The Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois and Irwin-Dorsey Limited Georgetown, Ontario, 1973, tr... The European Union: Politics and Policies... The European Union: Politics and Policies..
Trang 1L I C H S I T - V A N H O A - X A H O I C H A U A U
• •
T i l C O N G B O N G T H A N T H E P C H A U A U B E N E U - 2 7 :
Q U A T R I N H H O P N H A T C H A U A U N H I N T i f L I C H S L f
L i e n m i n h Chau A u (European U n i o n
-E U ) v o i 27 quoc gia thanh vien la m o t lien
m i n h cua nhung y t u o n g , uoc m o va thanh
qua cua qua trinh hoa giai, hop tac cua
nhung the he da t u n g song, t u n g doi dau, trai
qua hai cuoc chien tranh the g i o i tan khoe
duoc bat dau t u chau A u trong nua dau the k i
X X L i c h sir hinh thanh va phat trien cua
Lien m i n h Chau A u trai qua chang d u o n g
dai, gan lien v o i lich sir phat trien ciia chau
A u va the g i o i trong nira sau the k i X X va
thap nien dau the k i X X I
1 Y t u o n g ve m o t c h a u A u h o p n h a t
Y t u o n g ve m o t chau A u hop nhat co
mot qua trinh lich sir lau dai Cac de che noi
tieng trong lich sir chau A u tir t h o i co trung
dai den t h o i can hien dai da tirng diing chien
tranh va v u luc de thong nhat lanh tho cac
quoc gia tren luc dia chau A u va thiet lap su
thong tri ciia m i n h B e n canh do, m o uoc ve
mot chau A u hop nhat trong hoa binh va hop
tac ciing xuat hien tir rat som N g a y tir the k i
X V I I I Montesquieu da tirng noi den mot
chau A u n h u la " m o t quoc gia bao g o m
nhieu t i n h " T r o n g the k i X I X , cac nha van
P G S T S T r a n T h i V i n h
Khoa Sir - Dai hpc Swpham Hd Npi
Phap, Italia va Ba Lan da viet ve mot chau
A u hop nhat n h u m o t giai phap de cham dirt cac cuoc chien tranh, x u n g dot keo dai giua cac quoc gia d chau A u D a i van hao Phap
V i c t o r H u g o da de cap den " m o t quoc tich chau A u " cho cac cong dan ciia luc dia nay Thuat n g u " H o p chiing quoc Chau A u " (United States o f Europe) da duoc cac c h i n h tri gia chau A u va ben ngoai chau A u de cap den tir rat som Sau Chien tranh the g i o i t h u Nhat, sang kien ve viec thanh lap m o t lien
m i n h toan chau A u de khang d i n h su hoa giai giua hai quoc gia Phap-Diic duoc de xuat
N a m 1923, c h i n h t r i gia n g u o i A o Richard Coudenhove - K a l e r g i m o dau Phong trao
T h o n g nhat Chau A u (Pan - Europa
M o u v e m e n t ) Richard duoc cong nhan la
n g u o i sang lap phong trao van dong cho m o t chau A u hop nhat t r o n g n h u n g nam sau Chien tranh the g i o i t h u N h a t1
David Sumler A History of Europe in the 2(f h
Century The Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois and
Irwin-Dorsey Limited Georgetown, Ontario, 1973, tr
276
Trang 24 4 NGHIEN CUTJ CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 0 6 (129).2011
D u an c h f n h thuc dau tien cua viec
thanh lap L i e n hiep Chau A u gan lien v o i ten
tuoi ciia A r i s t i d e B r i a n d (1862-1932), N g o a i
tracing Phap rihung n a m 1925-1932 va
Gustav Stresemann (1878-1929), N g o a i
truong D i i c trong rihung n a m 1923-1929 Ca
hai duoc nhan giai t h u o n g N o b e l Hoa b i n h
nam 1926 D u o c su iing ho ciia T h i i t u o n g
Phap luc bay g i o la Edouar Heriot, N g o a i
truong Phap B r i a n d va n g u o i dong nhiem
ciia m i n h 6 D i i c , N g o a i t r u o n g Gustav
Stresemann da xay d u n g d u an ve viec thanh
lap L i e n hiep Chau A u trong b o i canh chau
A u trong thap nien 1920 dang tran tre hy
vong vao m o t nen an n i n h tap the sau chien
tranh N a m 1929, N g o a i t r u o n g Phap B r i a n d
da trinh bay truoc H o i Quoc lien d u an ve
viec thanh lap L i e n hiep Cac quoc gia Chau
A u (Federation o f European Nations) tren co
so su lien ket va hop tac ciia cac quoc gia
chau A u ve k i n h te, c h i n h t r i , xa h o i Cac
chuyen gia k i n h te, trong do co Jonh M
Keynes, da iing ho cho y t u o n g nay N g a y
trong nam sau do, N g o a i t r u o n g Phap B r i a n d
da hoan thanh B a n ghi n h o ( M e m o r a n d u m )
ve viec to chiic he thong L i e n hiep Cac dan
toe Chau A u N a m 1931, c u u T h i i t u o n g
Phap Edouar H e r r i o t (1872-1957) xuat ban
cuon sach v o i tua de "Hap chiing qudc chdu
Au", iing ho cho d u an thanh lap m o t L i e n
hiep Chau A u T u y nhien, n h u n g bien dong
ciia the g i o i trong n h u n g nam tiep theo, cuoc
dai suy thoai k i n h te the g i o i bung no, su n o i
2 John McCormick The European Union: Politics
and Policies Westview Press An member of the
Perseus Books Group, Philadelphia, 2008, tr.26
len ciia chii nghTa phat x i t v a nguy co chien tranh da k h i e n cho d u an ve chau A u thong nhat r o i vao quen lang
Chien tranh the g i o i t h i i H a i ket thiic da
de lai m o t chau A u hoang tan, do nat va sau
do b i chia cat thanh hai phan D o n g va Tay ke
t u k h i bat dau cuoc C h i e n tranh Lanh Chau
A u mang m o t dien mao c h i n h t r i m o i cung
v o i nhung han t h i i g i u a cac dan toe sau cuoc chien tranh I o n nhat trong l i c h su nhan loai
L a n dau tien sau n h i e u the k i , chau A u khong
c o n la t r u n g t a m q u y e n l u c ciia the g i o i va
t h a m c h i c o n t r o nen p h u thuoc vao c u o n g quoc ben n g o a i T r o n g b o i canh do, y
t u o n g hoa g i a i han t h u , gan ket cac dan toe
v i su phuc h o i v a h u n g t h i n h ciia chau A u lai troi day
T h i i t u o n g A n h W C h u r c h i l l la mot trong so cac c h i n h k h a c h chau A u iing ho cho viec thanh lap H o p chiing quoc Chau A u
n h u m o t p h u o n g tien de g i n g i u hoa b i n h va
an n i n h chau A u N g a y tir nam 1930, trong
bai viet n o i tieng dang tren tap chi Saturday Evening Post ngay 15-2, C h u r c h i l l lap luan
rang, viec thanh lap m o t cong dong chau A u thong nhat la dieu co the thuc hien duoc tren
co so su hop tac ciia cac quoc gia 6 chau A u luc dia Sau do, C h u r c h i l l da soan thao mot Ban g h i n h o ve H o p chiing quoc Chau A u
n h u m o t p h u o n g tien de g i u g i n hoa b i n h va
an n i n h chau A u N g a y sau k h i C h i e n tranh the g i o i t h i i H a i ket thiic, t r o n g bai phat bieu tai t r u o n g D a i hoc Z u r i c h ( T h u y ST) nam
1946, T h i i t u o n g A n h C h u r c h i l l m o t lan nua keu goi viec thanh lao m o t "eia dinh rhau
Trang 3(7u J &p4iQ (Tfhirj \/lian &hcfi 4 5
A u thong nhat", m o t "Chau A u H o p chung
quoc" de k i e n tao hoa b i n h , an n i n h va
t h i n h v u o n g 6 chau A u O n g cung dua ra
de n g h i ve viec t h a n h lap H o i dong Chau
A u ( C o u n c i l o f Europe) trong bai phat bieu
cua m i n h3
Cac nha lanh dao chau A u luc nay cung
nhan thuc duoc su can thiet cua viec thanh
lap H o i dong Chau A u n h u m o t buoc k h d i
dau cho qua t r i n h hop nhat chau A u N h a m
muc tieu do, nam 1948, cac chinh t r i gia va
nhung nha nghien c u u hang dau chau A u da
tien hanh mot cuoc h o i thao tai Hague, H a
Lan de thao luan ve viec thanh lap H o i dong
Chau A u N g a y 5-5-1949, H o i ddng Chau
A u chinh thuc thanh lap v o i su tham gia cua
10 nuoc chau A u thong qua viec k y ket Hiep
uoc L o n d o n M u c tieu hoat dong cua H o i
dong Chau A u nham vao viec bao ve nen
dan chu va nhan quyen theo nhung gi da
duoc xac d i n h trong Cong uoc Chau A u H o i
dong Chau A u bao g o m 10 nuoc sang lap:
B i , Dan M a c h , Phap, Ireland, Italia,
Luxembourg, H a L a n , N a U y , T h u y Dien,
A n h va cac nuoc tham gia sau do, dua tong
so len t o i 47 thanh vien t i n h den nay H o i
dong Chau A u la m o t to chuc ngoai L i e n
m i n h Chau A u ( E U ) , danh sach cac nuoc
thanh vien H o i dong Chau A u k h o n g hoan
toan giong cac nuoc thanh v i e n E U va hoat
dong cung k h o n g giong nhau T u y nhien, cac
hoat dong duoc p h o i hop v o i nhau nham
3 John McCormick The European Union: Politics
and Policies Sdd, tr.28
muc tieu duy t r i hoa b i n h , dan chu va nhan quyen d chau A u
2 C o n g d d n g T h a n T h e p C h a u A u -nen m o n g d a u t i e n cua q u a t r i n h h o p n h a t
c h a u A u
Y t u d n g thanh lap Cong dong T h a n Thep Chau A u gan lien v d i ten tuoi cua Jean
M o n n e t (1888-1979), c h i n h t r i gia n g u d i Phap, n g u d i d u n g dau H o i dong K e hoach
k i n h te Phap sau Chien tranh the g i d i t h u
H a i N g a y tir nam 1943, k h i con la thanh vien cua U y ban G i a i phong dan toe thuoc
C h i n h phu Phap T u do, M o n n e t da xay d u n g mot ke hoach ve t u o n g lai cua chau A u hop nhat sau chien tranh N a m 1949, xuat phat tir quan d i e m cho rang, d i e m mau chot tao nen
su cang thang trong quan he giua Phap va Due bat dau tir van de k i e m soat v u n g Ruhr, viing cong nghiep than, thep quan trong d chau A u , M o n n e t de xuat m o t ke hoach hop tac giua hai nude de k i e m che mau thuan, tranh nguy co bung phat chien tranh Y
t u d n g cua M o n n e t da nhan duoc su ung ho ciia N g o a i t r u d n g Phap luc do la Robert Schuman (1886-1963) K e hoach hop tac giua hai nude mang ten Schuman duoc soan thao N g a y 9-5-1950, N g o a i t r u d n g Schuman, duoc su dong y ciia T h i i t u d n g Cong hoa L i e n bang D i i c K o n d r a d Adenauer, da l o n g trong doc T u y e n bo ve Sang k i e n hoa giai giua hai nude lang gieng thii dich va viec thanh lap m o t co chd hop tac giua Phap va D i i c t r o n g nganh cong nghiep than va thep, n h u m o t nguon luc chii yeu cho cong cuoc tai thiet dat nude sau chien tranh
Trang 4NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 0 6 (129).2011
4 6
Tuyen bo Schuman da m a d u a n g cho viec
thanh lap Cong dong T h a n Thep Chau A u
nam 1951
N g a y 18-4-1951, H i e p uac Paris g o m
100 dieu khoan dugc k y ket v a i n o i dung
thanh lap Cong dong Than Thep Chau A u
(European Coal and Steel C o m m u n i t y
-ECSC) v o i su tham gia ciia sau nuac chau
A u : Phap, Tay D i i c , Italia, B i , H a L a n ,
L u x e m b o u r g E C S C c h i n h thiic hoat dong t u
thang 8-1952 v a i 4 ca quan chuc nang chinh
la U y ban T o i cao ( H i g h A u t h o r i t y ) bao g o m
dai dien cao nhat ciia cac nuoc thanh vien,
H o i dong cap B o t r u o n g (Council o f
Ministers), H o i nghi Toan the ( C o m m o n
Assembly) va H o i dong Phap luat (Court o f
Justice) Cac nuoc thanh vien tham gia se co
mot t h i t r u o n g chung ve than va thep dat
d u o i su k i e m soat ciia U y ban T o i cao ( H i g h
A u t h o r i t y ) , M o n n e t la C h i i t i c h dau tien ciia
U y ban nay M u c tieu ciia ECSC la tao ra
mot ca che hop tac chung nham thiic day san
xuat phat trien, tang them viec lam, nang cao
miic song n g u a i dan va m a rong su hop tac
giua cac nuac thanh vien T h i t r u o n g than
chung da dugc m o ngay 10-2-1953 va sau do
thi truong thep chung m d ciia ngay
1-5-1953 M y la nuac dau tien cong nhan ECSC
(8-1952) va m o v a n phong dai dien hop tac
ciia m i n h a Brussels De d o i l a i , M o n n e t da
m o van phong dai dien dau tien ciia ECSC 6
thii do Washington D C
Viec thanh lap E C S C da co tac dong
dang ke d o i v a i su phat trien k i n h te va
t h u o n g m a i cua cac quoc gia thanh vien va chau A u n o i chung T h u o n g m a i giua cac nuoc tang gap 10 lan U o n g thap nien 1950
do viec d o bo cac hang rao thue quan, gia thanh ha va tiet k i e m chi p h i san xuat4 Viec
U y ban T o i cao t r g giup tai c h i n h cho cac mo than da tao t h e m 100 n g h i n viec l a m m o i , giai quyet v a n nan that nghiep sau chien tranh va nang cao m i i c song n g u o i dan Mac
d u E C S C con chua dat dugc m o t so muc tieu
de ra n h u ngan chan anh h u o n g ciia cac doc quyen than thep I o n t r o n g viec d i n h doat gia
ca t h i t r u o n g , c u n g n h u chua hoach dinh dugc m o t c h u o n g t r i n h phat trien nang luong thich hop, n h u n g ve c a ban, su thanh lap to chuc nay la m o t buoc dot pha trong tien trinh hop nhat chau A u
E C S C la to chuc quoc te dau tien tren the g i o i dugc thanh lap dua tren nguyen tac ciia chu n g h i a sieu quoc gia (supranationalism) va san sang m o ciia cho
su tham gia ciia cac n u a c chau A u khac Su thanh lap E C S C tao ra m o t chuyen bien mang t i n h each m a n g trong tien trinh hop nhat chau A u , b o i v i cho den t h a i diem nay,
l i c h su the g i a i c o n chua chung kien su ton tai m o t m o h i n h h o p tac quoc te nao dua tren
c o so viec chuyen giao m o t phan chii quyen quoc gia cho m o t the che sieu quoc gia Sir
4
David Sumler A History of Europe in the 20 ,h
Century The Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois and
Irwin-Dorsey Limited Georgetown, Ontario, 1973, tr
289
Trang 5(Jit Qjp4ig oTdnq Qluttt &kefi 4 7
thanh lap ECSC co tac dong chinh t r i - xa
hoi to I o n trong viec tao dung m o t chau A u
hoa giai, hop tac va hoa b i n h Y t u o n g thanh
lap ECSC cua M o n n e t va Schuman bat dau
A sir hop tac giua cac nuoc chau A u t u m o t
ITnh vuc cu the se la k h o i nguon cho m o t su
hop tac a cap do cao h o n , tren rihung ITnh
vuc rong I o n h o n va cuoi cung se dua den
mot chau A u hop nhat n h u m o uoc ciia
nhung the he tien b o i trong lich su chau A u
Trong y nghia do, M o n n e t va Schuman duoc
danh gia la nhung k i e n t n i c su dau tien ciia
Lien m i n h Chau A u
3 T i r H i e p u d c P a r i s den cac H i e p
uoc R o m a : q u a t r i n h t h a n h l a p C o n g
d d n g K i n h te C h a u A u ( E E C ) v a C o n g
d o n g N a n g l u o n g n g u y e n t i r C h a u A u
( E A E C )
Sau k h i Cong dong Than Thep chau A u
thanh lap, cac nuac thanh v i e n tiep tuc day
manh va m a rong qua t r i n h hop tac tren cac
ITnh vuc an n i n h va c h i n h t r i N g a y
27-5-1952, Cong dong Phong thii Chau A u
(European Defence C o m m u n i t y - E D C )
dugc thanh lap v a i muc tieu thiet lap quan he
hgp tac an n i n h quoc phong giua cac nuoc
chau A u va tao dieu k i e n de cac nuoc thanh
vien co the k i e m soat Tay D i i c ve quan su
trong he thong phong thii chung ciia chau
A u D o n g t h a i , d u an ve viec thanh lap Cong
dong C h i n h t r j Chau A u (European Political
C o m m u n i t y - EPC) cung dugc cong bo T u y
nhien, su k i e n Quoc hoi Phap bac bo viec
nude Phap tham gia E D C vao nam 1954
cung n h u d u an thanh lap EPC da khien cho
ca hai ke hoach deu k h o n g dugc thuc t h i
D o n g t h a i , de phan d o i cac d u an nay, Jean
M o n n e t , dai dien ciia nuac Phap tai U y ban
T d i cao ECSC da t u chuc C h u t i c h ECSC va chuyen sang viec thiet ke cac d u an thiet lap cac cong dong khac dua tren nen tang k i n h
te That bai ciia viec thanh lap Cong dong Phong thii Chau A u cung n h u d u an day tham v o n g ve viec thanh lap Cong dong
C h i n h t r i Chau A u cho thay nhung y t u o n g dua chau A u d i qua xa trong t h a i d i e m chua thich hop se k h o n g the t r a thanh hien thuc
T r o n g thap nien 1950, n h u n g sir k i e n Ion ciia t i n h h i n h the g i a i va k h u vuc, co lien
quan den hai c u o n g quoc d chau A u la Phap
va A n h , da t r d thanh n h u n g tac nhan quan trong d o i v d i qua t r i n h hop nhat chau A u
T r o n g so do can phai ke den hai cuoc k h i i n g hoang da l a m thay d o i chau A u : that bai ciia thuc dan Phap d D o n g D u o n g (1954) va cuoc k h i i n g hoang kenh dao Suez d A i Cap (1956) T r o n g sir k i e n t h i i nhat, chidn t h i n g
D i e n B i e n Phii ciia nhan dan V i e t N a m (5-1954) da kdt thiic cuoc chidn tranh D o n g
D u o n g v d i that bai ciia quan d o i v i e n chinh Phap Sau D i e n B i e n Phii, phong trao giai phong dan toe lan toa nhanh chong n h u m o t phan u n g day chuyen bao hieu sir sup do khong the c u u van n o i ciia thuc dan Phap Su suy giam u y t i n va n h u n g kho khan ciia Phap sau k h i mat D o n g D u o n g da tao ra ca hoi co mot k h o n g hai cho su hien dien ciia M y d khu vuc D o n g N a m A
Hai nam sau, trong sir kien t h i i hai, ket cue ciia cuoc k h i i n g hoang kenh dao Suez
Trang 64 8 NGHIEN C t f U CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 0 6 (129).2011
nam 1956 eta l a m thay d o i can can quyen luc
a T r u n g D o n g , k h i e n cho A n h mat d i vai tro
ciia m o t c u o n g quoc hang dau the g i o i trong
viec giai quyet cac van de quoc te K e n h dao
Suez, n o i lien B i e n D o va D i a T r u n g H a i , la
con d u o n g hang hai co v i t r i chien l u o c
khong the thay the ca ve giao t h u o n g lan
quan su nam tren lanh tho A i Cap T u sau
k h i kenh dao Suez khanh thanh nam 1869,
A n h va Phap nam quyen khai thac kenh dao
huyet mach nay va t h u ve nhung m o n l o i
khong 16 C h i n h v i vay, quyet d i n h quoc h u u
hoa kenh dao Suez ciia C h i n h phu A i Cap
Nasser thang 7-1956 da k h i e n cho A n h va
Phap bat b i n h De tra dtia, A n h va Phap
khong chi ho t r g cho Israel tan cong A i Cap
(10-1956) ma con dua quan vao chiem dong,
thiet lap v i i n g dem 16 k m a k h u v u c kenh
dao V i e c L i e n X o d u n g ve phia C h i n h phii
Nasser va de doa t h a m chien da khien cho
cuoc khiing hoang kenh dao t r o nen nghiem
trong D u o i ap luc ciia L i e n hop quoc va M y ,
nguy co bung no x u n g dot giua hai phe da
dugc ngan chan T u y nhien, cuoc k h i i n g
hoang da giang m o t d o n manh vao nhung
tham v o n g va uy t i n ciia A n h va Phap 6
T r u n g D o n g , m o d u o n g cho M y dam nhan
mot v i t r i n o i bat trong k h u vuc mang tam
quan trong chien luge tren the g i o i
N h u n g g i dien ra 6 D o n g D u o n g va
kenh dao Suez da k h i e n cho Phap lo ngai
hon luc nao het ve su m o rong anh h u o n g
ciia M y cung n h u nhan thiic ro h o n ve tain
quan trong ciia m o t chau A u hop nhat va doc
lap de doi pho v o i M y D o i v o i A r m , cuoc
k h i i n g hoang kenh dao Suez da tac dong
k h o n g nho den c h i n h sach d o i ngoai ciia nuoc nay T i r cho tap t r u n g nhieu vao cac
k h u vuc truyen t h o n g n h u Australia, Canada
va N e w Zealand, A n h bat dau tang cuong x u the h u o n g ve chau A u luc dia Cuoc khiing hoang kenh dao Suez da tac dong tich cue den qua t r i n h h o p tac chau A u va khong co
gi dang ngac nhien k h i cac H i e p uoc Roma dugc k y ket n a m 1957
N h a m muc d i c h tang c u o n g su hgp tac / A
k i n h te giua cac nuoc chau A u , trong cuoc gap ciia ngoai t r u o n g 6 nuoc thanh vien ECSC tai H o i n g h i Messina (Italia) thang
6-1955, cac ben da thong nhat ve ke hoach phat trien m o t the che chung trong m o t lien
m i n h thue quan, thiet lap m o t t h i truong chung cho cac nuoc chau A u tren co so su dong thuan va v i nhirng l g i i c h k i n h te chung M o t u y ban t r u b i cho viec thuc hien
ke hoach nay dugc thanh lap, d i m g dau la
N g o a i t r u o n g B i Paul-Henri Spaak (1899-1972) U y ban Spaak da tien hanh cac buoc
d i can thiet de xay d u n g m o t bao cao hoan chinh, dugc g o i la Bao cao Spaak, tao co so cho cac v o n g d a m phan giua cac nuoc ve
m o t t h i t r u o n g chung C i i n g v o i su dong gop ciia nha k i n h te hoc T h u y D i e n Bertin O h l i n (1899-1979), cac van ban nen tang cho viec xay d u n g m o t lien m i n h thue quan (customs union) va m o t t h i t r u o n g chung da dugc soan thao N a m 1956, d u o i su dieu hanh ciia
N g o a i t r u o n g Spaak, H o i nghi lien C h i n h phii ciia sau nuoc thanh v i e n E C S C dien ra tai lau dai V a i Duchesse ( B i ) da ban thao v<§
Trang 7(Jit (&}4Uf (T()4iq (Jkan ( J h d f i 4 9
nhurig n o i dung cu the chuan b i cho viec k y
ket hai Hiep uac R o m a vao ngay 25-3-1957,
thanh lap Cong dong K i n h te Chau A u
(European Economic C o m m u n i t y - E E C ) va
Cong dong N a n g l u g n g N g u y e n tir Chau A u
(European A t o m i c Energy- E A E C hoac
Euratom) V a i n h u n g dong gop mang t i n h
nen tang cho viec h i n h thanh E E C , Spaak
dugc v i n h danh la m o t trong so nhung n g u d i
co cong lao sang lap L i e n m i n h Chau A u
ngay nay
Sau k h i cac Hiep udc R o m a co hieu luc,
tren thirc te da ton tai ba cong dong chau A u :
Cong dong Than Thep, Cong dong K i n h te
va Cong dong N a n g l u g n g nguyen tir V e the
che, Cong dong K i n h te Chau A u va Cong
dong N a n g l u g n g nguyen tir Chau A u bao
gom cac ca quan chirc nang ca ban ciia Cong
dong Than Thep Chau A u n h u U y ban T o i
cao, H o i dong B o t r u d n g , H o i nghi Toan the
va H o i dong Phap luat U y ban T o i cao va
H o i dong B o t r u d n g dugc m d rong ve so
lugng cac thanh v i e n va co quyen luc l d n
han trudc H o i nghi Toan the dugc thay the
bang H o i nghi Quoc hoi (Parliamentary
Assembly - A P ) , v d i sir tham gia ciia 142 dai
bieu den tir cac nude thanh vien N a m 1962,
H o i nghi Quoc hoi dugc doi ten thanh Quoc
hoi Chau A u (European Parliament) H o i
dong Luat phap ciing dugc m d rong, bao
gom cac tham phan den tir cac nude thanh
vien va hoat dong trong nhiem k y sau nam
T u y nhien, viec tang c u o n g quyen luc cho
cac co quan dieu hanh da khien cho Chinh
phii Phap e ngai va t i m each han che quyen
lire sieu quoc gia ciia cac to chuc nay, v d i
m o n g m u o n cac cong dong chau A u se phat trien theo h u d n g t r d thanh cac to chuc lien chinh p h i i nhieu h a n la m o t to chuc sieu quoc gia
4 Q u a t r i n h m d r o n g cac cong d o n g
c h a u A u Ciing v d i Cong dong Than Thep, su thanh lap E E C va E A E C da thiic day k i n h t l
va t h u o n g m a i cac nude thanh vien phat trien Cong dong K i n h te Chau A u nhanh chong m d rong cac hoat dong ciia m i n h va
t r d thanh cong dong quan trong nhat trong cac cong dong chau A u Mac d i i viec xay dung m o t t h i t r u d n g chung chau A u da khong dugc thuc hien diing t h d i han 12 nam
n h u Hiep udc R o m a quy d i n h , nhung viec do
bo cac hang rao thue quan m o t each nhanh chong da cho phep sau nude thanh v i e n (Phap, Tay D i i c , Italia, B i , Ha L a n ,
L u x e m b o u r g ) ciia E E C tidn t d i k y ket m o t hiep udc lien m i n h ve thue quan vao thang
7-1968, dong t h d i cac han ngach vd xudt khdu hang cong nghiep ciing dugc d d bo N h d do, san xuat cong nghiep cung n h u t h u o n g mai giua cac nude thanh vien tang len nhanh chong T h u o n g m a i n o i k h d i E E C tang gdp
ba lan so v d i t h u o n g m a i giua cac nude EEC
v d i ben ngoai trong nhirng nam 1958-1965 Toe do tang t r u d n g ciia san xudt cong nghiep ciia sau nude thanh v i e n dat miic trung b i n h 5,7%, m i i c tang t h u nhap quoc dan b i n h quan dau n g u d i tang 4 , 5 % trong thap nien 1960 va dau thap nien 1970 V e nong nghiep, viec thuc hien chinh sach nong nghiep chung tir
Trang 85 0 NGHIEN CU"U CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 0 6 (129).2011
nam 1968 trong do co mure gia chung cho
cac san pham nong nghiep da thuc day san
xuat nong nghiep phat trien Cac nha k i n h te
hoc cho rang, day la " t h a i k y tang t r u o n g
vang"' cua cac nuac E E C
Su phat trien va m a rong quan he hap
tdc giua cac nuac thanh vien da dat ra nhu
cau hop nhat cac cong dong chau A u trong
mot thiet che chung Sau qua trinh dam phan,
cac nuac thanh vien da tien hanh k y ket H i e p
uoc H o p nhat (Merger Treaty) hay con goi la
Hiep uoc Brussels ngay 8-4-1965 Hiep uac
H o p nhat co hieu luc tir ngay 1-7-1967, theo
do, ba cong dong E C S C E A E C va EEC hop
nhat trong mot thiet che dieu harm chung cua
cac cong dong chau A u (European
Communities) U y ban EEC va H o i dong
EEC se tro thanh ca quan dieu hanh chung
cua ca ba cong dong Viec k y ket Hiep uac
H o p nhat da danh dau mot buoc tien m a i cua
qua trinh hop tac chau A u M a c d i i cac cong
dong chau A u van tiep tuc ton tai n h u nhirng
to chuc doc lap hop phap nhung viec ciing
nhau chia se m o t ca quan thiet che chung da
tao dieu kien thong nhat hanh dong v i muc
tieu chung la day m a n h qua t r i n h hop tac va
hoi nhap ciia cac thanh v i e n tren cac ITnh vuc
khac nhau Tren thuc te cac cong dong chau
A u con tiep tuc ton tai trong lich sir phat
trien ciia qua t r i n h hop nhat chau A u n h u
mot trong ba t r u cot ciia E U ngay nay (hai
tru cot con lai ciia E U la C h i n h sach D o i
ngoai va C h i n h sach A n ninh chung
( C o m m o n Foreign and Security Policy)
Cong ddng T h a n T h e p ( E C S C ) c h i giai the vao nam 2002, C o n g ddng K i n h te Chau A u ( E E C ) dugc thay the bang C o n g dong Chau
A u ( E C ) n a m 1993
T u y nhien, con d u o n g phat trien ciia cac cong dong chau A u t r o n g b u o i ban dau cung khong hoan toan em a T r o n g t h a i gian nay, cac nuoc thanh v i e n phai d o i mat v o i "cuoc
k h i i n g hoang ghe t r o n g " ("the empty chair crisis") dien ra tir thang 6-1965 den thang
1-1966 Cuoc k h i i n g hoang bat nguon tir rihung bat dong x u n g quanh viec thuc hien cac bien phap tai t r g cho C h i n h sach N o n g nghiep chung ( C o m m o n A g r i c u l t u r e Policy - CAP) giua C h i n h p h i i ciia T h i i t u o n g Phap Charles
De Gaulle (1874-1970) vcri cac nuoc thanh vien E E C Cac dai dien ciia Phap da phan ung bang each k h o n g t h a m gia bat c i i cuoc hop nao va n i t ra k h o i cac co quan dieu hanh
E E C , gay nen cuoc k h i m g hoang I o n nhat trong l i c h sir phat trien ciia cac cong dong chau A u Cuoc k h i i n g hoang cho thay chii nghTa dan toe va n h u n g m a u thuan ve l g i ich dan toe la n h i r n g rao can cho qua trinh m a rong hap tac chau A u Cuoc k h i i n g hoang chi ket thiic k h i T h o a uoc L u c x e m b o u r g ( 1 -1966) giua sau nuoc d u g c k y ket, theo do cac nuoc thanh v i e n dugc su dung quyen phii quyet de bao ve l g i i c h quoc gia Viec k y ket thoa uoc nay, tren thuc te, da han chd quydn luc ciia U y ban E E C va tang them quydn luc cho nhung thanh v i e n ciia H o i dong E E C Qua t r i n h h o i nhap ciia cac nuoc chau
A u ve c o ban k h o n g vap phai su can t r a nao
Trang 9(Jit Q&nq, itatiu (JIUJUL ( J f a ' f i 5 1
tu phia M y V i e c M y thuc t h i K § hoach
Marshall nham tai thiet chau A u sau chien
tranh va thanh lap T o chuc Hiep uac Phong
thu Bac D a i Tay D u o n g ( N A T O ) nam 1949
da tao ra n h u n g co so thuan l o i cho qua t r i n h
hoi nhap cua chau A u T h a m c h i , nam 1962,
Tong thong M y John F Kennedy con bay to
thien chi k h i n h i n nhan su hop tac cua chau
A u v a i " n i e m hy v o n g va su n g u o n g m o "5
Ve hinh thuc, M y coi E E C n h u m o t doi tac
binh dang va t i e m nang D o n g t h a i , M y con
hy vong su hoi nhap cua Tay D u e vao mot
EEC lan manh se gay ra ap luc l a n cho D o n g
Due va L i e n X o trong b o i canh Chien tranh
Lanh dang tiep dien T u y nhien, tren thuc te,
sir noi len cua m o t chau A u hop nhat cung
tao ra ap lire canh tranh ve k i n h te - thuong
mai cung n h u chinh t r i d o i v o i M y
Ve phan m i n h , mac du con le thuoc vao
M y ve k i n h te va chinh t r i , cac nuoc E E C to
ra khong ung ho M y trong viec M y tham gia
Chien tranh T r i e u T i e n (1950-1953), trong
each thuc giai quyet cuoc k h i i n g hoang ten
liia 6 Cuba v o i L i e n X o nam 1962 bo qua vai
tro ciia EEC, trong viec tien hanh leo thang
va m o rong chien tranh 6 V i e t N a m trong
thap nien 1960, cung n h u viec chinh quyen
N i x o n tuyen bo tha n o i dong dola M y nam
1971, gay kho khan cho t h u o n g m a i chau A u
va the g i o i V i e c M y co nhung quyet dinh
5 John McCormick The European Union: Politics
and Policies Westview Press An member of the
Perseus Books Group, Philadelphia, 2008, tr 125
chien luge k h o n g can bao truoc cho cac nuoc thanh v i e n E E C , tham chi cho ca nhung lanh dao than M y ciia E E C , da gop phan thiic day cac nuoc chau A u tang c u o n g qua trinh lien ket de co tieng noi chung, co trong l u g n g h o n tren t r u o n g quoc te trong viec bao ve l g i ich ciia c h i n h m i n h
Sau k h i A n h va cac nuoc Dan M a c h , Ireland, N a U y nop d o n x i n gia nhap E E C nam 1967, cac cuoc t h u o n g l u o n g dugc tien hanh ke tir nam 1969, k h i T o n g thong Georges P o m p i d o u (1911-1974) len cam quyen a Phap Sau cac cuoc dam phan, d o n
x i n gia nhap E E C lan t h i i ba ciia A n h da dugc chap thuan ciing v o i cac nuoc D a n
M a c h , Ireland va N a U y T r o n g cuoc t h u o n g thuyet keo dai 12 g i o dong ho v o i T h i i t u o n g
A n h E d w a r d Heath (1916-2005), T 6 n g th6ng Phap P o m p i d o u cho rang viec chap thuan nuoc A n h cung n h u cac quoc gia khac gia nhap E E C xuat phat tir l g i i c h khong chi ciia rieng nuac nao m a la v i l g i ich ciia toan chau
A u Sau k h i cac hiep uoc gia nhap dugc k y ket, thang 1-1973, A n h , D a n M a c h va Ireland chinh thiic t r o thanh thanh vien ciia
E E C ( n g o a i trir N a U y k h o n g gia nhap do
n g u a i dan bo p h i e u c h o n g t r o n g cuoc
t r u n g cau dan y t h a n g 9 - 1 9 7 2 ) D o t m o
r o n g E E C l a n t h u nhat v o i khong it nhung trac tro, cuoi ciing da hoan tat, dua EEC-6 tro thanh E E C - 9
D o t m o rong E E C lan t h u hai va lan t h i i
ba dien ra vao thap nien 1980, huong vao cac quoc gia 6 k h u vuc N a m A u bao g o m H y Lap, B o Dao N h a va Tay Ban Nha T r o n g
Trang 105 2 NGHIEN CDU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 0 6 (129).2011
cto, H y Lap la nuac da co y d i n h tham gia
EEC ngay t u thap nien 1950 T u y nhien, do
nen k i n h te H y L a p con a muc k e m phat
trien so v a i cac nuac Tay A u va dac biet la
nhung bat 6n ve c h i n h t r i dan t a i cuoc dao
chinh quan su thang 4-1967 da ngan can qua
trinh h o i nhap chau A u cua nuac nay Sau
khi chinh phu dan su t r a lai cam quyen nam
1974, H y Lap nop d a n x i n gia nhap E E C
Truac su lo ngai cua U y ban E E C ve viec
nen k i n h ie H y Lap con qua yeu, C h i n h phu
H y Lap cam ket vuc day nen k i n h te cung
v o i viec thuc day qua t r i n h dan chu hoa Qua
trinh dam phan gia nhap bat dau t u nam 1976
va den thang 1-1981, H y Lap chinh thuc t r a
thanh thanh vien t h u 10 cua E E C
Bo Dao N h a va Tay Ban N h a da bat dau
k h a i dong qua t r i n h h o i nhap chau A u t u
nam 1962 T u y nhien, che do doc tai t o n tai
a ca hai nuoc neu tren da can t r a qua trinh
gia nhap EEC cua ho M a c du H i e p uac
Roma khang dinh, bat c u quoc gia nao a
chau A u co nguyen v o n g deu co the t r a
thanh thanh vien cua E E C , tuy nhien, tren
thuc te, nen dan chu la dieu kien tien quyet
de gia nhap E E C C h i sau k h i che do
Caetano a Bo Dao N h a sup do nam 1974 va
sau cai chet cua Franco a Tay Ban N h a nam
1975, dan x i n gia nhap E E C cua hai nuac
m a i chinh thuc dugc x e m xet Bat chap
nhung kho khan ve k i n h te cua Bo Dao N h a
va Tay Ban N h a cung n h u x u h u o n g d i
chuyen cua luc l u o n g lao dong o hai nuac ve
Tay A u de k i e m viec l a m , E E C da chap
thuan don x i n gia nhap cua hai nuoc nay
Cac nha lanh dao U y ban E E C hy v o n g rang,
v o i viec t r a thanh thanh v i e n E E C , B o Dao
N h a va T a y B a n N h a se co dieu kien de thuc day nen dan chu, 6 n d i n h k i n h te va x i c h lai gan h o n v o i T a y A u v a N A T O Cac cuoc dam phan gia nhap dugc bat dau nam 1978
v a i B 6 Dao N h a va n a m 1979 v o i Tay Ban Nha N a m 1986, hai nuac c h i n h thiic gia nhap E E C , dua t o n g so thanh vien EEC len
12 nuac
V i e c nhan d o i so l u o n g thanh vien da
k h i e n E E C t r o thanh m o t k h o i k i n h te lan nhat tren the g i o i , co anh h u o n g k i n h te va chinh t r i ngay cang I o n tren t r u o n g quoc te
N a m 1990, sau k h i biic t u o n g B e r l i n sup do, lanh tho ciia E E C d u g c m o rong do ket qua cua qua t r i n h t h o n g nhat nuac D i i c Ciing vai viec thiic day k i n h te va t h u o n g m a i phat trien, trong t h a i gian nay E E C chii trong vao viec tao dieu k i e n cho viec t h u hep khoang each phat trien k i n h te giua cac nuoc chau
A u , tao c o h o i cho cac nuoc ngheo d khu
v u c D i a T r u n g H a i h o i nhap va phat trien trong nen k i n h te toan cau H a n g loat cac du
an cai thien ket cau ha tang, ho t r g viec lam dugc thuc h i e n n h a m muc tieu h u o n g t a i su phat trien can bang ve k i n h te giua 12 nuac thanh vien D o n g t h a i , E E C da tien hanh cuoc bau c i i N g h i v i e n true tiep dau tien nam
1979 v o i 410 dai bieu dugc lua chon t u cac nuoc thanh vien C h i i t i c h N g h i vien dau tien ciia E E C la ba Simone V e i l , c h i n h t r i gia, luat su, dong t h a i la B o t r u o n g Y te Phap
N h a m h u o n g t o i su m d r o n g hop tac da dien ciia cac quoc gia thanh vien, thang