Giáo trình cơ sở môi trường không khí

PHAM NGOC HO DONG KIM LOAN - TRINH THI THANH G io o trinh CO s d MOI TRITONG KHONG KHI (Tai ban Ian thu: nhat) NHA XUAT BAN G UO DUC VlfiT NAM r e a l f / a t r Co so Moi tru&ng khong la giao trinh dupe cac tac gia giau kinh nghiem bien soan tren co so cac bai giang cho sinh vien nganh Moi truPng Truong Dai hoc Khoa hoc Tu nhien - Dai hoc Quo'c gia Ha Noi vong 10 nam qua (ke tir Khoa Moi truPng duqc lap nam 1995 - Khoa dau tien hinh he thong dao tao chi'nh quy nganh Khoa hoc Moi truPng nude ta) Noi dung cua giao trinh khong chi phan anh nhung kien thuc cot loi ciia mon hoc theo Chuong trinh khung da ditoc Bo Giao due va Dao tao thong qua ma chiia dung mot so noi dung nang cao, giup sinh vien hieu biet sau, rong ve moi trucmg khong Vi vdy, giao trinh difoc sit dung lam tai lieu chink thuc giang day va hoc tap cho sinh vien nganh Moi trudng thitoc cac trodng dai hoc he thong Dai hoc Quo'c gia cilng nhi( cac trudng dai hoc, cao dang tren phqm vi ca nude Giao trinh gom chuong: Chuong va trinh bay ve cac phan cua moi trucmg khong va cau true quyen nhu su hinh lop quyen Trai Dat; cau true ciia quyen theo chieu thang dung; cac yeu to tuqng va quy luat bien d6i cua chung theo dp cao, anh huPng true tiep den cac qua trinh khuech tan va lan truyen chat nhilm moi trucmg khong Chuong trinh bay cac nguon phat thai gay nhilm, bao gom cac nguon tu nhien va nhan tao, cung nhu cac cha't gay nhibm duoi dang hat (bui, sol khi) va cac (S02, CO, NOx, 3, H2S v.v ) Dac biet, phuong phap mo hinh hoa toan hoc de mo phong tinh toan va du bao qua trinh lan truyPn cac cha't nhiPm lop bien quyen co xet den anh huong cua cac yeu to tupng, tang ket nhiet (do on djnh ciia quyen) va dia hinh dupe trinh bay kha chi tiet, giup ban doc hieu dupe ban chat van dP va biet ting dung d6 giai quyet cac bai toan thuc tiPn ve btre tranh phan bo nong chat nhiPm moi truPng khong Chuong trinh bay cac khai niem va dinh nghla lien quan den cac hien tupng suy giam tang ozon, 16 thung ozon P tang binh luu viing cue, su gia tang nong ozon tang doi luu; su gia tang nha kinh anh huong den bien doi hau toan cau; cac hien tupng mua axit va lang dong axit gay nhiPm nghiem moi truPng dat, nuPc va cac he sinh thai Day la nhiJng hiem hoa da va dang diPn nghiem tren pham vi toan cau, anh huong true tiep den cube song cua nhan loai va the gidi sinh vat Cac chuong trinh hanh dong nham giam thieu cac hien tuong tren vdi quy mo quoc gia va toan cau cung dirge phan tfch ky chuong Cuoi cung, chuong de cap, den quan diem va cac nguyen ike co ban he thong kiem soat chat luong khong khf nham quan ly, bao v6 moi truemg khong khf sach da va dang duoc ap dung b cac nude phat trien cung nhu b Viet Nam Giao trinh duoc bien soan lan dau nen khong tranh khoi cac khiem khuyet, rat mong ban doc dong gop y kien de lan tai ban sau giao trinh duoc cap nhat va hoan thien hon Moi y kien dong gop xin gvri ve Ban Bien tap sach Dai hoc Cao dang, Cong ty Co phan sach Dai hoc - Day nghd, 25 Han Thuyen, Ha Noi Cac tac gia MUC LUC Chuffng Nhurng van de chung va cau true cua khf quyen 1.1 Moi trudng khdng khf va su hinh lcrp khf quye’n Trai Da't .9 1.1.1 Dinhnghia 1.1.2 Su hinh ldrp quydn Trai Dat 1.2 Thanh phdn khdng khd cua quydn [2] 10 1.2.1 Thanh ph^n khdng khd lcrp ducri cua quydn 10 1.2.2 Phirong trinh trang M i cua khdng khd 12 1.2.3 Phirong trinh trang M i cua hoi rnroc va moi lien he giua cac dac trung cua dd dm 13 1.2.4 Phirong trinh trang M i cua khong dm Nhiet dd ao 14 1.2.5 Hoi nude khf quydn 16 1.2.6 Sol 18 1.3 Phan lop cua quydn 22 1.4 Sir bdt d6ng nha't ngang cua tdng dd'i liru Cac khdi va front 25 1.5 Cac dong khdng vd hoan luu chung quydn 28 1.5.1 Cac dong khf 28 1.5.2 Hoan liru chung khf quyen 31 Chutmg Cac yeu to tirpng va quy luat bien doi cua chung theo chieu cao 2.1 Cac yeu td' khf tuqng co ban 34 2.1.1 Nhiet khdng 34 2.1.2 Ap sudt khf quydn .34 2.1.3 Do dm khfing khf 35 2.1.4 Toe va huemg gio 36 2.1.5 May 37 2.2 Quy luat bie'n d6i cua ap sua't khf quydn theo d6 cao .39 2.2.1 Phuong trinh co ban cua tlnh hoc khf quydn 39 2.2.2 Cong thurc khf ap tdng quat va cac c6ng thurc khf ap rieng 39 2.2.3 C6ng thurc khf ap toan phdn (c6ng thuc Laplax) 44 2.2.4 C6ng thde khf ap rut gon Bac khf ap 46 2.2.5 Cong thurc khf ap doi vdi nhung lop khf quydn tttn cao 48 2.2.6 Ung dung cua cac edng thuc khf ap 49 2.2.7 Mat dang ap va durdng dang ap Cac trung tarn khf ap 51 2.2.8 Dia the' vi C6ng thuc khf ap cua dia the' vi 53 2.2.9 Dia thd vi tuyet doi va tuong ddi Ban dd hinh th£ khf ap 56 2.3 Quy luat bie'n d6i cua nhiet d6 theo chieu c a o 58 2.3.1 Tang ket nhiet cua khf quydn 58 2.3.2 Cac profin thdng durng cua nhiet d o 58 2.4 Cac quy luat bien d6i cua t6'c gio theo chieu cao (cac profin thdng durng cua tdc dd gio) [2] 60 2.4.1 Profin cua tdc gio ldp khong khf sat dat a dieu kien can bang 60 2.4.2 Profin cua tdc dd gio lcrp khf quydn sat da't d dieu kien khdng can bang 64 C km m g nhiem khong va mo h'rnh hoa qua trinh Ian truyen chat nhidin 3-1 Ngubn gav nhidm moi trudmg khong k h i 70 3.1.1 Cacngudngay dnhidm 70 3.1-2 Ngudn nhiem cong nghidp .70 3.1 J Nguon nhiSm giao thong van tai [ 1] 74 3.1.4 Ngudn nhiem sinh hoat [ 1] 75 3-2 Chat gfty nhiem moi trudng khdng 75 3.2.1 Cac chat 75 3.2.2 Bui [8.36] 78 3.3 Cac yeu to anh hucmg den chat luong mdi trudmg khong [31] 79 3.3.1 Anh huong ciia gio 79 3.3.2 Anh hircmg cua nhiet dd 82 3.3.3 Anh huong cua am va mua 84 3.3.4 Anh huong cua dia hinh doi vdi su phan bo chat nhiem 84 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.3.5 Anh huong cua nha va cong trinh doi vdi su phan bo chat nhiem moi trudng khong 84 Mo hinh tinh toan su lan truyen chat nhiem moi trucmg khong 85 3.4.1 Cac phuong phap mo hinh hoa ; 85 3.4.2 Sir phan bo chat nhiem va phuong trinh vi phan co ban 86 3.4.3 M6 hinh lan truyen chit nhiem moi trucmg khong cua Berliand .90 3.4.4 Mo hinh lan truyfin chat nhiem moi trucmg khong cua Sutton va Gauss 93 3.4.5 Mo hinh lan truyen chat nhiem moi truong khong doi vdi nguon ducmg [9.12,45] 96 3.4.6 Mo hinh lan truyen chat nhiem khong doi vdi nguon mat [1,8] 98 Phuong phap cai tien xac dinh cac tham so' khue'ch tan roi ung vdi didu kien hau Viet Nam [6, 10,42] 100 3.5.1 He so khue'ch tan roi 100 3.5.2 Phuong phap xac dinh he sd khue'ch tan roi Ky tir sd' lieu quan trdc tuong 102 3.5.3 Xac dinh kich thudc roi ngang , 105 3.5.4 Xac dirjh cac he so' khue'ch tan rd'i suy rong cua Sutton 105 3.5.5 Xac dinh cac he so' phat tan Gauss ar a , 105 3.5.6 Xac dinh cac he so' ty le a, b cong thurc bieu di6h quy luSt bie'n ddi cua he so' khue'ch tan rd'i ngang Ky theo khoang thcri gian x 106 3.5.7 Xac dinh tham so nham z,, va chi so' mu luy thira n [30] 108 Phuomg phap danh gia chat lucmg moi truong [21, 2 ] 109 3.6.1 Phucmg phap truyen thong danh gia chat lucmg moi trucmg phan (Phuong phap danh gia cac chi tieu ridng le) 110 3.6.2 Phucmg phap chi tieu tdng hop danh gia chat luong moi truong phan 110 3.6.3 Phuong phap danh gia chat lucmg moi truong tdng hop co sd' 112 3.6.4 Cai tien phucmg phap danh gia chat luong moi trucmg phan theo chi tieu tdng hop didu kien Viet Nam [21,22] 112 Du bao mure o nhidm tieng dn giao thong [1,11] 116 3.8 Phirang phap xu ly dong nha't chu6i so lieu [15] 117 3.8.1 Hieu chinh so lieu dac bang cac thie't bi thong dung theo so lieu quan trdc tu d o n g 117 3.8.2 Phuong phap xu ly va danh gia tlnh dong nha't cua chubi so lieu 119 Chuorng Ozon, hieu umg nha kinh va mira axit 4.1 Oz6n khf quyen 125 4.1.1 Vai tro cua 6zon khl quydn 125 4.1.2 Don vi cua ozon khl quyen [39] 127 4.1.3 Qua trinh quang hoa tao va phan huy ozon khl quy£n 128 4.1.4 Bure xa cue tlm 129 4.1.5 Van chuy&i va phan b6 cua Ozon khl quyOn .130 4.1.6 CO ch£ suy giam tang Ozon va 10 thung OzOn 137 4.1.7 Cac chat va cac hoat dong cua nguoi lam suy giam tang OzOn 143 4.1.8 Anh huong cua su bien dOi TLO blnh luu de'n sinh hoc va khl hau 149 4.1.9 Anh huong cua OzOn doi luu den sinh hoc va khl hau 151 4.1.10 Kehoach hanh dong bao vO tang OzOn [33] 152 4.1.11 Chuong trinh quoc gia cua Viet Nam v6 bao ve tdng OzOn [27] 155 4.2 Hieu ling nha kinh 156 4.2.1 Khai niem va dinh nghla 156 4.2.2 Ban chat cua hieu ting nha kinh 157 4.2.3 Cac tac dong cua hiOu ting nha kinh 158 4.2.4 Sir gia tang hieu ting nha kinh [50] 160 4.2.5 Cac giai phap nhdm giam thiOu su gia tang hieu ling nha kinh 163 4.3 Mua axit 181 4.3.1 Khai niem va dinh nghla v6 mua axit 181 4.3.2 NguOn goc va co che hinh mua axit 181 4.3.3 Tac hai cua mua axit 182 4.3.4 Ldng dong axit - van toan cdu [40] 184 Chuong Kiem soat nhiiim moi triromg khong khl 5.1 GiOi thieu chung 190 5.1.1 Mot vai net lich su cua kiem soat nhiOm khong khl .190 5.1.2 Loai bo khOng khl bdn hay kiem soat phat thai 192 5.1.3 Fhat thai, di chuyOn,tiepnhan 194 5.2 Luat va nhiJng quy dinh ve kiem soat nhiOm khOng khl, nguyen tdc kiOm soat nhiOm 196 5.2.1 Cac quy dinh va luat ki£m soat nhiSm khOng khl 196 5.2.2 Nguyen tdc kiem soat nhiOm khong khl 199 5.2.3 Bon quan diem he thong kiem soat 199 5.2.4 Ki£m soat thi truemg va quyen phat thai 204 5.3 Cac bien phap kie’m soat nhiem m6i truemg 204 5.3.1 Cac bien phap kie’m soat nguon nhiem 204 5.3.2 Kitim soat mdi trudng khong khl xung quanh 205 Phu luc 207 DANH MUC CAC TtT VIET TAT Bao ve mdi trucmg BVMT CTQG Chuong trinh qud'c gia Co che phat trien sach CDM Chat lupng mdi trudng CLMT Driving Pressures State Impacts Responses DPSIR (Mo hlnh DPSIR theo quan niem cua EEA) Don vi tong lupng ozon bang Dobson DU Cue Bao ve moi trucmg EPA Cue Moi trucmg chau Au EEA Khong khf xung quanh KKXQ LRTAP Cong ude ve nhidm khong khf xuyen bien gidi pham vi rong NAAQS Cac tieu chuan Quoc gia ve CLMT khong khf xung quanh T6 chuc phi Chinh phu NGO Cac tieu chu& thuc hien cho nguon mdi NSPS NESHAP Tieu chuan Quoc gia vi nguon phat thai cho cac chat nhi6m khong d6c hai Cac cha't lam suy giam tSng ozon ODS OMB Co quan quan ly ngan sach PM10 Bui lo litng co kfch thude < 10pm p m 2., Bui lo lutig co kich thude < 2,5pm Ngan chan su suy giam nghiem trong/su nhi6m nghiem Ban quan ly luu vuc May bay sidu am Lap ke hoach thuc hien cua Bang Tong lupng ozon Tieu chuan cho phep Tieu chuan Viet Nam Tai nguyen nude quoc gia Tai nguyen nude mat Tai nguyen nude ngam Bui lo lung tong so Chuong trinh mdi trudng cua Lien hop quoc Buc xa cue tlm To churc Khf tupng the gidi To chuc Y te the gidi PSD RBO SST SIP TLO TCCP TCVN TNNQG TNNM TNNN TSP UNEP UVR WMO WHO Chi/dng NHONG VAN OE CHUNG VA CAU TRUC CUA KHI QUYEN 1.1 MOI TRl/ClNG KHONG KHI VA SU HINH THANH LdP KHI QUYEN TRAI OAT 1 Dlnh nghia Moi truong khong khf la lop khf quyen bao quanh Trai Dat, duqc gioi han tir be mat thuy quyen va thach quyen den gioi han tren boi khong gian giua cac hanh tinh va duqc xem nhu mot hop phan cua moi trufrng tu nhien Vi vay, trudc de cap den cau true, cac qua trinh vat ly, hoa hoc xay lop khf quyen cung nhu tuong tac giua khf quyen va be mat Trai Dat, can hieu ve nguon goc hinh cac chat khf tao nen khf quyen 1 SU hinh ldp quyen Trai Dat That kho ke het duqc tat ca cac chat cau tao nen khong khf, nhat la khong khf sinh cau, vi su hinh cua khf quyen co lien quan rat nhieu den cac hoat dong tren be mat Trai Dat Tat ca cac chat deu ton tai khong khf va hau het chung deu xuat phat tur mat dat, ca phan quan nhat va can thiet nhat cho su song la oxi, cung bat nguon tir thao moc Vay, qua trinh hinh ldp khf quyen didn nhu the nao Theo cac thuyet gan day nhat thi quyen Trai Dat bat dau tit mot dam may nong bong, quay xung quanh mot tarn diem la Mat Trdi\ 98 % khf cua dam may la heli va hydro Khi nhiet ha, cac nguyen to ngung tu lai nhung phan tur nho gom hydro, oxi (nude hay nuofc da), nito, luu huynh va cacbon Cac khf lai bd'c len cao, phan tir Ion dan, va khoi may cua cac phan tur co rut lai Vi su rut nho ve mot khoi dac phai co su phong thfch nhiet nang, nen den mot giai doan nao da'y, each day khoang vai nghin trieu nam thi bang gia tan chay va mot luqng nude quan duqc tu tren mat dat Vao thdi ky nay, khf quyen gan nhu khong co mot loai khf nao khac hon la hoi nude Hoi nude bi tia tir ngoai cua Mat Trdi phan huy oxi va hydro Hydro bay thoat len cao, oxi thi bi vo qua dat va cacbon giur lai de tao khf cacbonic Nhu vay, khf C xuat hien d giai doan dau, nhung vdi nong nho hon nong hien rat nhieu, vi phan ldn C dirge sir dung cac tien trinh ly hoa, chdng han nhu su tao muoi cacbonat Cac dang dau tien cua sir song chi dugc hinh va phat trien bien, vi quyen chua co oxi va co qua nhieu tia tir ngoai Tuy nhien, Trai Dat bao hoa oxi, thi oxi bat diiu tich luy dan khong Trong lugng oxi tang len thi lbp ozon b tren cao bat dau phat trien Tir day trb vd sau, mot phan quan tia tir ngoai bi lbp ozon chan giu lai khong xuong tbi mat dat Do do, cac dieu kien sinh ton tren mat dat trb thuan tien va su song lan dan tir bien ca len tren dat lien lam nong oxi tang len hien tugng quang hop Khi nito co the chi xuat hien quyen sau co hoat dong cua vi khuan phan huy nitorat va nito tir Tren day la sir hinh cua cac chinh (nito, oxi va cacbonic), ldp ozon tren khong trung, lbp heli va lbp hydro b phan tren ciing ciia quyen O phan dubi, sinh cau cung co mat cac ozon, heli va hydro nhung vbi nbng rat nho, cung chung vbi cac chat khac tir mat dat bbc len nhu bui, phan hoa, vi trung, cac hat muoi nho, hydrosunfua, anhydrit sunfuaro, hydroclorua bao, gib, nui lira phun, ham mo, su chay rimg v.v Hien nay, cac lubng va phan tich hoa hoc cho biet khong sach va kho gom co cac phan thay doi va khong thay doi nhu dugc trinh bay bang 1.1 1.2 THANH PHAN KHONG KHI KHO c Ga KHI QUYEN [2] Thanh phan cua quyen bao gom khong sach kho, hoi nude va cac phan tit ran hoac long co nguon goc khac Tap hgp cac phan tir (nhu: bui, khoi, san pham ngung ket cua hoi nubc v.v ton tai la limg quyen) gpi la sol Dubi day chung ta xet ve phan va phan bo ciia chung Thanh phan khong kho d 16p difdi cua quyen Khong sach, kho la hdn hgp cua nhieu chat khi, nhieu hon ca la nito, oxi, agon, cacbonic O bang 1.1 trinh bay phSn co ban ciia khong sach (khong co sol khi) va kho (khong co hoi nubc) O lbp dubi ciia quydn (den cao khoang 20 - 25km) phan tren hau nhu khong thay doi Nhung dac trung co ban cua khong kho dugc chi bang 1.2, la nhung dac trung vat ly ling vbi trudng hgp khong dung yen Trong trubng hgp khong chuyen dong, cac gia tri nhbt, he so dan nhiet, he so d in dien phu thuoc vao mire xao tron cua quydn 10 s Do mure on - De mdc on, sir dung cac tieu chuan sau: TCVN 3150 - 79; TCVN 5964 1995; TCVN 9 - 1998 Tham khao hudng dSn phuemg phap mire 6n (thiet bj do, vi trl do, dai luong va phuong phap tinh) neu o phu luc B Phil luc A (Tham khao) MQC AP SUAT AM TAI MOT SO VI TRI LAM VIEC Vj trl lam viec Mure am or cac dai octa vdi tan s6 trung tarn (Hz) khong qua (dBA) Mdc ap suat am tifdng di/crng khong qua (dBA) 63 125 250 500 1.000 2.000 4.000 8.000 Tai w tn lam viec, sanxuattructiep 85 99 92 86 83 80 78 76 74 Buong theo doi va dieu khien ter xa khong co thong tin bang dien thoai, cac phong thi nghiem, thuc nghiem co nguon on dinh 80 94 87 82 78 75 73 71 70 Buong theo doi va dieu khien to xa co thong tin bang dien thoai, phong ditto phoi, phong lap may chinh xac, danh may chCf 70 87 79 72 68 65 63 61 59 Cac phong chdc nang, hanh chinh, ke toan, ke hoach, thong ke 65 83 74 68 63 80 57 55 54 Cac phong lam viec tri oc, nghidn ciru, thiet ke, thong k§, may tinh, thi nghiem ly thuyet va xir ly so lieu thuc nghiem 55 75 66 59 54 50 47 45 43 239 Phu luc B (Tham khao) 00 M C fC n B Thiet bi do: Su dung loai thiet bi xac djnh dupe miic ap sua't am tuon duong Lcqva co the phan ti'ch dupe mire am theo cac dai tan so beta tir 63 - 800Hz B.2 Vi tri do: Tai cac vi tri lam viec, micro de ngang tarn tai cong nhan, hubng ve nguon on va each ngubi l't nha't 0,5m B.3 Phucmg phap va rinh B.3.1 Mire ap sua't am tuong duong LAcq Tco the thuc hien bang mpt hai each sau: - Dat may a che dp (mode) muc ap sua't am tuong duong (Lcq) va lien tuc gib theo cong thirc: l» t=101«(Zvioojl“) - Dua tren viec cac muc on khac nhung khoang thbi gian nha't dinh xac dinh muc ap sua't am tuong duong tdng LAcq T (dBA) ca dupe tfnh theo cong thirc : +^rlAct|) LA„.T=10Ig(lt,.10' Trong d o : LjAla mire ap suat am; LiAcq la miic ap sua't am tuong duong khoang thbi gian h (gib); AL,Acq la phdn hipu chinh cho mbi mire ap sua't a m LiA hoac mire ap suat a m tuong duong LiAcqda xac dinh khoang thbi gian t, (gib) theo bang sau : Thbi gian (, xac dinh dupe L* hoac Ljto, (gid) 1/2 1/4 1/10 Phan hieu chinh -0,6 -1,2 -2 -3 -4,2 -6 -9 -12 -15 -19 A U q(dB) Cpng timg phln hieu chinh vira tim dupe vbi mire ap sua't am LiAhoac ap sua't am tuong duong tuong irng LjAcq de xac dinh cac gia tri (LiAcq + ALiAcq), (dBA) Vi du : Xac dinh muc ap sua't a m tuong duong ca lam viec cua mpt tdng cac muc ap sua't a m tuong duong Gia sir cac mire ap sua't am tuong duong dupe b cac vi tri lam viec cua mpt cong nhan ca lam viec la : LiAcq = lOOdBA 1/4 gib cua ca lam vipc; 240 L2Acq= 94dBA 1/2 gib cua ca lam viec; L3Acq= 75dBA thcri gian lai Xac dinh mile ap sua't am tuong duemg ca lam vide Trinh tu tmh toan se nhu sau: t, = 1/4 gicr; t2 = 1/2 gicr; t3 = gicr Xac dinh phan hieu chinh theo bang trdn: AL,a = -15dBA; AL2a = -12dBA; AL3A = -0,5dBA Khi lay cac gia trj phan hieu chinh theo bang ling vdi thbi gian tuemg ung t, neu bang khong co dung gia tri can tim co the la'y gSn dung cua tj - nhu chon thdi gian g£n nhat co bang hay gia tri trung binh Tinh cac gia tri (LiA + ALiA), dBA L a + AL1a = 100 + (-15) = 85dBA L2A + AL2a = 94 + (-12) = 82dBA L3A + AL3a = 75 + (-0,5) = 74,5dBA Xac dinh mdc ap sua't am tuemg duemg ca lam vide LAcqT (dBA) theo cong there: LAcq.T = 101g(10(Uxl