(LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ) A critical discourse analysis of verbal expressions showing emotions in football commentaries in English and Vietnamese e-newspapers

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES  NGÔ VIÊT ̣ TUÂN ́ A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF VERBAL EXPRESSIONS SHOWING EMOTIONS IN FOOTBALL COMMENTARIES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE E-NEWSPAPERS Phân tích diễn ngôn phê phán về cách thể hiêṇ cảm xúc bằ ng ngôn từ các bin ̀ h luâ ̣n bóng đá ở các tờ báo điêṇ tử tiế ng Anh và tiế ng Viêṭ M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.02.01 HANOI, 2014 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES  NGÔ VIỆT TUẤN A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF VERBAL EXPRESSIONS SHOWING EMOTIONS IN FOOTBALL COMMENTARIES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE E-NEWSPAPERS Phân tích diễn ngôn phê phán về cách thể hiêṇ cảm xúc bằ ng ngôn từ các bin ̀ h luâ ̣n bóng đá ở các tờ báo điêṇ tử tiế ng Anh và tiế ng Viêṭ M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.02.01 Supervisor: Dr Huỳnh Anh Tuấn HANOI, 2014 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “A critical discourse analysis of verbal expressions showing emotions in football commentaries in English and Vietnamese newspapers” has been carried out at the University of Languages and International Studies under the guidance of Dr Huynh Anh Tuan The work is original and has not ever been submitted in part or full by me for any degree at another University I further declare that the material obtained from other sources has been duly acknowledged in the thesis Ngo Viet Tuan June 2014 i TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the process of doing the thesis, I have received a lot of precious lessons, necessary support and timely encouragement from my teachers, family and friends First of all, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Huynh Anh Tuan, who has always been willing to give me valuable advices and suggestions so that I can successfully complete the thesis My sincere thanks are also sent to all of the teachers at the University of Languages and International Studies for their useful lessons during my two- year learning here Last but not least, I would like to send my heartfelt thanks to my family and friends for everything ii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABSTRACT Nowadays, football is undeniably the most favourite sport in the world It is not surprising that football commentaries in newspapers always interest readers However, the sportswriters‟ subjective ideas related to social inequalities displayed in these commentaries are really problematic because of their great effects on reader‟s mind This research is carried out on some of the most viewed online newspapers in English and Vietnamese The collected data are analyzed on the basis of Fairclough‟s threedimensional framework for critical discourse analysis (CDA) and Systemic Functional Grammar at the level of word and clause by Halliday As a result, the research reveals the existence of sexism and nationalism embedded in verbal expressions showing sportswriter‟s emotions and shows certain differences of these demonstrations in English and Vietnamese football commentaries Moreover, the research discusses the reasons for the presence of these social inequalities Hopefully, it will be the firm ground for further CDA research iii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale Aims of the study Scope of the study Methods of the study Design of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: Theoretical Background&Literature Review 1.1 Overview of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) 1.1.1 The history of CDA 1.1.2 Definition of CDA 1.1.3 Aims of CDA 1.1.4 Differences between CDA and other approaches to Discourse Analysis (DA) 1.1.5 Key notions of CDA 1.1.6 Principles of CDA 1.1.7 Main approaches to CDA 1.1.8 Fairclough‟s analytical framework 11 1.1.9 Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and CDA in connection 13 1.2 Review of literature 14 Chapter 2: Methodology 15 2.1 Research approach 15 2.2 Research method 15 2.3 Research questions 15 2.4 Data collection 16 2.5 Method of data analysis 16 2.5.1 Analytical framework 16 iv TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 2.5.2 Analytical units 17 Chapter 3: Data analysis 18 3.1 Sexism 18 3.1.1 Underestimation and overestimation 18 3.1.1.1 Underestimation 18 3.1.1.2 Overestimation 21 3.1.1.3 Summary 24 3.1.2 Insult and worship 24 3.1.2.1 Insult 24 3.1.2.2 Worship 25 3.1.2.3 Summary 28 3.2 Nationalism 28 3.2.1 Happiness after win 28 3.2.2 Sadness after loss 32 3.2.3 Summary 36 Chapter 4: Findings and discussion 37 4.1 Findings 37 4.1.1 Sexism in football commentaries 37 4.1.2 Nationalism in football commentaries 37 4.2 Discussion 38 4.2.1 Sexism in football commentaries 38 4.2.2 Nationalism in football commentaries 39 PART C: CONCLUSION 40 Conclusions 40 Limitations of the research 41 Suggestions for the research 41 REFERENCES 42 v TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale It is undeniable that football (or soccer) is the most popular sport in the world nowadays It attracts billions of people of any age, gender, class, religion, and nation Football seems to form its own society in which everyone can see the factors such as economy, politics, and culture; in which the states of emotion can be demonstrated clearly and overtly: the crazy love or the extreme hate, the outburst of happiness or the bottom of sorrow Possibly, football inventors never imagined it could become such a favourite sport someday There are some reasons which can explain the popularity of football in the world such as the easy rules, the great contribution to health and the encouragement of team spirit However, another important reason which is not usually paid attention to is the remarkable support of the mass media Thanks to the live matches on TV or the emotional commentaries in the newspapers, a lot of people from generation to generation have grown up with the love and passion of football This shows that mass media has such great effects on the feeling and thought of football fans Through the mass media, football commentators can easily appeal for the entire nation‟s patriotism and solidarity before every single football match of their national team Also, they can easily make football fans have biased views about some social problems due to their emotionalistic commentaries In order to illustrate how subjective some of football commentaries nowadays are and how they badly affect readers, I manage to a thesis called “A critical discourse analysis of verbal expressions showing emotions in football commentaries in English and Vietnamese e-newspapers” TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Aims of the study By analyzing football commentaries in English and Vietnamese newspapers, this research aims at investigating the verbal expressions used by English and Vietnamese sportswriters in order to find out whether there is evidence of social inequalities in their perspectives This aim of the research is specified by the following two objectives: - Clarifying and contrasting the way that social inequalities like sexism, nationalism are legitimized in discourse of showing emotions in English and Vietnamese football commentaries - Helping readers better understand the ideologies conveyed in the commentaries and have an objective and tolerant outlook on social problems such as sexism and nationalism when they read the football articles in English and Vietnamese Scope of the study In the framework of the research, I would like to focus only on the way sportswriters showing their emotions in football commentaries in English and Vietnamese e-newspapers Then, how the two social inequalities namely sexism and nationalism are produced through these emotion demonstrations should be highlighted Other issues in the realm of social inequalities such as political, cultural, class inequalities are excluded from the scope of the study Details of the data sources are presented in the Methodology chapter Methods of the study My research adopts the approach of Critical Discourse Analysis The qualitative method of data analysis is applied for the research After the data are collected from football commentaries in English and Vietnamese enewspapers, the analysis is exercised on the basis of Fairclough‟s threedimensional framework: Description-Interpretation-Explanation and TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Systemic Functional Grammar at the level of word and clause by Halliday The analysis procedure is specified more in the Methodology chapter Design of the study The study consists of three parts: Part A, INTRODUCTION, outlines the background of the research In this chapter, a brief account of relevant information is provided about the rationale, aims, scope, significance, methodology and design of the research Part B, DEVELOPMENT, includes four chapters: Chapter 1, THEORETICAL BACKGROUND and LITERATURE REVIEW, presents all related theoretical background that precedes and necessitates the formation of the research Meanwhile, it gives a slight overview of some previous researches on the same subject Chapter 2, METHODOLOGY, refers to the sources of data as well as the method to collect and analyze the data to facilitate the research process Chapter 3, DATA ANALYSIS, analyzes the data collected Chapter 4, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION, discusses the findings of the data analysis Part C, CONCLUSION, draws important conclusions and makes suggestions for further researches TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Việt Nam!” This was an exclamation conveying his entire message as well as his emotion It was his happiness for Vietnam‟s big win It was also his admiration for Vietnam footballer‟s wonderful performance, which was expressed by the inversion of the word “tuyệt vời” to the exclamation beginning for an emphasis Above all, it showed his pride of Vietnam female players because from his point of view, Vietnam women‟s football team represented Vietnam women and their victory was just Vietnam‟s victory Surely, this kind of exclamation had never been used for any other nation‟s victory in Vietnamese commentaries This comment was made in SEA Games 22nd when Vietnam women‟s football team was expected to keep dominating the women‟s tournament after their first championship in SEA Games 21st Moreover, SEA Games 22nd took place in Vietnam These conditions could affect the sportswriter Minh Tho because he knew that it was time for Vietnamese to take good care of Vietnam women‟s football and especially to show their nationalism Clearly, his comment partly awoke reader‟s nationalism such as “Các chi ̣ em là niề m tự hào của người dân Viê ̣t Nam Luôn ủng hộ các chi ̣ em” , which was demonstrated with Vietnamese people‟s strong supports and sportsmen‟s great achievement during SEA Games 22nd Also, the exclamation is used to show the sportswriter‟s happiness in English football commentaries Furthermore, for an extremely strong demonstration, the sportswriter can combine it with the other words or clauses such as in the following example: “That's it! Who said Roy Hodgson's England don't excitement?” On June 15, 2012, after England‟s 3-2 win to Sweden in Euro 2012 held in Poland and Ukraine, the Guardian ran a commentary about England‟s victory in which the sportswriter Jacob Steinberg made a comment: “That's it! 29 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Who said Roy Hodgson's England don't excitement?” In the comment, Steinberg‟s happiness could be seen in two expressions Firstly, it was the usage of the exclamation “That‟s it!” which showed not only his happiness but also his astonishment and pride in England‟s win Secondly, it was the presence of the rhetorical question “Who said Roy Hodgson's England don't excitement?” In addition to the happiness expressed, this rhetorical question covered Steinberg‟s great pride because all of Swedish newspapers overtly criticized the boring performance of England coached by Roy Hodgson as psychological strategy before England-Sweden match Understandably, Steinberg‟s usage of the rhetorical question seemed to be the confirmation of England‟s ability Steinberg made the comment in Euro 2012 when England-Sweden match in Group D was important to decide who would move into Quarterfinal It explained Steinberg‟s demonstration of emotion in his comment Certainly, such a comment would encourage reader‟s nationalism, for example, “Well done!” or “I‟m really proud of you, guys” In general, as observed in the collection and research of the data, the sportswriter‟s demonstration of happiness after win in the English and Vietnamese football commentaries can be specified with the words, phrases and clauses as in the Table below: 30 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com English Nation N England Grammatical feature Vietnamese Others Vietnam Others - chúng ta/của chúng ta (bóng đá) - họ/của họ (bóng đá) - thrash (The Daily Mail) - vùi dập/ hủy diệt (thể thao&văn hóa) - sát nút (bóng đá) - torn apart (The Bbc) - beat (The Guardian) - đè be ̣p (Vnexpress) - chật vật/vấ t vả (bóng đá) Word - destroy (The Bbc) -deserved (The Guardian) - nhấ n chìm (Vnexpress) or - maul (The Bbc) - stylish victory (The - hoành tráng (thể thao&văn hóa) Guardian) - tưng bừng (Vnexpress) phrase Pronoun/ -we/us/our Possessive Adj Report) Bleacher Report) - awesome (The Bbc) Others (The Bleacher - magnificent performance -they/them/their (The (Vnexpress) - đại thắ ng (Vnexpress) (The Bbc) - ̣a chấ n (bóng đá) - thắ ng cách biê ̣t/ đậm (bóng đá) - wondrous deeds (The Bbc) - vang dội (vietnamnet) - mưa bàn thắ ng (bóng đá) - legendary win (The Bbc) - để đời (thể thao&văn hóa) - bấ t ngờ (Vnexpress) - shockwave (The Bbc) - “làm gỏi”(bóng đá) - gây số c (thể thao&văn hóa) - tuyê ̣t vời các cô gái Viê ̣t Nam! Exclamation/ Imperative Clause - giành thắng lợi /đánh bại (vietnamnet) Rhetorical - Who said England don't - Tại không U19 Việt Nam question excitement? (The guardian) dự SEA Games 27? (thể thao&văn hóa) Modal Particle - U19 Viê ̣t Nam đánh bại được - Thái Lan đánh bại Trung Australia 5-1(bóng đá) Quố c 5-1(thể thao&văn hóa) Table 3: Happiness after win 31 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com In Table 3, it is easy to see that not only words or phrases but also clauses are used to show the sportswriter‟s emotion: happiness after win Beside the usage of pronoun “we”-“they” (equally “chúng ta” -“họ” in Vietnamese), the sportswriters of both English and Vietnamese newspapers are prone to prefer the strongly emotional words or phrases for their national team‟s win such as “awesome”, “torn apart”, “legendary win”, “magnificent performance”, “wondrous deeds”, “shockwave”, “destroy”, “maul” in English or “vùi dập”, “hủy diê ̣t”, “đè be ̣p”, “nhấ n chìm”, “hoành tráng”, “tưng bừng”, “cơn ̣a chấ n” , “vang dội”, “để đời” , “làm gỏi” in Vietnamese whereas the other national team‟s same win is only described with non-emotional words or phrases like “thrash”, “beat, “deserved” , “stylish victory” in English or “sát nút” , “giành thắ ng lợi” , “đánh bại” , “đại thắ ng” , “thắ ng cách biê ̣t” , “cơn mưa bàn thắ ng” , “bấ t ngờ” , “gây số c” in Vietnamese Furthermore, in term of clause, the sportswriters only use exclamation, imperative, rhetorical question, modal particle for their national team‟s win The Vietnamese sportswriters especially like exclamation or imperative to show their emotion directly, which is different from English sportswriters 3.2.2 Sadness after loss In Vietnamese football commentaries, the usage of modal particle is a really special and distinctive way to express the sadness after loss, which will never be found in English For instance: “U19 Việt Nam để đối phương vượt lên dẫn trước” On April 2, 2014, after U19 Vietnam‟s 2-1 defeat by JMG BelgiumGhana in a friendly match in Belgium, the Vnexpress published the article “U19 Việt Nam thua Liên quân JMG Bỉ-Ghana” by the sportswriter Duc Dong in which he made a comment: “U19 Việt Nam để đối phương vượt lên 32 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com dẫn trước” In his comment, the modal particle “để” caught reader‟s attention Usually, if the Subject was not U19 Vietnam but the football team of another nation, it was easy for readers to see the comments such as “Thái Lan vượt lên dẫn trước Myanmar” or “ Thái Lan bị Lào vượt lên dẫn trước” The usage of the modal particle “để” was not simply of the normal comment but it showed the writer‟s emotion of regret He regretted that Vietnam lost although playing well The sportswriter Duc Dong made this comment in the context that Vietnamese people had great faith in U19 Vietnam because with their impressive performances, they not only refreshed Vietnam football but also lit up the football love of Vietnam fans again Like every Vietnamese, the more expectation of U19 Vietnam the writer put, the more regret he felt Obviously, the regret was expressed in his comment and it affected readers, for example, “quá đáng tiếc cho U 19” or “tương lai bóng đá Viê ̣t Nam có thể đặt vào lứa cầ u thủ này” While the usage of modal particle is a distinctive way of showing sadness in Vietnamese football commentaries, English sportswriters express their sadness by using special symbols such as in the following example: “Three Lions? This bunch (England) were more like the cowardly lion from the Wizard of Oz” On June 29, 2010, after England‟s 4-1 defeat by Germany in World Cup 2010 in Africa, the Daily mail published a commentary about England‟s loss in which the sportswriter Richard LittleJohn made a comment: “Three Lions? This bunch (England) were more like the cowardly lion from the Wizard of Oz” This comment showed his ultimate emotion Firstly, the rhetorical question “Three Lions?” used by LittleJohn seemed to be full of mockery (“Three Lions” was England team‟s nickname) Secondly, the word 33 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com “bunch” was interpreted as a group of people (herein England team) with connotation of contempt Above all, the usage of the phrase “the cowardly lion from the Wizard of Oz” was the peak of the emotion demonstrated In fact, “the cowardly lion” was a character in American film “the Wizard of Oz” In this film, although being aware that lion was the king of beasts, Cowardly Lion always exposed his natural cowardliness in action In LittleJohn‟s comment, “the cowardly lion” was used as the metaphor of England team: their nickname “Lions” could not conceal the fact that they were just cowards Clearly, his comment showed not only his sadness but also his contempt and disappointment after England‟s loss This comment was made in World Cup 2010 when England with the extremely talented players was highly expected to be the World Cup champion again since World Cup 1966 Moreover, the battle with Germany was traditionally meaningful because Englishmen always considered Germany as their enemy in football These conditions made England‟s heavy defeat by Germany unacceptable to the sportswriter LittleJohn His entire emotion was expressed in the comment and, of course, it could affect reader‟s mind such as “Three Lions - more a case of 23 donkeys led by an ass As the saying goes „Better a flock of sheep led by a Lion than a Pride of Lions led by a sheep” In general, as observed in the collection and research of the data, the sportswriter‟s demonstration of sadness after loss in the English and Vietnamese football commentaries can be specified with the words, phrases and clauses as in the Table below: 34 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com English Nation Grammatical feature England Others Vietnam Pronoun/ -we/us/our -they/them/their Possessive Adj (The Bleacher Report) Bleacher Report) - cowardly (The Daily Mail) - woeful (The Guardian) Word (The Others Others - chúng ta/của chúng ta (bóng đá) - họ/của họ (bóng đá) - đáng tiế c (bóng đá) - tủi hổ (Vnexpress) - toothless lions (The Daily Mail) - shameful (The Guardian) - đầ y tiế c nuố i (bóng đá) or phrase Vietnamese - đáng hổ the ̣n (Vnexpress) - disastrous (The Daily Mail) - awful (The Guardian) - quả cảm (Vnexpress) - nhục nhã (vietnamnet) - abject/abjectly(The Daily Mail) - ignominious(The - thế ngẩng cao đầ u (vietnamnet) - ê chề /bẽ mặt (Vnexpress) - humiliation (The Bbc) Guardian) - bổ ích (bóng đá) - tan tác (vietnamnet) - Đứng lên nào, chàng trai! (bóng đá) Exclamation/ - Đứng dậy nhé, chàng trai Imperative U19!(thể thao&văn hóa) Rhetorical question Clause - Đã đến lúc làm lại bóng đá Việt not expressed Nam?(thể thao&văn hóa) - Viê ̣t Nam để thua (bóng đá) - Lào thua (bóng đá) - Việt Nam để đối phương vượt - Philippines vượt lên dẫn trước Myanmar(thể thao&văn hóa) lên dẫn trước (Vnexpress) Modal Particle - Thái Lan bị Lào vượt lên dẫn trước (thể thao&văn hóa) Table 4: Sadness after loss 35 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com In Table 4, there are differences in showing sadness after loss between English and Vietnamese football commentaries Firstly, English sportswriters tend to direct the heavily critical words or phrases to their national team‟s loss like “cowardly”, “toothless lions”, “disastrous”, “abjectly”, “humiliation” whereas Vietnamese peers choose uncritical words or phrases for their national team‟s loss such as “đáng tiế c”, “đầ y tiế c nuố i”, “quả cảm”, “trên thế ngẩng cao đầ u” , “bổ ích” Clearly, English sportswriters show tougher viewpoints about their team‟s loss than the other national team‟s loss On the contrary, Vietnamese sportswriters can strongly criticize the other national team‟s loss such as “tủi hổ ” , “đáng hổ the ̣n” , “nhục nhã” , “ê chề ” , “bẽ mặt”, “tan tác” but they have never used these words and phrases for their team Secondly, English sportswriters not use exclamation, imperative, rhetorical question, modal particle for their national team‟s loss as well as the other national team‟s loss while Vietnamese peers love to encourage their team with the exclamation and imperative such as “Đứng lên nào, chàng trai!”, “Đứng dậy nhé, các chàng trai U19!” or rhetorical question like “Đã đến lúc làm lại bóng đá Việt Nam?” 3.2.3 Summary In summary, in both English and Vietnamese football commentaries, sportswriters show their nationalism in two same aspects: happiness after win and sadness after loss However, the great difference is that from the depth of sadness after loss, readers can see the anger of English sportswriters but the regret and tolerance of Vietnamese sportswriters 36 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION This chapter focuses on the findings of data analysis related to sexism and nationalism above, and then discusses these findings 4.1 FINDINGS 4.1.1 Sexism in football commentaries As referred in the Chapter 3, Data Analysis, sexism can be clearly seen in English football commentaries Women in football suffer from the underestimation or even the insult while their male peers are granted the overestimation or the worship by sportswriters These demonstrations of emotion are populated through the words and phrases listed in the Tables No matter how negative or positive they are, these demonstrations have great effects on readers, which has been measured by the reader‟s responses However, sexism is not showed in Vietnamese football commentaries The words and phrases used by the sportswriters reflect their fairness of estimating women and men in football The underestimation and insult to women are absolutely absent in Vietnamese football commentaries 4.1.2 Nationalism in football commentaries It is easy to find out nationalism expressed in football commentaries in both English and Vietnamese newspapers They are happiness after win and sadness after loss The sportswriters have similar ideas in showing happiness after win The strongly emotional words or phrases are used for their national team and the non-emotional ones for the others Besides, exclamation, rhetorical question and clause with modal particle are also used to diversify the way of showing happiness However, the sportswriters have different ideas in showing sadness after loss While English sportswriters show their toughness for their national team‟s loss through the strongly critical words or phrases used, Vietnamese sportswriters show their tolerance for their national 37 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com team‟s loss through uncritical words or phrases More importantly, Vietnamese sportswriters use the exclamation, imperative, rhetorical question, clause with modal particle to encourage their national team‟s spirit whereas these clauses are not chosen at all by English peers Anyway, English and Vietnamese sportswriters lighted up the nationalism from the bottom of every reader‟s heart Readers‟ great love and supports for the national team were all what such commentaries brought back 4.2 DISCUSSION 4.2.1 Sexism in football commentaries In fact, sexism in football has been a big trouble all over the world so far Even Mr Sepp Blatter, the incumbent president of FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association), was heavily criticized over his own sexist remarks in January, 2004 Therefore, it is not weird to see the presence of sexism in English football commentaries Sexism in English football commentaries now is not too serious and overt as it used to be but it is showed more sophisticatedly through words and phrases used in a selective manner by the sportswriters Clearly, they are intelligent enough to take advantage of their power of language to send readers their sexist messages without being discovered On the other hand, the absence of sexism in Vietnamese football commentaries can be explained from the successes of Vietnam women‟s football It is a fact that women‟s football was not also paid attention at all in Vietnam until 2001 when Vietnam women‟s national football team firstly became the SEA-Games champion which men‟s national football team has not ever been Since then, women‟s football has been always Vietnam‟s pride in regional and continental tournaments Vietnamese women in football have 38 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com overcome social prejudices and occupational difficulties to brighten Vietnam sports, which makes them deserve much respect and admiration 4.2.2 Nationalism in football commentaries Surely, it is common for the sportswriters all over the world to use the flying words and phrases, exclamation, imperative or rhetorical question to show their happiness after their national team‟s win because the language which the sportswriters choose to compliment not only inspires readers quickly and deeply but also easily bursts readers‟ nationalism However, the notable difference comes from the language used by the sportswriters to show their sadness after their national team‟s loss In English football commentaries, anger along with sadness after loss expressed with the heavily critical words or phrases does not mean that English sportswriters no longer love and take pride of their national team Simply, their sadness and anger result from the high expectations and great love for their national team unfulfilled Actually, in spite of being appreciated to be the champion in any tournaments, England team have not made their fans‟ dream of victory come true again since World Cup 1966 The length of nearly 40 years in wait really irritates English fans after every England‟s loss When their anger is gone, they continue living in hope and wait again because their nationalism would be never gone On the contrary, in Vietnamese football commentaries, sportswriter‟s regret and tolerance along with sadness after loss derive from the fact that Vietnam football is still at low level and Vietnamese fans have not ever put their very great expectations on Vietnam team To Vietnamese fans, each of their national team‟s win must be wonderful and every loss must not be too hard to accept 39 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com PART C: CONCLUSION Conclusions In conclusion, it is undeniable that football commentaries in newspapers really play an important role in football fans‟ life It strongly impacts on their love to football as well as their thoughts of social problems Therefore, any sportswriters‟ personal ideas related to social inequalities hidden in such football commentaries must be a big concern because of their great effects on reader‟s mind Everyone knows that sportswriters also are human beings with natural emotions such as love or hate which sometimes they show in their commentaries by accident However, they may not anticipate the invisible language power they have in hand and use can change their reader‟s thought in the better or worse manner Clearly, by analyzing football commentaries in English and Vietnamese newspapers on the basis of Fairclough‟s three-dimensional framework and Systemic Functional Grammar at the level of word and clause by Halliday, this research has unveiled the existence of the social inequalities like sexism and nationalism embedded in verbal expressions showing sportswriter‟s emotions Meanwhile, two research questions have been answered reasonably as follows: - Sexism and nationalism are produced in football commentaries in English and Vietnamese newspapers through the words, phrases, exclamations, imperatives, rhetorical questions or clauses with modal particle used sophisticatedly by the sportswriters Obviously, there are certain differences in the usage of these features of language in English and Vietnamese football commentaries but above all, the sportswriters also go to their ultimate target that they use their language as the unique and great source of power to show their personal ideas regarding the social inequalities such as sexism and nationalism legitimately and control their readers‟ mind - Their subjective ways of showing emotions have great effects on reader‟s mind, which is proven by reader‟s supports or comments No matter how 40 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com negative or positive the sportswriters‟ demonstrations are, their impacts on readers are completely true and long The sportswriters make use of language power to send sexist or nationalistic messages Clearly, the way of using language should be considered carefully by the sportswriters and they should be aware of what effects their commentaries have on their readers by themselves In addition, this research has discussed the reasons for the presence of sexism and nationalism as well as contrasted the verbal expressions of these inequalities in English and Vietnamese football commentaries Limitations of the research For any research, limitations are inevitable and, of course, my research is not an exception In the framework of the research, it is really regretful for me not to cover all of the social inequalities noted in football as well as the vivid data of TV commentaries Suggestions for further research My research is expected to be a useful material in both theory and practice Theoretically, the research deeply investigates the field of CDA as well as critical analysis of football discourse Up to now, a lot of the researches on critical analysis of political discourse have been carried out whereas critical analysis of football discourse is really a new and strange approach, especially in Vietnam Practically, the research encourages everyone to judge social problems under critical thinking Hopefully, the people who are really interested in the field of Critical Discourse Analysis and football would find my research as an important and necessary CDA material From what the research gained, I would like to make the suggestions for further research regarding the other social inequalities in football like racism or regarding the approach of English and Vietnamese football commentaries on TV and radio 41 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com REFERENCES Chomsky, N (1957) Syntactic Structures The Hague: Mouton Fairclough, N (1989) Language and Power London: Longman Fairclough, N (1995) Critical discourse analysis: The Critical Study of Language London: Longman Fairclough, N & Wodak, R (1997) Critical discourse analysis In: Van Dijk, T A (ed.) Discourse as Social Interaction London: Sage, pp 258-84 Fairclough, N (2003) Analysing discourse: Textual analysis for social research London: Routledge Habermas, J (1988) On the Logic of the Social Sciences Translated by Nicholsen, S W & Stark, J A Massachusetts: The MIT Press Halliday, M.A.K (1985) Introduction to Functional Grammar London: Edward Arnold Jaworski, A & Coupland, N (Ed) (1999) The Discourse Reader London and New York: Routledge Kress, G (1990) Critical Discourse Analysis Annual Review of Applied Linguistics Vol.11, pp 84-99 Locke, T (2004) Critical discourse analysis London: Continuum Rogers, R (Ed) (2004) An Introduction to Critical Discourse Analysis in Education New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc Simpson, P (1993) Language, Ideology and Point of View London and New York: Routledge 42 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Van Dijk, T A (2001) Critical discourse analysis In: Schiffrin, D., Tannen P & Hamilton, H E (Ed), The handbook of discourse analysis Oxford: Blackwell, pp 352-371 Van Leeuwen, T (1993) Genre and Field in Critical Discourse Analysis: A Synopsis Discourse & Society Vol 4(2), pp 193-223 Weber, M (1947) The Theory of Social and Economic Organization Translated by Henderson, A M & Parsons, T Illinois: The Free Press Wodak, R (Ed.) (1989) Language, Power and Ideology: Studies in Political Discourse Amsterdam: John Benjamins Wodak, R (1996) Disorders of Discourse London: Longman Wodak, R & Meyer, M (Ed.) (2001) Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis 1st ed London: Sage Wodak, R & Meyer M (Ed.) (2009) Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis 2nd ed London: Sage Websites: http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/ http://www.channel4.com/news/ http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ http://www.theguardian.com/uk http://bleacherreport.com/ http://bongdaplus.vn/ http://thethaovanhoa.vn/ http://thethao.vietnamnet.vn/ http://thethao.vnexpress.net/ 43 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ... establishing and maintaining relations of power, domination and exploitation They may be enacted in ways of interaction (and therefore in genres) and inculcated in ways of being identities (and. .. football commentaries nowadays are and how they badly affect readers, I manage to a thesis called ? ?A critical discourse analysis of verbal expressions showing emotions in football commentaries in. .. collect and analyze the data to facilitate the research process Chapter 3, DATA ANALYSIS, analyzes the data collected Chapter 4, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION, discusses the findings of the data analysis