Tài liệu Learn Spanish pdf

L L e e a a r r n n S S p p a a n n i i s s h h Published by Discs Direct 1 Grammar basics 33 alse Friends 58 64 Check bookmarks on the left for more detailed contents info. Learn Spanish E-book Published and distributed by Discs Direct. easons. All rights reserved. Copyright 2004 Discs Direct. Contents Language note 3 Alphabet 4 Pronunciation Guide 5 Stress & Accent Marks 10 Basic Phrases 11 Greetings 15 Numbers 16 Vocabulary 18 F Spanish - English Dictionary English - Spanish Dictionary 80 Food Glossary 96 You can print the book for academic r 2 spañol - Language note alicia Portuguese. here are around 40 million Spanish speakers within Spain and many more in other ountries (see below). uding the Balearic and Canary Islands and the lilla. There are Spanish-speaking communities f the official languages of the European Union tions. lphabet and the acute accent on vowels to indicate stressed clusive to Spanish and represent a single letter and not a the only language to use the opening question and exclamation of Spanish Speakers: ion enezuela - 23.3 million SA - 20.7 million eru - 20.4 million hile - 13.6 million ominican Republic - 8.2 million E Spanish is the third most popular language of the world. It belongs to the Ibero-Romance family of languages and is most closely related to Catalan, n andG T c Spanish is the official language in Spain, incl Northern African enclaves of Ceuta and Me the UK, France and Germany. It is one oin and of the United Na panish uses the Latin aS syllables. Ñ and ñ are ex odification of n. It's alsom marks ¿ ¡ Country - Number exico - 91 million M olombia - 41.9 millC rgentina - 35.6 millionA pain - 39.9 million S V U P C Ecuador - 11.8 million D 3 The Alphabet The Spanish alphabet consists of 2 a, b, c, ch, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, ll, Below you can see the capital letter with that letter. A: a azul (adj) - blue B: be bandera (nf) - flag C: ce cerdo (nm) - pig, CH: che chico (nm) - boy D: de dedo (nm) - finger E: e escarabajo (nm) - F: efe fruta (nf) - fruit G: ge gatito (nm) - kitten H: hache hombre (nm) - m I: i insecto (nm) - insect J: jota joya (nf) - jewel K: ka kilómetro (nm) - kilom L: ele lago (nm) -lake LL: elle llover (v) rain M: eme mar (nf, nm) sea N: ene noche (nf) - night Ñ: eñe ñame (nm) - yam O: o océano (nm) - oc : pe papá (nm) - dad 9 letters: m, n, ñ, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z s along with name of each letter and one word starting hog beetle an etre ean : cu quizá - maybe ere reina (nf) - queen : ese silla (nf) - chair : te tiburón (nm) - shark : u uva (nf) - grape : ve vaca (nf) - cow : doble u wok (nm) - wok : equis xilófono (nm) - xylophone P Q R: S T U V W X Y: i griega y (conj) - and Z: zeta zorro (nm) - fox 4 Vowels All vowels in Spanish make only one sound each: a . . . sounds like . . . ah as in "father" The Spanish "a" is a short sharp sound like "hat" in English Examples: pato - apio - loca e The Spanish "e" is like the ehh in "bet" in English Examples: elegir - éxito - sed The Spanish "i" is like the "ee" in "seen", but a bit shorter Examples: sin - miércoles - idiota o . . sounds like . . . oh as in "go" The Spanish "o" can have two sounds. When it is at the end of a word it is like the difference is very subtle Examples: pato - apio - loca oo as in "to" The Spanish "u" is like the "oo" in "food" Note: It is silent after "q" and in "gue" and "gui" sis eg: antigüedad. The "ü" is quite rare. Pronounciation Guide i . . . sounds like . . . ee as in "bee" "o" in note e.g. "pato" When it is before a consonant it is shorter, like "pot" or "cot" e.g. "boda". This u . . . sounds like . . . The exceptions are marked with a diaere 5 Examples: luna - puro - mudo Diphtongs: ai ay The Spanish "ai" is like the "i" in "side" Examples: aislar - paisaje - vaina - haya anish "ei" and "ey" sound like the "ay" in say he Spanish "eu" has no English equivalent and is difficult to define. and "u" together. It is not very common. ples: deuda - neutral - reumatismo ote that the word "y" meaning "and" sounds like the Spanish "i" erno - yeso - tierno - miedo u "win" a vowel it normally has the "w" sound amples: fuente - huevo - agua - fui - fuimos - cuota au The Spanish "au" is like the "ou" in "sound" Examples: causa - pausa - audio - audiencia ei ey The Sp Examples: rey - peine - seis eu T It is just the sounds of "e" Exam oi oy The Spanish "oi" and "oy" are like the "oy" in boy Examples: soy - doy - boicot - sois - coyote Semi-consonants: ie y The Spanish "y" and "ie" have the "y" sound in "yes" . N Examples: hielo - y The Spanish "u + vowel" sounds like the "w" in Note that when "u" is followed by Ex 6 Consonants Most consonants are the same as in English, except: c g h j ll r rr v z b The Spanish "b" is almost exactly the same as an English "b" (Note: Both "b" and "v" have the "b" sound in Spanish) Examples: bomba - enviar - voy - Córdoba c (hard c) The Spanish "c" has the English "k" sound except when it comes before "e" and "i" Examples: academia - con - Ecuador - cola c (soft c) Before "e" and "i" it has a "th" sound as in "thin" (Note: c is an "s" sound in Latin America, or a "th" sound in Spain) Examples: sociedad - recibir - receta ch The Spanish "ch" is the same as the "ch" in church Examples: bochorno - champán - champiñón - champú d The Spanish "d" is very similar to the English "d" when it comes at the end of a word it can have a "th" like sound eg. Madrid, verdad Examples: del - definir - ciudad - domingo f The Spanish "f" is the same as the English "f" Examples: freír - difícil - afeitar - foro g (hard g) The Spanish "g" is like the English "g" unless it comes before "i" and "e". Examples: Galicia - golpe - guante - iglesia g (soft g) 7 The Spanish "g" is like the Spanish "j" when it comes before "i" and "e". d are: gemelo - geranio - gimnasio - gitano und similar to the "ch" in the Scottish "loch" je mmon in Spanish he "y" in yes o- Mallorca m The Spanish "m" is the same as the English "m" amples: mama - tomar - malo - mixta - mano glish "n" amples: nadar - nadie - no - uno - nada It makes the soft "h" sound, like the "ch" in the Scottish "loch" Some other words which have this soun h The Spanish "h" is always silent Examples: honor - Alhambra - rehacer j The Spanish "j" is a strong guttural (throaty) so Examples: jota - jabón - lenguaje - e k The Spanish "k" is the same as the English "k". It is very unco Examples: kilo - kilovatio - kiosco - kiwi l The Spanish "l" is the same as the English "l" Examples: lobo - lámpara - ladrón ll The Spanish "ll" makes a drawn-out sound like t Examples: taller - valle - llamar - llover - llen Ex n The Spanish "n" is the same as the En Ex ñ The Spanish "ñ" is like the "ni" in "onion" in English Examples: baño - caña - riñón - teñir p 8 The Spanish "p" is the same as the "p" in English Spanish "q" is pronounced like the English "k" in "kick" (Please note that the u after q is silent unlike in English, so qu makes a "k" sound not "kw") r The Spanish "r" is a similar to the English "r" but it is stronger (is rolled) Examples: rabo - radio - mar rr The Spanish "rr" does not exist in English. It is a very strong "r" with a trill (it's rolled . uerra - parra - barrio , g, l, m, n to an have a "zzz" sound when it comes before b, d, g, l, m, n sde - asno t e Spanish "t" is very similar to the "t" in English. The Spanish "x" is similar to the English pronunciation and it has a "ks" sound. Examples: extra - sexto- exacto - éxito z Examples: pato - apio - lápiz q The Examples: queso - qué - querer - quince emphatically). Many English speakers find this sound very difficult to pronounce Examples: puerro - berro - carro - g s The Spanish "s" has two sounds. It is pronounced the same as "s" sound in "sit" except when it comes before b, d Examples: saber - sobre - cosas - asun It c Examples: mismo - de Th In Spanish the tongue is placed closer to the teeth and there is less aspiration. Examples: trigo - tomar- todo - patata v makes the "b" sound x 9 The Spanish "z" has the "th" sound in the English thin. Examples: zona - cazar - zorro - luz Please note: Z . . . is an "Z" sound in Latin America, or a "TH" sound in Spain Another key aspect is knowing which syllable should be stressed. re simple. t If a word isn't pronounced according to the above two rules, an accent is placed over the wel of the syllable that gets the stress. For example, común, lápiz, médico, inglés, and jalá all have the stress on the indicated syllable. above words are some words of foreign origin, generally words t retain their original spelling and pronunciation. Also personal usually are written without accents. e accent marks over capital letters, although apital letters In Spanish, days, months, languages and nationalities do not use a capital letter. Only names f people and places do. Stress and Accent Marks Knowing how letters are pronounced is only one aspect of learning Spanish pronunciation. Fortunately, in Spanish the rules for stress (also known as accent) a In fact, there are only three basic rules that cover nearly every word: 1. If a word ends in a vowel, n or s, the stress is on the next to last syllable. For example, toro, computadora, joven and zapatos all have their accent on the next-to-last syllable. Mos words fit this category. 2. Words than end in other letters have the stress on the last syllable. For example, hotel, hablar, madador and virtud all have the accent on the final syllable. 3. vo o The only exceptions to the adopted from English, tha names and place names of foreign origin Note that some publications and signs do not us it is normally best to use them when possible. C o 10 [...]... (Souls long to become immortal) Gender The nouns in Spanish can have either of 2 genders (género): masculine (masculino) or feminine (femenino) The gender of many nouns can be determined by their meaning or their ending The gender 34 of other nouns must be learned individually The best way to memorize the gender of words is to memorize the article when learning a new word la chica (the girl) feminine... singular or plural: treinta y un días (thirty-one days) Dates (months and years) are cardinal numbers in Spanish, except for the first of the month: El 9 (nueve) de marzo de 1995 (mil novecientos noventa y cinco) (the ninth of October, 1995); BUT Hoy es el primero de octubre (Today is October first) Note that Spanish reverses the English usage of commas and periods in numbers: 1.250 kilómetros = 1,250 kilometers;... previsión del tiempo para mañana weather vane - una veleta wind - el viento Grammar Regular Verbs In spanish there are three different kinds of regular verbs, these can be characterized by the ending of the infinitive -ar -er -ir An infinative is represented in the english language by the word to: to be, to have, to learn, to speak, and to buy These are all infinitive forms of english verbs The following table...Basic Phrases (Spanish – English) Hola - Hi Me llamo - My name is Encantado, -a - Nice to meet you Sí - Yes No - No Hablo un poco - I speak a little en español - in Spanish en inglés - in English Adiós - Goodbye Gracias - Thank you por favor - please el hotel - the hotel ¿Tiene ? - Have you... many days? Tengo una reserva - I have a reservation ¿Su nombre? - Your name? ¿Su pasaporte? - Your passport? ¿Qué va a tomar? - What would you like? un bocadillo - a filled roll una tortilla española - a Spanish omelette unas patatas fritas - chips de primero - as first course de segundo - as second course 11 el menú - the menu ¿Para beber? - And to drink? una cerveza - a beer un vino tinto - a glass of... exercise - ejercicio to fish - pescar fly - volar give - dar hear - oír jog - trotar juggle - hacer juegos malabares jump - saltar 20 kneel - arrodillarse knit - tejer laugh - reír leak - tener goteras learn - aprender to love - amar (to send by) mail - enviar par correo paint - pintar play - jugar pull - tirar push - empujar rake - rastrillar read - leer receive - recibir run - correr scare - susto... flat nose/a pug nose - una nariz chata a lopsided nose - una nariz ladeada/torcida a hooter/conk (fam) - una napia flare your nostrils/to snort - resoplar/bufar Weather When talking about the weather in Spanish use "hace" and "hay"instead of English "to be" It is sunny - Hace sol It is hot - Hace calor It is very windy - Hace / Hay mucho viento Talking about weather what’s the weather like? - "¿qué tiempo... far away un billete para - a ticket to de ida - one way de ida y vuelta - return Soy principiante - I’m a beginner Tengo un nivel medio/avanzado - I'm intermediate/advanced 12 Common phrases (English Spanish) Can you help me? - ¿Me puede ayudar?; ¿Me ayuda por favor? Do you speak English? - ¿Hablas inglés? Do you understand English? - ¿Entiende el inglés? Good afternoon - Buenas tardes Good-bye - Adiós... (singular) la (singular) los (plural) las (plural) Examples: el río (the river); los refrescos (the refreshments); la guitarra (the guitar); las faltas (the mistakes) Definite articles are often used in Spanish where English would omit them, for example: 1) with abstract nouns: El amor es una fuerza irresistible (Love is an irresistible force) 2) with nouns used in a general sense: Prefiero los caballos... bien I am happy - Estoy alegre I am hungry - Tengo hambre I am lost - Estoy perdido I am sad - Estoy triste I am sick - Estoy enfermo I don't know - No lo sé I don't like it - No me gusta I don't speak Spanish - No hablo español I don't understand No entiendo - No comprendo I have - Tengo I like it - Me gusta I love you - Te amo I need a doctor - Necesito un médico I would like - Me gustaria maybe . Knowing how letters are pronounced is only one aspect of learning Spanish pronunciation. Fortunately, in Spanish the rules for stress (also known as accent). 11 Greetings 15 Numbers 16 Vocabulary 18 F Spanish - English Dictionary English - Spanish Dictionary 80 Food Glossary 96 You