc san xuat ngay horn nay co th^ san xtat hang hoa tifiu duig O-bi cung cho ngay mai. va dau vao lao dong true ti^ cung CO the san xuat luong hang hoa do vao horn nay. Vi vay. chtrg ta can phai tmh d&i su khac biet cua thoi gian va phai giai thich v4 "ty le dY dK 1 _ dY dK dL p dL tuban-lao dong toj uu" trong phuong trinh sau; 6 day p the hen uu tien thoi gian. Ve ben phai aja phuong trinh the hien nang siat bien aJa lao dong true tiep va ve ben trai the hien lao ddng gian tiep tham gia vao san xuat duoc chjet khau bang uu tien thoi gian. Va chung phaJ cd gia tri tiang nhau, vi neu khong bang nhau thi yeu to dau vao bj thieu se khong du va can b6 smg them lao dong de dam bao san xuat. De giai phuong trinh nay, truoc tiSn chcng ta dat cac ham so san xuat khac rrpt chiit tu phuong tnnh (1) va (2) k = 1. Ly do khong cd ty le giCia tong sd lao ddng sir dung cho vigc san xuat hang hoa teu duig (s) trong phuong trinh nay la chirg ta chi can cac di&j kJen ve cdng nghe aJa haj ham san xuat nay d^ giai phuong trinh (j). Tudd, chung ta cd duoc ty 16 nguon v6n — lao dpng tfii uu nhu sau ( K L a 1 — up PHU LUC Dieu kien thu hai ciia ^'Su! tlch luy qua tttUC" Dudi day chting tdi trinh bay ve diiu kien thir hai ciia "sy tich luy qua mtrc" Tmdc tien, chiing ta lap cac ham sd sdn xuat gidng nhu trong phan chii thich sd 4, vi tai day cung can dieu kien ky thuat ciia ham san xuat nhu la: k = L Sau do, chiing ta md dau bdng nhtrng gi md ngudi giau thu dupe sau khi "cho thue" nhu sau: G = /(AVLj+ _/• A' + A', /-„ +./ A'n + A', ^.L, -/(A'„.Lj-/(A',.A, trong dd hau td 1 diing de chi ngudi giau, hau td 0 dting de chi ngudi ngheo. Vi dy , A'] nghia Id lubdn cua ngudi giau, va chiing la gia djnh rdng Kj > KQV\ ngudi ngudi gidu cd nguon tu ban ldn hon ngudi ngheo. Hc/n ntra, ham f(.) Id sy the hien don gian hod cua ham san xuai ve hang hoa lieu dung. Chdng han, f(K,, Lj) nghia Id Y=L]'-<^Kj". d day. /{^4^.4V/ (K.+K " ' L 44- la tdng gia tri sdn xudt dupe thyc hien bdng "cho thue". KINH TE CHAU A -THAI BINH DUONG S<5 2i8-26f (6/2009) TO'NG HJP-PHAN TiCH-DUBAO v& f{K,.L,)+f{K,.L,) la tdng gia tri san xuat dupe thyc hien tmdc khi "cho thue". Vl vay, phan 1 ] the hien phan gia tri thang du tang them nhd "cho thue" va hoan toan dupe cdng them vao thu nhap ctia ngudi giau, vi chiing ta gia djnh rdng ngudi giau hoan dii manh de thu bet gia tri thang du. Bdng each tinh loan d6 dang, chting la da difen ta dupe mpt each don gian ve gia tn thu dupe (5) nhu sau: G = K,+K, ,L, + J f V K„+K, A \-f{Ko.L, Do dd, nhiem vy liep theo ciia chiing ta la trinh bay ve nhting dieu kien ctia muc dich cudi cung ctia tich tu tu ban, va cd the viet theo each sau day gidng nhu dieu kien (i) trong phan chti thich sd 4. dG dK^ I _dG Giai phuong trinh dd chting ta cd a • A 2 0-«)/-," A'n + A, va gia dinh rdng L] = L2 = L, phuang trinh tren cd Ih^ dan gian hod thanh: K,+K, la 1 L \- a p Day la mpt hinh thirc ciia ly le tu ban-lpi nhuan tdi uu cua ngudi giau. Tuy nhien, mat khac, Ipi ich ctia ngudi ngheo cung gdn nhu gidng vdi muc dp khdi diem ctia san xuai tmdc khi "cho thue" vi ngudi ngheo khdng the ndm giu dupe phan thang du nhd "cho thue". Do dd, dieu kien ciia muc dich cudi ciing cd the dien ta nhu sau: dK dL p~ dL va ty le lao ddng-tu ban "tdi uu" ciia ngudi ngudi ngheo trd Ihanh: 1 (K ^ L a \-a p hay ndi mdt each khac, muc dich cudi ciing ciia tich tu tu ban cd Ih^ dat duoc nhu sau: Nhu vay, tir (3) va (2), chting ta cd K.=K,=-^^L \-a p Difeu nay cd nghia la ca hai giai cap cudi cting se dat dupe muc dich gidng nhau, va tai day sy bat binh ddng ve tai san va "sy bdc lot" se chdm diit. Nhu the se khong cdn co sy tich luy qud mtrc. Tuy nhien, tmdng bc?p nay cb dieu kien tien quyei la ngudi ngheo phai dat dupe muc dich cud'i ciing. Hay ndi mdt each khac, chting tdi nghi den tmdng hop trong dd tdc dp tich luy ctia ngudi ngheo rat cham va cdn rdt lau mdi dat dupe muc dich thi ngudi giau da tien tdi muc dich cudi cting ctia hp, nhu the hien trong phuang trinh (4), thi tinh hinh se thay doi. Do la trong trudng hpp mirc dp tich luy tu ban ctia ngudi ngheo la As va dudi (4), ngudi giau se dat dupe la 1 L - ks , \- a p va mirc nay ldn hon (4). Tuy nhien, tham chi khi ngudi giau dat tdi mirc nay, thi ngudi ngheo van tiep tuc lich luy tu ban de dat dupe muc dich cudi ciing (4). Do dd, vao Ihdi diem nay, loan bp lu ban tich luy bdi ngudi giau va ngudi ngheo se vupt qua \-a p Dd chinh la sy tich luy qua mirc. Dieu nay co the giai thich lai sao cac nudc giau kel tdi ve sy tang tmdng ciia nhung nudc ngheo dang phat trien nhanh la dieu xung khdc vdi viec bao ve mdi Irudng loan cau. Tai lifeu tham khao Chow, G.C., (1993) Si; hinh thanh tir ban va Tang tnjcngkinh tSo Trung Qu6c, Quy san Kinh t^, thang 8 nam 1993. Mizuchi, S., (1984), Kinh te'coban, Nihonhyoronslia, Nhat Ban. Ohnishi, H., (2005) Thi trubng va Chii nghia tuban: Cach hi^u mcji ve Chil nghia Mac, Quy san KJnh \€ Chinh tri, Higp hOi KJnh tS Chinh trj Nhat Ban, Chuong 42, Tap 1, Nhat Ban. Yamashita, Y. va Ohnishi, H., (2002), Kh6i phuc Chii nghia Mac theo mo hinh Tang truing Toi uu Tan c6 6\k\, Seikei Kenkyu, Seikei Kenkyu, Vien Kinh t^ chinh tri, so 78, Nhat Ban. Yamashita, Y. va Ohnishi, H., (2003), Lao d6ng la Nhan t6 OSu tlSn ciia San xuat trong "MO hinh Chii nghia Mac", Keizai Ronso, Oai hgc Kyoto, Chiei^ 172, Tap 3, Nhat Ban. Yamashita, Y., (2005) Tinh vinh oJu va chSm dirt ciia phSn chia giai cap trong m6 hinh Chii nghia Mac. Mimeo, Nhat Ban K,= a \- a p L- S6 268-269 (6/2009) KINH Tt CHAU A -THAI BINH DUONG 45 . kinh le chinh Iri, Truons Oai hoc Kinh le- DHQG Ha Ngi Gianij viOn Khoa Kinh 10 Chinh Irj, D^i hyc Kinh 10- DHQG Ha Ngi So 268-269 (6/2009). sii va duy vat, bdi vi trong khuon kho phan tich ctia tdi, chinh co sd khoa hpc ky thuat quyet dinh cau true thuong tang ctia xa hpi va ca sd xa