Rationale
It is undeniable that football (or soccer) is the most popular sport in the world nowadays It attracts billions of people of any age, gender, class, religion, and nation Football seems to form its own society in which everyone can see the factors such as economy, politics, and culture; in which the states of emotion can be demonstrated clearly and overtly: the crazy love or the extreme hate, the outburst of happiness or the bottom of sorrow
Possibly, football inventors never imagined it could become such a favourite sport someday
There are some reasons which can explain the popularity of football in the world such as the easy rules, the great contribution to health and the encouragement of team spirit However, another important reason which is not usually paid attention to is the remarkable support of the mass media
Thanks to the live matches on TV or the emotional commentaries in the newspapers, a lot of people from generation to generation have grown up with the love and passion of football This shows that mass media has such great effects on the feeling and thought of football fans Through the mass media, football commentators can easily appeal for the entire nation‟s patriotism and solidarity before every single football match of their national team Also, they can easily make football fans have biased views about some social problems due to their emotionalistic commentaries In order to illustrate how subjective some of football commentaries nowadays are and how they badly affect readers, I manage to do a thesis called “A critical discourse analysis of verbal expressions showing emotions in football commentaries in English and Vietnamese e-newspapers”.
Aims of the study
By analyzing football commentaries in English and Vietnamese newspapers, this research aims at investigating the verbal expressions used by English and Vietnamese sportswriters in order to find out whether there is evidence of social inequalities in their perspectives This aim of the research is specified by the following two objectives:
- Clarifying and contrasting the way that social inequalities like sexism, nationalism are legitimized in discourse of showing emotions in English and Vietnamese football commentaries
- Helping readers better understand the ideologies conveyed in the commentaries and have an objective and tolerant outlook on social problems such as sexism and nationalism when they read the football articles in English and Vietnamese.
Scope of the study
In the framework of the research, I would like to focus only on the way sportswriters showing their emotions in football commentaries in English and Vietnamese e-newspapers Then, how the two social inequalities namely sexism and nationalism are produced through these emotion demonstrations should be highlighted Other issues in the realm of social inequalities such as political, cultural, class inequalities are excluded from the scope of the study
Details of the data sources are presented in the Methodology chapter.
Methods of the study
My research adopts the approach of Critical Discourse Analysis The qualitative method of data analysis is applied for the research After the data are collected from football commentaries in English and Vietnamese e- newspapers, the analysis is exercised on the basis of Fairclough‟s three- dimensional framework: Description-Interpretation-Explanation and
Systemic Functional Grammar at the level of word and clause by Halliday
The analysis procedure is specified more in the Methodology chapter.
Design of the study
The study consists of three parts:
Part A, INTRODUCTION, outlines the background of the research In this chapter, a brief account of relevant information is provided about the rationale, aims, scope, significance, methodology and design of the research
Part B, DEVELOPMENT, includes four chapters:
Chapter 1, THEORETICAL BACKGROUND and LITERATURE REVIEW, presents all related theoretical background that precedes and necessitates the formation of the research Meanwhile, it gives a slight overview of some previous researches on the same subject
Chapter 2, METHODOLOGY, refers to the sources of data as well as the method to collect and analyze the data to facilitate the research process
Chapter 3, DATA ANALYSIS, analyzes the data collected
Chapter 4, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION, discusses the findings of the data analysis
Part C, CONCLUSION, draws important conclusions and makes suggestions for further researches
Theoretical Background&Literature Review
Overview of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
Before the 1970s, linguistic research was focused on formal aspects of language which constituted the linguistic competence of speakers and which could theoretically be isolated from specific instances of language use (Chomsky, 1957) Where the relation between language and context was considered, as in pragmatics, with a focus on speakers‟ pragmatic or socio- linguistic competence, sentences and components of sentences were still regarded as basic units Much socio-linguistic research at that time was aimed at describing and explaining language variation, language change and the structures of communicative interaction, with limited attention to issues of social hierarchy and power The 1970s saw the emergence of a form of discourse and text analysis that recognized the role of language in structuring power relations in society It drew the attention of many linguists, typically such as Kress, Hodge, Fowler, Van Dijk, Fairclough and Wodak Their works served to explain and illustrate the main assumptions, principles and procedures of what then became known as Critical Linguistics (CL)
By the end of the 1980s, CL was able to describe its aims, research interests, chosen perspective and methods of analysis more specifically and rigidly Wodak (1989) lists, explains and illustrates the most important characteristics of critical linguistic research as they had become established in continued research
By the 1990s, the label CDA was used commonly to describe this particular approach to linguistic analysis and was recognized “as a distinct theory of language, a radically different kind of linguistics” (Kress, 1990, p.94)
Fairclough (1995, pp.132-3) defines CDA as follows: “By critical discourse analysis, I mean discourse analysis which aims to systematically explore often opaque relationships of casualty and determination between (a) discursive practices, events, and texts (b) wider social and cultural structures, relations and processes; to investigate how such practices, events and texts arise out of and are ideologically shaped by relations of power and struggles over power; and to explore how the opacity of these relationships between discourse and society is itself a factor securing power and hegemony”
In the opinion of Van Leeuwen (1993, p.193) “Critical discourse analysis should be concerned or is concerned…with discourse as the instrument of power and control, as well as with discourse as the instrument of the social construction of reality”
According to Van Dijk (2001, p.352), CDA is a type of discourse analytical research that primarily studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context With such dissident research, critical discourse analysts take explicit position, and thus want to understand, expose, and ultimately resist social inequality
According to Wodak (1996, p.16), CDA highlights the substantively linguistic and discursive nature of social relations of power in contemporary societies This is partly the matter of how power relations are exercised and negotiated in discourse It is fruitful to look at both "power in discourse,"
"power of discourse" and "power over discourse" in these dynamic terms
In summary, CDA can be defined as being fundamentally interested in analyzing opaque as well as transparent structural relationships of dominance, discrimination, power and control as manifested in language Language, as claimed by Habermas (1988, p.172), “is also a medium of domination and social power It serves to legitimate relations of organized force…language is also ideological” Through the definitions of CDA above, it is obvious to see that the phenomena of discrimination or inequality such as sexism, nationalism and how language contributes to legitimize these unequal phenomena are really the supreme interests in CDA
CDA examines patterns of access and control over contexts, genres, text and talk, their properties, as well as the discursive strategies of mind control It studies discourse and its functions in society and the ways society, and especially forms of inequality, are expressed, represented, legitimized or reproduced in text and talk For example, the absence of sexism or racism in society gets more and more sophisticatedly in daily discourse and CDA aims to find out this absence in discourse and show how it probably controls listeners or readers‟ mind Furthermore, CDA does so in opposition against those groups and institutions who abuse their power, and in solidarity with dominated groups, e.g., by discovering and denouncing discursive dominance, and by cooperating in the empowerment of the dominated
1.1.4 Differences between CDA and the other approaches to Discourse Analysis (DA)
Rebecca Rogers (2004, p.2) claims that CDA distances itself from other discourse analysis methods because it includes not only a description and interpretation of discourse in context, but also offers an explanation of why and how discourses work
Adam Jaworski & Nikolas Coupland (1999, p.33) also see the difference of CDA when comparing it to other traditions They argue that several approaches to discourse have mainly descriptive aims with an intention of providing an exhaustive structural model of discourse organization CDA is much different This critical approach to discourse really sets itself away from descriptivism of this sort It foregrounds its concern with social constructionism and with the construction of ideology in particular
Ruth Wodak & Michael Meyer (2009, p.2) show that the significant difference between other DA approaches and CDA lies in the constitutive problem-oriented, interdisciplinary approach of the latter CDA is therefore not interested in investigating a linguistic unit by itself but in studying social phenomena which are necessarily complex and thus require a multidisciplinary and multi-methodical approach
For proper understanding of CDA as a new linguistic approach, it is important that some key CDA notions should be considered
Critical and the use of this term in CDA can be traced to the influence of Marxist and later the “Critical Theory” of Frankfurt School Critical means not taking anything for granted or self-reflection of the research process
Therefore, Critical does not imply the common sense of the word, i.e criticizing, or being negative and "positive", of course, is in no way to be understood as the counterpart of critical research Nowadays, this term is also adopted more popularly in everyday language to mean the use of rational thinking to question arguments or prevailing ideas
Power is another concept which is central for CDA Max Weber (1947, p.152) defining power as: “the probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will despite resistance, regardless of the basis on which this probability rests” For CDA, language is not powerful on its own – it gains power by the use powerful people make of it It explains why CDA researchers are interested in the way discourse (re)produces social domination, that is, the power abuse of one group over others, and how dominated groups may discursively resist such abuse This raises the question of how CDA researchers understand power and what moral standards allow them to differentiate between power use and abuse
Review of literature
There have been a lot of the researches on sexism and nationalism in football in the world However, the CDA researches on these issues are not really plentiful In term of sexism, the CDA research “Football, it‟s a man‟s game: Insult and gendered discourse in The Gender Bowl” by Jacqueline
McDowell and Spencer Schaffner concentrates on the analysis of gender discourses in the Gender Bowl, a reality TV program featuring the football In term of nationalism, the CDA research “Scoring a hat trick: Nation, football, and critical discourse analysis” by Mariza Georgalou referred to the analysis of the Greek commentaries on Greece team‟s performances in Euro 2004
Although these are really the interesting and useful researches, the restricted source of data and the lack of contrast among the different languages are partly considered as their limitations Therefore, my CDA research tries to overcome these limitations for a more comprehensive one.
Methodology
Research approach
In order to highlight the relationship between the language in use and the formation of social inequalities in the press, particularly soccer commentaries, the approach of CDA is seen as a suitable option.
Research method
My research is carried out on the basis of analyzing football commentaries in English and Vietnamese newspapers Therefore, a contrastive analysis to find out the differences in showing sportswriters‟ emotions in terms of social inequality in the two languages is necessary and it makes the research more interesting.
Research questions
On the basis of the two objectives mentioned in the Introduction, two research questions of the study are raised as follows:
- How are social inequalities in term of sexism and nationalism produced in English and Vietnamese football commentaries?
In order to answer this question, the research would investigate the words, phrases and clauses used to legitimize these social inequalities
- How are readers affected by these commentaries?
For this question, the research would show readers‟ responses to these commentaries It is the best way to measure positive or negative effects on readers
Of course, all of my research is structured around these questions to find out the reasonable answers at last.
Data collection
The data for the analysis in my research are the articles during the period of 2001-2014 collected from some English e-newspapers such as The
BBC Sports, The Channel 4 News, The Daily Record, The Daily Mail, The Huffington Post, The Guardian, The Bleacher Report and some Vietnamese e- newspapers such as Bóng đá, Thể thao & văn hóa, VnExpress, Vietnamnet These e-newspapers are chosen because they are popular and reliable sources of information as well as they have great effects on reader‟s feeling and thought, which is considered the important factor to infect readers with the two social inequalities, namely sexism and nationalism In term of sexism, the concerned demonstrations of emotion are underestimation and insult to women as well as overestimation and worship to men In term of nationalism, the demonstrations of emotion targeted are happiness after national team‟s win and sadness after national team‟s loss Since my research focuses on only verbal expressions showing emotions in commentaries, the sentences of showing sportswriter‟s emotions are selected and highlighted for the analysis.
Method of data analysis
Qualitative method is chosen for the data analysis After gathered, the sources of information are processed in the analytical framework of the research
In my research, the analysis is implemented on the basis of Fairclough‟s three-dimensional framework for studying discourse as stated in Chapter 1 It means the data analysis in term of sexism and nationalism follows three-stage process: Description, interpretation and explanation In the stage of description, I would like to particularly emphasize the grammatical features used in each sentence of showing sportswriter‟s emotions to legitimize the social inequalities above In the stage of interpretation, I would like to suggest how verbal expressions showing sportswriter‟s emotions should be interpreted in the specific context of the whole article and which of social inequality they display explicitly or implicitly In the stage of explanation, I would like to mention to socio- cultural conditions such as situational, institutional affecting the way that sportswriters show their emotions as well as what effects those commentaries have on readers‟ mind
As mentioned above, the stage of description in my research plays a very important role in the correct interpretation of the text Therefore, in this stage, in order to clarify the grammatical features used, Systemic Functional Grammar at the level of word and clause by Halliday is chosen for the analysis Specifically, words and kinds of clause such as exclamation, imperative, rhetorical question, clause with modal particle in the sentences of showing sportswriter‟s emotions are core units for the analysis Besides, eight useful questions about vocabulary and grammar suggested by Fairclough are also considered as the facilitators of the analysis.
Data analysis
Nationalism
Absolutely, loving their national team is the way that any sportswriters can do to reveal their own nationalism Therefore, it is easy to see through this love in football commentaries in both English and Vietnamese newspapers It is expressed in two aspects: happiness after win and sadness after loss
In Vietnamese football commentaries, it is very popular for sportswriters to use the exclamation to show their happiness after win The following example is such a typical kind:
“Tuyệt vời các cô gái Việt Nam!”
On December 2, 2003, after Vietnam‟s 6-0 win to Indonesia in SEA Games 22 nd in Vietnam, the VietNamNet published a commentary by the sportswriter Minh Tho in which he made a comment: “Tuyệt vời các cô gái
Việt Nam!” This was an exclamation conveying his entire message as well as his emotion It was his happiness for Vietnam‟s big win It was also his admiration for Vietnam footballer‟s wonderful performance, which was expressed by the inversion of the word “tuyệt vời” to the exclamation beginning for an emphasis Above all, it showed his pride of Vietnam female players because from his point of view, Vietnam women‟s football team represented Vietnam women and their victory was just Vietnam‟s victory
Surely, this kind of exclamation had never been used for any other nation‟s victory in Vietnamese commentaries
This comment was made in SEA Games 22 nd when Vietnam women‟s football team was expected to keep dominating the women‟s tournament after their first championship in SEA Games 21 st Moreover, SEA Games 22 nd took place in Vietnam These conditions could affect the sportswriter Minh Tho because he knew that it was time for Vietnamese to take good care of Vietnam women‟s football and especially to show their nationalism Clearly, his comment partly awoke reader‟s nationalism such as “Các chi ̣ em là niềm tự hào của người dân Viê ̣t Nam Luôn ủng hộ các chi ̣ em” , which was demonstrated with Vietnamese people‟s strong supports and sportsmen‟s great achievement during SEA Games 22 nd
Also, the exclamation is used to show the sportswriter‟s happiness in English football commentaries Furthermore, for an extremely strong demonstration, the sportswriter can combine it with the other words or clauses such as in the following example:
“That's it! Who said Roy Hodgson's England don't do excitement?”
On June 15, 2012, after England‟s 3-2 win to Sweden in Euro 2012 held in Poland and Ukraine, the Guardian ran a commentary about England‟s victory in which the sportswriter Jacob Steinberg made a comment: “That's it!
Who said Roy Hodgson's England don't do excitement?” In the comment, Steinberg‟s happiness could be seen in two expressions Firstly, it was the usage of the exclamation “That‟s it!” which showed not only his happiness but also his astonishment and pride in England‟s win Secondly, it was the presence of the rhetorical question “Who said Roy Hodgson's England don't do excitement?” In addition to the happiness expressed, this rhetorical question covered Steinberg‟s great pride because all of Swedish newspapers overtly criticized the boring performance of England coached by Roy Hodgson as psychological strategy before England-Sweden match
Understandably, Steinberg‟s usage of the rhetorical question seemed to be the confirmation of England‟s ability
Steinberg made the comment in Euro 2012 when England-Sweden match in Group D was important to decide who would move into Quarter- final It explained Steinberg‟s demonstration of emotion in his comment
Certainly, such a comment would encourage reader‟s nationalism, for example, “Well done!” or “I‟m really proud of you, guys”
In general, as observed in the collection and research of the data, the sportswriter‟s demonstration of happiness after win in the English and Vietnamese football commentaries can be specified with the words, phrases and clauses as in the Table 3 below:
-we/us/our (The Bleacher
- chúng ta/của chúng ta (bóng đá)
- vùi dập/ hủy diệt (thể thao&văn ho ́ a)
- hoành tráng (thể thao&văn ho ́ a)
- cơn địa chấn (bóng đá)
- để đời (thể thao&văn ho ́ a)
- “là m gỏi” (bóng đá)
- họ/của họ (bóng đá)
- sát nút (bóng đá)
- chật vật/vất vả (bóng đá)
- giành thắng lợi /đá nh bại
- thắng cá ch biê ̣t/ đậm (bóng đá)
- cơn mưa bà n thắng (bóng đá)
- gây sốc (thể thao&văn ho ́ a) Others
- Who said England don't do excitement? (The guardian)
- tuyệt vời các cô gái Viê ̣t Nam!
- Tại sao không là U19 Việt Nam dự SEA Games 27? (thể thao&văn ho ́ a)
- U19 Việt Nam đánh bại được - Thái Lan đánh bại Trung
In Table 3, it is easy to see that not only words or phrases but also clauses are used to show the sportswriter‟s emotion: happiness after win
Beside the usage of pronoun “we”-“they” (equally “chúng ta” -“họ” in Vietnamese), the sportswriters of both English and Vietnamese newspapers are prone to prefer the strongly emotional words or phrases for their national team‟s win such as “awesome”, “torn apart”, “legendary win”,
“magnificent performance”, “wondrous deeds”, “shockwave”, “destroy”,
“maul” in English or “vùi dập”, “hủy diê ̣t”, “đè be ̣p”, “nhấn chìm”, “hoành tráng”, “tưng bừng”, “cơn đi ̣a chấn” , “vang dội”, “để đời”, “làm gỏi” in Vietnamese whereas the other national team‟s same win is only described with non-emotional words or phrases like “thrash”, “beat, “deserved” ,
“stylish victory” in English or “sát nút” , “giành thắng lợi” , “đánh bại” ,
“đại thắng” , “thắng cách biê ̣t” , “cơn mưa bàn thắng” , “bất ngờ” , “gây sốc” in Vietnamese Furthermore, in term of clause, the sportswriters only use exclamation, imperative, rhetorical question, modal particle for their national team‟s win The Vietnamese sportswriters especially like exclamation or imperative to show their emotion directly, which is different from English sportswriters
In Vietnamese football commentaries, the usage of modal particle is a really special and distinctive way to express the sadness after loss, which will never be found in English For instance:
“U19 Việt Nam để đối phương vượt lên dẫn trước”
On April 2, 2014, after U19 Vietnam‟s 2-1 defeat by JMG Belgium- Ghana in a friendly match in Belgium, the Vnexpress published the article
“U19 Việt Nam thua Liên quân JMG Bỉ-Ghana” by the sportswriter Duc Dong in which he made a comment: “U19 Việt Nam để đối phương vượt lên dẫn trước” In his comment, the modal particle “để” caught reader‟s attention
Usually, if the Subject was not U19 Vietnam but the football team of another nation, it was easy for readers to see the comments such as “Thái Lan vượt lên dẫn trước Myanmar” or “ Thái Lan bị Lào vượt lên dẫn trước” The usage of the modal particle “để” was not simply of the normal comment but it showed the writer‟s emotion of regret He regretted that Vietnam lost although playing well
Findings and discussion
Findings
As referred in the Chapter 3, Data Analysis, sexism can be clearly seen in English football commentaries Women in football suffer from the underestimation or even the insult while their male peers are granted the overestimation or the worship by sportswriters These demonstrations of emotion are populated through the words and phrases listed in the Tables No matter how negative or positive they are, these demonstrations have great effects on readers, which has been measured by the reader‟s responses
However, sexism is not showed in Vietnamese football commentaries
The words and phrases used by the sportswriters reflect their fairness of estimating women and men in football The underestimation and insult to women are absolutely absent in Vietnamese football commentaries
It is easy to find out nationalism expressed in football commentaries in both English and Vietnamese newspapers They are happiness after win and sadness after loss The sportswriters have similar ideas in showing happiness after win The strongly emotional words or phrases are used for their national team and the non-emotional ones for the others Besides, exclamation, rhetorical question and clause with modal particle are also used to diversify the way of showing happiness However, the sportswriters have different ideas in showing sadness after loss While English sportswriters show their toughness for their national team‟s loss through the strongly critical words or phrases used, Vietnamese sportswriters show their tolerance for their national team‟s loss through uncritical words or phrases More importantly, Vietnamese sportswriters use the exclamation, imperative, rhetorical question, clause with modal particle to encourage their national team‟s spirit whereas these clauses are not chosen at all by English peers Anyway, English and Vietnamese sportswriters lighted up the nationalism from the bottom of every reader‟s heart Readers‟ great love and supports for the national team were all what such commentaries brought back.
Discussion
In fact, sexism in football has been a big trouble all over the world so far Even Mr Sepp Blatter, the incumbent president of FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association), was heavily criticized over his own sexist remarks in January, 2004 Therefore, it is not weird to see the presence of sexism in English football commentaries Sexism in English football commentaries now is not too serious and overt as it used to be but it is showed more sophisticatedly through words and phrases used in a selective manner by the sportswriters Clearly, they are intelligent enough to take advantage of their power of language to send readers their sexist messages without being discovered
On the other hand, the absence of sexism in Vietnamese football commentaries can be explained from the successes of Vietnam women‟s football It is a fact that women‟s football was not also paid attention at all in Vietnam until 2001 when Vietnam women‟s national football team firstly became the SEA-Games champion which men‟s national football team has not ever been Since then, women‟s football has been always Vietnam‟s pride in regional and continental tournaments Vietnamese women in football have overcome social prejudices and occupational difficulties to brighten Vietnam sports, which makes them deserve much respect and admiration
Surely, it is common for the sportswriters all over the world to use the flying words and phrases, exclamation, imperative or rhetorical question to show their happiness after their national team‟s win because the language which the sportswriters choose to compliment not only inspires readers quickly and deeply but also easily bursts readers‟ nationalism
However, the notable difference comes from the language used by the sportswriters to show their sadness after their national team‟s loss In English football commentaries, anger along with sadness after loss expressed with the heavily critical words or phrases does not mean that English sportswriters no longer love and take pride of their national team Simply, their sadness and anger result from the high expectations and great love for their national team unfulfilled Actually, in spite of being appreciated to be the champion in any tournaments, England team have not made their fans‟ dream of victory come true again since World Cup 1966 The length of nearly 40 years in wait really irritates English fans after every England‟s loss When their anger is gone, they continue living in hope and wait again because their nationalism would be never gone On the contrary, in Vietnamese football commentaries, sportswriter‟s regret and tolerance along with sadness after loss derive from the fact that Vietnam football is still at low level and Vietnamese fans have not ever put their very great expectations on Vietnam team To Vietnamese fans, each of their national team‟s win must be wonderful and every loss must not be too hard to accept
Conclusions
In conclusion, it is undeniable that football commentaries in newspapers really play an important role in football fans‟ life It strongly impacts on their love to football as well as their thoughts of social problems
Therefore, any sportswriters‟ personal ideas related to social inequalities hidden in such football commentaries must be a big concern because of their great effects on reader‟s mind Everyone knows that sportswriters also are human beings with natural emotions such as love or hate which sometimes they show in their commentaries by accident However, they may not anticipate the invisible language power they have in hand and use can change their reader‟s thought in the better or worse manner Clearly, by analyzing football commentaries in English and Vietnamese newspapers on the basis of Fairclough‟s three-dimensional framework and Systemic Functional Grammar at the level of word and clause by Halliday, this research has unveiled the existence of the social inequalities like sexism and nationalism embedded in verbal expressions showing sportswriter‟s emotions Meanwhile, two research questions have been answered reasonably as follows:
- Sexism and nationalism are produced in football commentaries in English and Vietnamese newspapers through the words, phrases, exclamations, imperatives, rhetorical questions or clauses with modal particle used sophisticatedly by the sportswriters Obviously, there are certain differences in the usage of these features of language in English and Vietnamese football commentaries but above all, the sportswriters also go to their ultimate target that they use their language as the unique and great source of power to show their personal ideas regarding the social inequalities such as sexism and nationalism legitimately and control their readers‟ mind
- Their subjective ways of showing emotions have great effects on reader‟s negative or positive the sportswriters‟ demonstrations are, their impacts on readers are completely true and long The sportswriters make use of language power to send sexist or nationalistic messages Clearly, the way of using language should be considered carefully by the sportswriters and they should be aware of what effects their commentaries have on their readers by themselves
In addition, this research has discussed the reasons for the presence of sexism and nationalism as well as contrasted the verbal expressions of these inequalities in English and Vietnamese football commentaries.
Limitations of the research
For any research, limitations are inevitable and, of course, my research is not an exception In the framework of the research, it is really regretful for me not to cover all of the social inequalities noted in football as well as the vivid data of TV commentaries
My research is expected to be a useful material in both theory and practice Theoretically, the research deeply investigates the field of CDA as well as critical analysis of football discourse Up to now, a lot of the researches on critical analysis of political discourse have been carried out whereas critical analysis of football discourse is really a new and strange approach, especially in Vietnam Practically, the research encourages everyone to judge social problems under critical thinking Hopefully, the people who are really interested in the field of Critical Discourse Analysis and football would find my research as an important and necessary CDA material
From what the research gained, I would like to make the suggestions for further research regarding the other social inequalities in football like racism or regarding the approach of English and Vietnamese football commentaries on TV and radio
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