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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION PHAM XUAN CONG INTERNATIONAL FACTORS IN THE CHINA - INDIA BORDER WAR IN 1962 Major: World History Code: 9.22.90.11 DISSERTATION FOR DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY HA NOI - 2022 The Dissertation is completed at HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION Science tutor: Assoc Prof Dr VAN NGOC THANH Assoc Prof Dr DAO TUAN THANH Counter-argument 1: Prof Dr Hoang Khac Nam, University of Social Sciences and Humanities - Vietnam National University, Hanoi Counter-argument 2: Assoc Prof PhD Vo Kim Cuong, Institute of History Counter-argument 3: Dr Nguyen Xuan Cuong, Institute of Chinese Studies The dissertation will be defended in front of the University-level Thesis Evaluation Committee at Hanoi National University of Education At…… Hour………date…….month……….year 2022 The dissertation can be found at: National Library of Vietnam, Hanoi or Library of Hanoi National University of Education LIST OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE AUTHOR PUBLISHED RELATED TO THE THESIS THEME Van Ngoc Thanh, Pham Xuan Cong (2015), Soviet reaction to the India-China war in 1962, Journal of Historical Research, No 11 (475), 2015, p.70-79 Van Ngoc Thanh, Pham Xuan Cong (2016), Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike with the India-China war in 1962, Journal of Chinese Studies, No (179), 2016, p.32-40 Pham Xuan Cong (2019), America's reaction to the IndiaChina border war in 1962, Journal of Indian and Asian Studies, No (80), 2019, p.26-32 Van Ngoc Thanh, Pham Xuan Cong (2021), Pakistan's reaction to the India-China border war in 1962, Journal of Indian and Asian Studies, No (105), 2021, p.8-13 PREAMBLE The purpose of the thesis India and China are two vast countries with the oldest and most populous cultures in the world Currently, both countries are having high economic development rates, both in the group of 10 countries with the largest economies in the world (2020) There are predictions that, by 2030, India's economic scale will rise to the third in the world after the US and China Thus, both in terms of territory, population and economy, India and China are both very large India and China are also nuclear powers From the factors of geographical location, size of territory, population, economy, defense power, many researchers believe that China and India are two rising powers, their position and influence their influence on the world in the near future Therefore, every move of the two countries always attracts the attention of the whole world, from big powers to small countries India and China are two neighboring countries with a very long common border, which is also a hotbed of border and territorial disputes in the world for the past three-quarters of a century This dispute became particularly intense in the late 1950s and early 1960s, culminating in a sudden border war from October 20 to November 21, 1962, over a large border area between India and China, claiming thousands of lives In particular, in the mid-twentieth century, international relations were dominated by the "Cold War" between two opposing ideologies, capitalism and socialism, with the leadership of the two superpowers America and the United States Soviet Union The China-India border war took place in the context of the "Cold War" being at a fierce stage, right at a time when the crisis in Cuba was very tense, even very close to the war nuclear between the US and the Soviet Union; that has attracted the special attention of the world However, the border war between India and China in October and November 1962 still attracted the attention of the international community, especially the two opposing systems trying to vie for their influence in the world every country, every region Up to now, the Sino-Indian border war of 1962 has passed for more than 60 years, but it left indelible wounds in the relationship between India and China Tensions have been common along the border between India and China since the border war of 1962, although, from the 1980s onward, both countries have engaged in various activities to find a way to resolve and reach some agreement in principle to resolve the disagreement on the common border issue Tension on the India-China border has flared up again in 2020 The accusations from both sides of each other's territorial encroachment are continuously being made, strong actions on the ground such as building military works, roads, transporting weapons, moving troops to the border areas of the two countries In particular, in the direct clashes between the two countries' troops on the border on June 15 and 16, 2020, at least 20 Indian soldiers were killed and 43 Chinese soldiers were injured, in the Galwan valley of the disputed area of Ladakh The India-China border clash is rated as one of the top ten world events in 2020 Around the India-China border war in 1962, there are questions that need to be answered such as: What international factors and what role these factors play in the occurrence of territorial disputes and wars?China - India border in 1962 in particular?What role did international factors play in the 1962 ChinaIndia border war?What impact did international factors have on the reconciliation of India-China relations after the China-India border war ended?What impact did the China-India border war of 1962 have on regional and international relations? Vietnam is a neighboring country with a border of thousands of kilometers both on land and at sea with China Throughout history, the two countries have fought many wars After the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945) and the founding of the People's Republic of China (1949), the two countries soon established diplomatic relations and basically had a good neighborly relationship benevolent However, the two countries also had border disputes leading to wars such as: China's war of aggression against Vietnam from February and March 1979, in some places lasting until 1989 and more recently conflicts consecutive conflicts in the East Sea with China's aggressive actions Thus, the study of China's wars with its neighbors has many practical implications Vietnam can get hints from China's border wars with neighboring countries in its diplomatic relationship with China in particular and international conflicts in general, especially in the context of international conflicts China's actions causing tension in the South China Sea today Therefore, the study of the China-India border war has theoretical, scientific and practical significance Stemming from the above reasons, we chose the issue "International factors in the China-India border war in 1962" as the research topic for the Doctoral Thesis in History Purpose and tasks of research 2.1.Research purposes The purpose of the thesis is to focus on clarifying the position, role and impact of international factors on the China-India border war in 1962 and the reverse impact of the war to international relations from the perspective of Vietnamese researchers 2.2 Research tasks To accomplish the above purpose, the thesis focuses on solving the following main tasks: - Analysis and assessment of international factors in the causes leading to the China-India border war in 1962 - Analysis and assessment of international factors to the development process of the China - India border war in 1962 - Analysis and assessment of international factors in promoting the reconciliation of the China-India border war in 1962 - Comment and assess the impact of international factors on the China - India border war in 1962 and the impact of this war on the region and the world Object, research scope of the topic 3.1.Research object The object of the thesis is the international factors in the China - India border war in 1962 3.2.Research scope Scope of time: The thesis mainly focuses on research around the China - India border war in 1962 on the outbreak, development and consequences.However, for a general overview, systematic, seamless, we have mentioned before the war and after the war ended Spatial scope: International factor is a broad concept, including international organizations, regional organizations, and countries.However, within the framework of the thesis, we focus on the impact of great powers such as the United States, Great Britain and the capitalist countries, the Soviet Union and the socialist countries, the countries of the Non-Aligned Movement on the China- India border war in 1962 Scope of content: The thesis focuses on the impact of international factors on the causes and developments of the China India border war in 1962 The impact of international factors onpostwar period and the promotion of reconciliation in India-China relations Research resources and methods 4.1.Documentation source To accomplish the purpose and tasks of the thesis, the author focuses on exploiting and using the following main sources of documents: - Original materials: The thesis is based on two original sources mainly in English published in India, UK, China such as notes, letters, conventions, talks, memoirs,Newly released CIA secret documents, diplomatic documents, - References: To complete the thesis, the author also consults documents such as books, monographs, newspapers, magazines and a number of doctoral theses in History and international relationsdirectly about the China - India border war in 1962 or the US - India relations, the Soviet Union - India, the Soviet Union China, etc In addition, the thesis also uses a number of articles on electronic newspapers, newsletters, websites in English and Vietnamese 4.2.Research Method The thesis is a research topic in the field of world history, conducted on the basis of the methodology of Max-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh's thought and the views of the Communist Party of Vietnam in historical scientific research The thesis uses historical method and logical method as the main research method.In particular, the historical method is used in collecting and researching documents from different sources to reconstruct a full picture of the impact of international factors on the causes, developments, and outcomes.ended the China-India border war in 1962 Logical method helps the author to explain research problems through events in a coherent and linked manner In addition, the thesis author also uses interdisciplinary research methods;international relations research methods;methods of analysis, synthesis and comparison to solve the research tasks set out by the topic Dissertation contribution The topic is the first systematic study from the perspective of a researcher in Vietnam on international factors affecting the China India border war in 1962 On the basis of inheritanceResearch results of domestic and foreign projects and solving the research tasks set out, the completed thesis has the following contributions: First, to provide a comprehensive picture of the impact of international factors on the entire Sino-Indian border war of 1962, including the impact on the cause, course, and peace period after the war Second, draw observations and evaluate objectively and comprehensively about the position, role and impact of international factors on the China-India border war in 1962 Third, enriching multi-dimensional, up-to-date sources of research in the field of research, providing an objective perspective on the India-China territorial dispute, the China-India border war in 2015.1962, the reaction of the international community, the impact of the India-China war in 1962 on international and regional relations.This is a reference source for studying and researching history and international relations in the modern period Dissertation layout In addition to the introduction, conclusion, references, the thesis structure consists of chapters: Chapter Overview of the research situation Chapter International factors in the causes of the ChinaIndia border war of 1962 Chapter International factors in the development of the China-India border war in 1962 Chapter International Factors After the War and the Promotion of China-India Border Reconciliation in 1962 Chapter Assessment of international factors in the ChinaIndia border war in 1962 CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION Hundreds of works at various levels, from articles to theses, theses or even monographs were born right after the China-India border war occurred in 1962 and throughout more than60 years on, the works continue to be published.Since there are many works that both discuss the China-India border war in 1962 and discuss international factors with this war, we choose to divide the works according to the researches in and outabroad according to the publication time schedule 1.1.Research works of foreign scholars 1.1.1.Indian Scholars The common view of Indian scholars is that the main cause of the China-India border war is China's expansionist policy, especially the personal role of Mao Zedong.In addition, India's uncertain policy towards Tibet is also a factor in conflict with China 1.1.2.Chinese Scholars Chinese scholars have a common view that the root cause of the 1962 Sino-Indian war was the Tibet issue.India has maintained the border created by the British empire, India's two-sided policy towards Tibet, the policy of Moving Forward encroaching on Chinese territory, are the causes of the border war.India - China.Some Chinese scholars also provide evidence but not evaluate the US, the West and the Soviet Union cooperating with India against China 1.1.3.Other foreign scholars The common points in the works of scholars outside China and India are as follows: First, the first origin of the India-China territorial dispute is left behind by history.The British border demarcation process with China was not accepted by China.After independence, India recognized the British colonial border as its official border.India and China's policy towards Tibet is an important factor fueling the conflict.The calculation and selection of the leaders of India and China, mainly J Nehru and Mao Zedong.Second, before, during and after the China-India border war in 1962, there was the involvement of world powers such as the US, the Soviet Union and their allies 1.2.Research works of Vietnamese scholars Some typical works refer to the China-India border war as follows: the book "The Sino-Indian Border War" compiled by C52 of the General Staff;Thesis "Vietnam - India relations (1945-1975 period), by Dinh Trung Kien;Thesis "India-Soviet relations from 1947 to 1991" by Le The Cuong;book "India-US relations from 1947 to 1991" by Le Thi Hang Nga;Thesis "Border issues in India-China 10 To the west of the boundary, Britain proceeded to demarcate the Ladakh boundary with Tibet to avoid disputes, but China evaded it.He conducted his own surveys and drew a map of the boundary between Ladakh and the West.In 1896, Britain gave China an atlas with Johnson's line.Independent India used this border.In the east, Britain opened the Conference at Simla in 1913, resulting in McMahon Street.In 1937, the British Government released Simla's documents and asserted that the McMahon line was the legal boundary.After independence, India considered the Mc Mahon line as the official boundary between India and China Sub-conclusion of chapter The border between China and India is divided into three separate disputed areas: the western area, the central area, and the eastern area.The eastern area has the largest disputed area, in the west the dispute is mainly in Aksai Chin, the central area of dispute is not large.These are all areas with very important geostrategic positions affecting national security The China - India border war in 1962 stemmed from many different subjective and objective factors, including international factors such as: The legacy of the British colonialists during their rule.India is the main international actor causing conflict and the root source of the territorial dispute between China and India.The international context such as the situation of the cold war;the Cuban crisis;the Soviet-Chinese competition in the socialist camp, the SinoIndian competition in the third world and in the Non-Aligned Movement;The regional context with the India-Pakistan conflict were also important factors that directly influenced the outbreak and end of the Sino-Indian war in 1962 CHAPTER INTERNATIONAL FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHINA - INDIA BORDER WAR IN 1962 3.1.Overview of the course of the war On October 20, 1962, the Chinese army launched an offensive over a length of more than 1,000 kilometers from east to west.The war lasted from October 20, 1962 to November 21, 1962, when China unilaterally announced its withdrawal.China attacked in areas west and east 3.1.1.War in the western region 11 Consists of three stages.Phase (October 19 - October 27), China attacked the forts in the "Forward Policy" of India.Phase (October 28 - November 18), no war activities.Phase (November 18-21), China overwhelmingly attacked India's defense system 3.1.2.War in the eastern region China attacked sporadically from October 10, 1962, and from October 20, launched a large-scale attack.In all divisions and forts of India and China, they won quite easily, the Indian army suffered heavy losses, had to continuously retreat, even panic in the dark, lost in China.and senior officers were taken prisoner 3.1.3.Cease fire, withdraw troops After accusing and blaming India for aggression, China made two unilateral decisions: (1) Starting at 00 o'clock on November 22, 1962, China would cease fire;(2) Starting in December 1962, China will retreat to a position 20 km behind the actual line of control that existed on November 7, 1962 3.1.4.Damage of both sides For various reasons, there is no precise estimate of casualties on either side.Various reports from both sides give different numbers.In general, India was killed, wounded, and captured as prisoners of about 4,000 people and China about over 1,000 people 3.2.The impact of international factors in the development of the China-India border war in 1962 3.2.1.America and its allies with the development of the war The Importance of South Asia to America South Asia has a very important geopolitical position and has become one of the points of influence disputes between the US and the Soviet Union and China.The importance of South Asia is that when placed in the vicinity, as a bridge between Southeast Asia and the Middle East, two regions in which the United States and the West have important strategic and economic interests.The United States wanted to build an optimal position capable of supporting the United States and its allies both in peacetime and in war, while preventing the Soviet Union from providing direct or indirect military support to the region US - India cooperation when the China - India war broke out About diplomacy America responded to Nehru's call with great enthusiasm.Pro- 12 India diplomatic statements and activities such as condemning China's invasion of India, recognizing MC Mahon Road as legal, asking Pakistan not to further worsen relations with India About the military When China attacked, J Nehru had to call for support to all the heads of state in the world.America quickly provided military aid to India.Kennedy did not send troops to fight directly, but instead provided ammunition, weapons and means of war to India.Kennedy sent an American aircraft carrier to the Bay of Bengal.At the same time, he issued a warning to China About the economy The United States believes that Asian nations' decision to choose communist or non-communist regimes will be greatly influenced when they compare the economic advancements made under the democratic system in India to that of the democratic system in India.communist system in China.In just years (19591963), the US economic aid to India was billion USD.America seems to follow the principle that "the enemy of our enemy is our friend" America's Allies Britain is America's closest ally;Both Britain and the United States frequently coordinated closely in response to the Sino-Indian border war of 1962: restraining Pakistan, persuading Pakistan not to take any action that would make it difficult for India during the China war.- India takes place.In addition to Britain, other US allies Canada, New Zealand, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Japan all criticized China and supported and aided India 3.2.2.Soviet Union with the evolution of the war Soviet diplomacy The first stage of the China-India border war broke out, in order to get China's support, the Soviet Union supported China.However, after that, the Soviet Union returned to a neutral position, even gradually leaning in favor of India Military and economic cooperation between the Soviet Union and India At the outbreak of the Sino-Indian war, the Soviet Union suspended the support it had previously signed with India.However, when the Soviet actions failed to gain Chinese support for the Cuban 13 issue, the Soviet Union committed to the previous aircraft supply contract;agreed to build an aircraft factory;promised aid to build the Bokaro steel mill;The Soviet Union and India signed an agreement on the supply of light tanks and related equipment Allies of the Soviet Union Soviet allies in Eastern Europe also criticized China's invasion of India.The Communist Party of Bulgaria expressed its policy of peaceful settlement and cessation of armed conflict between India and China.The Socialist Unity Party of Germany criticized China's armed attack on India 3.2.3.Pakistan Although India - Pakistan were in conflict, when the China India war broke out, under the pressure of the US and UK, Pakistan was unable to take any action to interfere with India 3.2.4.Countries of the Non-Aligned Movement All the Non-Aligned countries were taken by surprise when war broke out between India and China.It took a long time for most countries to react, and strong divisions emerged;There are very different responses, either complete silence, full support for either party, or a gentle, cautious call for mediation, or full active participation as mediators Non-Aligned Countries in Asia The Non-Aligned countries of Asia are the ones most affected by the unpredictable consequences of the war "between the two giants" near them.The most neutral and active Sri Lanka acts as a mediator between India and China.Yemen supports India.Lebanon and Iraq are neutral and call on India and China to negotiate peace.Nepal has always maintained a neutral stance, staying away from the dispute.Burma and Cambodia support China.Indonesia has always remained neutral, and played an active role in the Colombo mediation meetings Non-Aligned Countries in Africa Countries including Algeria, Congo, Morocco, Tunisia, Somalia are silent.Mali and Sudan proposed a peaceful and negotiated solution as soon as hostilities broke out.Ethiopia is antiChina and pro-India.Guinea has made a proposal to defuse the China-India border tension.Ghana's attitudes were volatile, initially against India.However, during discussions at the Colombo Conference, Egypt often favored India's point of view 14 Non-Aligned Countries in Latin America and Europe Cuba is silent;Cyprus supports India;Initially, Yugoslavia was silent, however, when the Soviet Union changed its attitude, Yugoslavia supported India Sub-conclusion of chapter Due to surprise, weak force, India had to appeal to the whole world for help against China.Countries ranging from great powers to small nations have different reactions America quickly seized this opportunity, showing sympathy, immediate aid to India against China.Unlike the US, initially, the Soviet Union sided with China, however, soon gradually tilted in favor of India.Due to pressure from their allies, the United States and Britain, Pakistan is not aggressive towards India Depending on the importance and influence of China and India on each Non-Aligned country, each country has different ways of reacting.Some countries have a rather inclined position to or support India such as Egypt, Yugoslavia.Some countries support China such as Cambodia, Burma.Most countries are either strictly neutral or don't even care CHAPTER INTERNATIONAL FACTORS AFTER THE CHINA - INDIA BORDER WAR IN 1962 AND THE PROMOTION OF RECONCOLATION OF CHINA - INDIA RELATIONS 4.1.America, Great Britain and Allies The US and UK have continued to implement their commitments of support and aid to India.The US and the UK have stepped up their aid in weapons, war equipment, transportation, reconnaissance, economic and scientific support, etc Besides the US and UK, other Western allies of the US continue to support India.like Canada;New Zealand;Australia.It is these aid that have helped India stabilize the situation, increasing investment in defense upgrading to counter China 4.2.Soviet Union Nominally neutral and claiming to want India and China to negotiate peace, the Soviet Union in fact openly criticized China's aggression against India, praising India's policy.Besides, the comprehensive cooperation between the Soviet Union and India is 15 increasingly strong, which is an important basis for India to invest in defense development and strengthen its forces to fight China 4.3.Pakistan Pakistan continues to blame India for the China-India border conflict.Pakistan and China are negotiating the division of national borders, including the division of Kashmir, which is still disputed by India and Pakistan.China-Pakistan cooperation is increasingly comprehensive 4.4.Sri Lanka Neutral Sri Lanka, persisted and tried to lobby for a reconciliation conference of six neutral Asian and African countries, arrange a venue in its own capital, visit India and China to lobby its leaders.Leaders of these two countries made concessions and came to participate in the Conference 4.5.Colombo Mediation Conference of Non-Aligned Countries Although the response of each Non-Aligned country is different, the especially important role of Non-Aligned countries in mediation of the border dispute between China and India through the 6th Conference in Colombo is very positive.pole.The Six-Point Proposal aims to fortify the ceasefire until direct talks can be arranged between the two sides and offers a suggestion regarding the placement of troops until a final resolution on the issue is reached.border disputes.Due to the lack of cooperation from both India and China, the conference ultimately failed Sub-conclusion of chapter On November 21, 1962, China unilaterally declared a ceasefire and withdrew its troops, which continues to receive the attention and attention of the international community.The US and its allies continue to cooperate and help India.Their other allies, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia all have claims of aid, loans and cooperation with India.Soviet Union on neutrality, supported the Colombo conference but gradually tilted in favor of India;Pakistan still blames India for the Sino-Indian conflict and has increased cooperation with China.Sri Lanka is the most active country in mediation.Six NonAligned countries participated in the reconciliation conference and came up with a 6-point proposal for a ceasefire and created an atmosphere for the parties to negotiate 16 CHAPTER COMMENTS ON THE INTERNATIONAL FACTORS IN THE CHINA - INDIA BORDER WAR IN 1962 5.1 General comments on the war China is a fully active country in this war To wage this war, China has been preparing for many years, building traffic to the Indian border; organizing logistics, reinforcing troops and weapons to diplomatic activities to build a good image for themselves and smear India; prevent other countries from interfering The IndiaChina border war of 1962 was a short war, a flash war, lasting only about month The beginning, the end, and that period of time are not enough for the world to have strong reactions against China China announced the withdrawal of troops in the name of completing the task, in fact facing many difficulties both externally and subjectively 5.2 The international factor in the cause of the war British colonization during the time of Indian rule created the border between India and China This is the leading international factor causing the territorial dispute between India and China The second international factor contributing to the cause of the ChinaIndia border war in 1962 was the international context After the Second World War, romanticism spread widely, the colonial and dependent countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America trusted each other to unite against imperialism China has spread propaganda to all that is colonialism and its legacy is evil and must be condemned and eliminated The border line between India and China is the legacy of British colonialism, so it has no legal basis, deserves condemnation and should be removed China took advantage of the international context, when the conflict between the Soviet Union and the US was at its peak.Taking advantage of the US entangled in a crisis with the Soviet Union, so it could not support India.Put the Soviet Union in a situation where it was forced to support China.Put India in a situation where it forced to call for help and get Western help.China also takes advantage of the South Asian context.Especially taking advantage of the conflict between India and Pakistan 5.3 International factors in the development of the China- 17 India border war in 1962 The factors of the US and the Soviet Union greatly influenced China's announcement to withdraw its troops The fact that China took advantage of the time of the Caribbean crisis made both the US and the Soviet Union unable to react When the US and the Soviet Union ended their confrontation, the US actively aided India, and China immediately had to cease fire unilaterally The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement were deeply divided and reacted differently The respective choices of each country both reflect how they value relations with India and China differently and the influence India and China have on them Neutrality is the appropriate response to the circumstances of the small countries and achieve their own diplomatic results 5.4 International factors after China's withdrawal and the reconciliation process Although China unilaterally announced the withdrawal of troops on November 21, 1962, the attitude of the US and its allies was unchanged It is the actions of the United States and Britain that have made an important contribution to strengthening India's strength and confidence in the confrontation with China Relations between the Soviet Union and India also changed drastically Nominally, the Soviet Union returned to neutrality, actively supporting the Colombo Conference However, the Soviet Union moved closer and closer to India Pakistan has clearly expressed its support for China Although the activities of the group of six countries in Colombo did not bring the final solution to the IndiaChina territorial dispute, it showed their role, determination and helped them draw valuable experiences valuable in solving problems among members 5.5 An assessment of China and India's gains and losses through the border war of 1962 First, evaluate the losses on both sides On the Indian side, the border war with China in 1962 caused losses First, India is a defeated country on the battlefield Second, 18 part of the land in disputed Kashmir has been transferred to China by Pakistan Third, the cohesive China-Pakistan relationship is a threat to India Fourth, India no longer maintains a policy of complete neutrality Fifth, great economic losses both directly and indirectly Sixth, the Indian government suffered a decrease in confidence On the Chinese side, causing a border war with India has caused China certain losses.Firstly, the loss of life and property, thousands of deaths and injuries, great damage to weapons and means of war, etc Second, the leaders of countries around the world suddenly woke up and re-evaluated the aboutChina Besides the losses, both India and China have gained in their favor On the Chinese side,first of all, China scored points in the eyes of the Pakistanis.Second, the border issue between China and Pakistan has become favorable.Third, China performed a test of the Soviet response and assessed its policy toward the Soviet Union.Fourth, inflict heavy losses on India, reduce the credibility of India's neutral line.Fifth, the Chinese government distracts the public's attention On the Indian side, after the war with China, the Indian government also got its own benefits.First, Nehru woke up and understood that there is no idealism.Second, Nehru learned his lesson in his relationship with his neighbor himself.Third, Nehru also learned lessons in relations with big countries.Fourth, Nehru drew a lesson about being on guard Sub-conclusion of chapter The China-India border war of 1962 was a short war, a flash war, actively attacked by China and passively countered by India.This war is deeply influenced by international factors.British colonization during the period of Indian rule and their construction of the Indo-China border was the root cause of the territorial dispute between India and China.Factor in the international context with cold war thinking, especially the confrontation between the Soviet Union and the US in Cuba, was an important factor in deciding the time of the outbreak of this war 19 Depending on the influence and national interests, countries around the world have different reactions.America and its allies actively help India.The Soviet Union was initially pro-China but quickly turned neutral and tilted towards India.The US and the Soviet Union played a very important role in forcing China to cease fire.The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement face many difficulties and challenges because of the influence of both India and China Even though China declared an end to the war, international factors continue to affect India-China relations.The US and its allies continue to support and aid India;The Soviet Union was nominally neutral but tilted more towards India, resuming and expanding economic, scientific, defense cooperation, etc Soviet-Indian relations were getting better and better and Soviet relationsChina is increasingly deeply conflicted.The US and its allies' aid to India and containment of Pakistan have pushed Pakistan closer to China.After the China-India border war in 1962, China and Pakistan became a strategic alliance 20 CONCLUSION The China-India border war of 1962 was one of the "special" wars in the history of the modern world This is a special war because: First, India and China are the two largest and key countries of the anti-colonial movement and both have great roles in the third world;the two countries actively campaigned and played a great role in gathering and uniting Asian and African countries to successfully organize the Bandung Conference and establish the Non-Aligned Movement;jointly proposed the principles of peaceful coexistence, there was a fierce war, so it won great attention from Non-Aligned countries.Second, India and China are the two largest countries in Asia, the most populous in the world, with long-standing cultures and strong influences on the world scale Therefore, when they went to war, they attracted special attention from the whole world, especially the "small" neighbors of both these "giants" Third, India and China both have diverse relationships with many countries around the world From capitalist countries such as the US and UK; socialist countries like the Soviet Union Because of the great stature, important role and diverse and intertwined relationships of India and China, this war attracted special attention from the international community, especially the major powers such as the Soviet Union, the United States and their allies Fourth, the China-India border war in 1962 was a short war, a flash war, lasting only about a month The international factor had a profound influence throughout this war International factors profoundly influenced the entire 1962 war and China-India relations in general The origin of conflict and then war is greatly influenced by international factors such as the legacy of colonialism, international context, and regional context The legacy of British colonialism in the process of ruling India is the root cause of conflicts and territorial disputes between China and India.These contradictions existed before the early years after India gained independence and the Democratic People's Republic of China was born, because it was young and in dire need of international support and supporteach other on international issues should conflict, this dispute is hidden.But since China has increased its control over Tibet, especially as both India and China have sought to compete for 21 influence in the Non-Aligned Movement and the Third World, these disputes have re-emerged in the relationship between the two countries.The international context, the regional context was the direct objective cause of the outbreak of the war.China's decision to choose the mid-October 1962 to launch an attack on India was due to the calculations of the Chinese leaders to make the most of the favorable international circumstances for its military action.The two superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States, were caught up in a very tense nuclear crisis that could not interfere with other activities.Moreover, the whole world is also being sucked into the nuclear crisis between the Soviet Union and the United States, so it will not be able to pay much attention to China's attack Although the impact cannot be compared with the nuclear crisis between the Soviet Union and the US in Cuba, the China-India border war in 1962 still attracted strong public attention international From big countries like Britain, the US, and the Soviet Union to countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the NonAligned Movement all had reactions and moves to influence the war In particular, the US and Western factors have a very important impact on forcing China to declare a ceasefire and withdraw its troops After China announced the ceasefire, international factors continued to influence the process of finding a solution to the dispute between the two sides The US continued to support India, the Soviet Union returned to neutrality, some countries in the Non-Aligned Movement were very active in finding a peaceful solution to the war through the organization of the Colombo Conference This war itself also had a profound impact on international relations, changing many relationships First of all, the relationship between India and China, after the war in 1962, the relationship between China and India became tense, new perceptions were drawn by both India and China for the relationship with China remaining country On the Indian side, the change in threat perception, before 1962, India considered that a major threat to its security could only come from Pakistan.However, since being attacked by China in 1962, India completely changed its position and China became the biggest threat to India.Before 1962, the concept of defense did not receive enough attention from India.J Nehru romanticized foreign 22 policy and advocated non-alignment.J Nehru does not strengthen the country's defense and does not consider China a top threat After the Chinese attack, J Nehru came to realize that peaceful diplomacy cannot combat external threats, it is necessary to maintain armed forces to resist any foreign aggression India also changed its mind, before 1962, most planners on defense issues believed that defense spending was inefficient and drained the national potential But after the Chinese attack in 1962, India's defense spending increased dramatically India's top priority is to develop border areas that can resist any invasion from China; change policies regarding the use of force The most notable is the change in defense planning and management The Indian government establishes its defense preparation more systematically, treating defense planning as a matter of the long term On the Chinese side, in preparation for war with India, China sought to isolate India from the neighbors of both India and China.China resolved its border dispute through negotiations with Nepal and Burma in 1960 which included concessions to these countries.China has signed a border treaty with Pakistan and will settle its border dispute with Bhutan.So China has gained a diplomatic advantage by isolating India.The impact of the 1962 invasion of China affected India's credibility with respect to Nepal and Bhutan.China's influence in the Himalayan region grows.China conducted a nuclear test in 1964 in response to India's moves to increase defense;China establishes a close alliance with Pakistan, providing military, technological and nuclear aid to Pakistan;construction of Karakoram highway to Pakistan.During the India-Pakistan war, in 1965, China actively supported Pakistan: put pressure on the Sino-Indian border;calling India a belligerent nation;issued an ultimatum threatening to intervene in the war, gathering troops along the China-India border;accused India of carrying out the US plan to make Asians fight Asians and break the Asian-African unity Second, Soviet relations with China and India changed dramatically Since the Soviet Union and China had an allied relationship, after the China-India border war, the Soviet-Chinese relationship became increasingly tense Soviet leaders repeatedly criticized China for causing the war The Soviet Union withdrew all 23 experts and ended all cooperation with China China accused the Soviet Union of colluding with J Nehru against China In the following years, Soviet-Chinese relations deteriorated further, combined with territorial disputes that led to the Soviet-Chinese border war in 1969 In contrast, relations with the Soviet Union Soviet Union - China, Soviet-Indian relations are increasingly linked from diplomatic activities to Soviet aid to India and economic, defense, and scientific cooperation between the two countries and India - The Soviet Union established strategic relations Third, the relationship between India and the US and the US dong, from having very different views on international issues, under the impact of the attack from China in 1962, India and the US became closer and the US is the most active country in aid to India, India has a very different view towards the US;India-US relations have improved a lot.In contrast, relations between the US and Pakistan are not as good as before.Therefore, despite being a close ally of Pakistan, when war broke out between India and Pakistan in 1965, the US chose to remain neutral by cutting off all military aid to both Pakistan and India without theDoing this affects Pakistan more than India.It is the warming of relations between India and the US that is a very important factor pushing Pakistan to get very close to China Fourth, the India-China war in 1962 had a strong impact on Asian and African countries and the Non-Aligned Movement.India and China are both key countries in the Non-Aligned Movement, so the countries in the Non-Aligned Movement face a very difficult choice that leads to a strong division.However, this war also gave the Non-Aligned Movement a chance to present itself with a group of countries actively acting as a mediator.In the Non-Aligned Movement emerged the role of countries: Egypt, Ghana, Indonesia, Cambodia, Burma, especially Sri Lanka.With the active participation of this group of countries, it has made an important contribution to maintaining the declaration of a cease-fire between the two countries for a long time Fifth, since the China-India border war, China-Pakistan relations have become stronger and stronger.China has increased its economic and military support to Pakistan, and both China and Pakistan strongly support each other's diplomacy.During the period 24 1960 - 1970, China gave aid worth 106.4 million USD.On the military side, taking advantage of the US arms embargo against Pakistan, China has supplied T-55 tanks, variants of the MIG 19 and Chinese ammunition to Pakistan.China proposes military cooperation and technology transfer not only to establish military links with Pakistan but also to help its own research and development program.Joint projects produce a wide range of weapons from fighter jets to guided missile destroyers.China is helping Pakistan build and launch communications and remote sensing satellites, even as Pakistan is reported to be allowing a Chinese space communications facility to operate in Karachi.China designs and supplies Pakistan's heavy water, plutonium reactors.China also provides technical and material support for the completion of nuclear power reactors and plutonium reprocessing facilities, and provides drawings of nuclear weapons.Economically, the free trade agreement where China accounts for 11% of Pakistan's imports;non-binding grants;ChinaPakistan economic corridor;Pakistan is an active member of China's "Belt and Road" initiative;The railway line from the Pakistani port of Gwadar through the Karakoram range to Xinjiang.Diplomatically, Pakistan is the country that helped China build relations with the West in the early 1970s, brought China closer to the Muslim world, supported China in all aspects.important issues, especially those related to China's sovereignty, such as Taiwan, Xinjiang and Tibet, as well as other sensitive issues such as human rights.China supports Pakistan's position on the Kashmir issue, being the only major power to openly voice support for Pakistan after the assassination of Bin Laden, China emphasizes that Pakistan may not know that Osama bin Laden is hiding on the territory ... China-Pakistan relations have become stronger and stronger.China has increased its economic and military support to Pakistan, and both China and Pakistan strongly support each other's diplomacy.During... compiled by C52 of the General Staff;Thesis "Vietnam - India relations (1945-1975 period), by Dinh Trung Kien;Thesis "India-Soviet relations from 1947 to 1991" by Le The Cuong;book "India-US relations... when war broke out between India and China.It took a long time for most countries to react, and strong divisions emerged;There are very different responses, either complete silence, full support