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HO CHI MINH NATIONAL ACADEMY OF POLITICS NGUYEN THI HOAI THU VIETNAM'S SEAFOOD EXPORTS EUROPEAN MARKET SUMMARY OF THE DOCTOR OF ECONOMICS THESIS MAJORING IN POLITICAL ECONOMY Code: 931 01 02 HANOI - 2022 The work was completed in Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics Scientific Instructor: Assoc, Dr Nguyen Khac Thanh Dr Tran Hoa Phuong Argument 1: Dr Ngo Van Luong Academy of Journalism and Propaganda Argument 2: Assoc, Dr Nguyen Duy Dung Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences The thesis is protected before the Grassroots Thesis Grading Council meeting at the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics At 14:00 on November 2021 You can read the thesis at: - Vietnam National Library - Library of Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics LIST OF PUBLISHED WORKS OF THE AUTHOR RELATED TO THE THESIS Nguyen Thi Hoai Thu (2020), "Solutions to boost Vietnam's seafood exports when EVFTA takes effect", Journal of Economics and Forecast, (6) Nguyen Thi Hoai Thu (2020), "EVFTA - Opportunities and challenges for Vietnam's seafood exports EU", Journal of Economics and Forecasting, (4) Nguyen Thi Hoai Thu (2021), “Utilizing the EVFTA in Vietnam’s fishery exports to the EU market”, Viet Nam trade and industry review, (9) Nguyen Thi Hoai Thu (2021), “Challengers toward Viet Nam’s seafood exports to entering the European Union market”, Review of finace, (4) PROLOGUE The urgency of the topic Seafood exports are one of the important export industries in Vietnam’s total export turnover in recent years With a large exclusive economic zone, the potential for natural resources, and abundant fishery resources, Vietnam is fully capable of developing the fishery economy and enhancing the value-added value of exported seafood products Vietnamese seafood has also been exported to more than 160 countries and territories around the world with three main markets: the European Union (EU), the US and Japan EU is one of the most stable and important trading partners because it is a densely populated market with diverse tastes and high demand for seafood products annually Vietnam's open economic policy and the deepening of international integration have created opportunities for Vietnam's seafood exports to declare their increasing role in the world market On June 30, 2019, the Free Trade Agreement between Vietnam and the European Union (EVFTA) was officially signed This is one of the largest new-generation free trade agreements in history that bring direct economic benefits to Vietnam in all sectors, especially seafood exports Vietnamese seafood exporters are having a great opportunity to export to the potential EU market when EVFTA takes effect EVFTA helps Vietnam's seafood industry have a more competitive advantage over competitors such as China, Thailand, India and helps Vietnamese businesses benefit from tax rates while gaining greatly from the adjustment policy However, along with the opportunities posed, Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market also face many challenges and difficulties These are strict regulations on hygiene, environmental standards, technology and labor, origin Seafood exports are becoming increasingly difficult to control This is a longstanding barrier to Vietnam's seafood exports to this market Issues related to illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing and food safety Moreover, Vietnam's seafood exports also face stiff competition from partner countries in the EU market So how to overcome the barriers and challenges from the EU market regulations, the limitations of Vietnam's seafood exports, and take advantage of the opportunities created by EVFTA? Stemming from these theoretical and practical issues, Ph.D students (NCS) selected the topic “Vietnam's seafood exports to the European Union (EU) market” as their doctoral dissertation The purposes and tasks for the researching topics Based on the generalization of theoretical issues, analysis and assessment of the situation, the dissertation clarifies opportunities and challenges and proposes solutions to boost Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market To accomplish the research objectives, the dissertation focuses on performing the following key tasks: - Systematize and clarify more theoretical issues about seafood exports, namely clarifying the concept, and developing an analytical framework on the content, evaluation criteria, and factors affecting seafood exports - Analyze the practical experience of seafood exports to the EU market of some countries and draw lessons for Vietnam - Analyze and assess the situation, opportunities and challenges of Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market in the context of EVFTA implementation - Propose directions and solutions to promote Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market based on science and in line with practice in conditions of deepening integration and liberalization Subjects and scope of research on topics 3.1 Subjects of research on topics The subject of the dissertation is Vietnam’s seafood exports to the EU market 3.2 Scope of research - In terms of content: to study theoretical and practical issues directly related to Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market The dissertation focuses on analyzing the situation of Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market placed in the conditions of deepening integration and liberalization and the context of the fluctuation trend of the world market and the export situation of the whole Seafood Industry of Vietnam The research was limited to a few types of seafood: shrimp, pangasius, tuna, squid, and octopus - Time: From 2008-2020 and proposed solution to 2030 - Space: 27 member states of the EU Method of researching topics The dissertation uses the main method of political economy which is the abstraction of science and other scientific methods for analyzing, evaluating, comparing and explaining the research content of the dissertation Specifically: - Method of scientific abstraction: studying the most general phenomena, universality, ignoring random and temporary phenomena to analyze and evaluate the current situation of Vietnam's seafood exports in terms of scale, cost, competition and the direction of export to the EU market of Vietnamese seafood - Logical method with history: the same object of study but in different historical circumstances in different countries there will be differences - Method of theoretical systematization: applied in Chapter I in the Overview of the research situation to draw gaps for research, the points inherited from previous studies for the dissertation, thereby raising the research question for the dissertation This method is also used in Section 2.1 The basis of the reasoning on seafood exports in Chapter II to serve as the basis for proposing a framework for analyzing export activities - Analysis and consolidation method: Analytical and general dissertation to generalize the most common issues about Vietnam's seafood export market in EU countries; analyze theoretical and practical bases to create policies and measures that are likely for Vietnam's seafood export market in EU countries The dissertation inherits information and data on Vietnam's seafood export market in EU countries - Comparison method: used in Chapter III to analyze and compare statistics, objectively assess Vietnam's seafood export market in EU countries, point out the limitations and causes of the limitations from which, propose appropriate directions and solutions to develop Vietnam's seafood export market in EU countries EU - SWOT analysis is also known as strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats The dissertation uses this method to indicate the strengths, weaknesses or achievements, limitations as well as opportunities, and challenges of Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market in Chapter III, Chapter IV to evaluate and propose solutions for the dissertation In addition to the above methods, the dissertation also uses several other methods such as: Institutional approach; The forecasting method New scientific contributions of the dissertation Firstly, further study of Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market in terms of international economic integration, especially when EVFTA takes effect Second, clarify the source of Vietnam's goods and seafood exports to the EU market Thirdly, EVFTA has been signed, which has a stronger impact on Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market Therefore, research should clarify the opportunities and challenges of implementing EVFTA commitments for Vietnam's seafood exports Fourthly, study the policy system and management mechanisms in the process of promoting Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market especially when EVFTA takes effect Scientific significance of the dissertationư In terms of reasoning: - The dissertation contributes to clarifying the concepts, contents, evaluation criteria, and factors affecting seafood exports - The dissertation clarified and assessed the opportunities and challenges of implementing EVFTA commitments for Vietnam's seafood exports In practical terms: - Based on assessing the current situation of Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market in the period from 2008-to 2020, the project goes deep into the analysis of achievements, limitations, and human resources It is necessary to promote Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market - Propose several solutions and policies mainly to promote Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market on a scientific basis and in line with practice At the same time, the dissertation will make contributions to identifying groups of seafood sectors and commodities that the Vietnamese market can expand exports thereby giving specific implications to the Government and for businesses to take advantage of opportunities and overcome the challenges that EVFTA brings Texture of the dissertation In addition to the introduction, conclusions, annexes, and lists of references, the content of the dissertation is presented in chapters and s, 12 sections Chapter OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION RELATED TO THE TOPIC OF EXPORTING VIETNAM SEAFOOD TO THE EU MARKET 1.1 RESEARCH SITUATION RELATED TO SEAFOOD EXPORTS AND EXPORTS 1.1.1 Foreign research works related to seafood exports and exports The H-O model by Eli Heckscher (1879-1952) and B.Ohlin (1899-1979) in “Inter-Regional and International Trade”, published in 1933, further developed D.Ricardo's theory of relative advantage “Achievements in exports and factors affecting exports: Limitations on supply and demand conditions” by Fugazza (2004) Spring Singapore's “Free Trade Agreements (Trade-In Goods) Guide for SME” (2005) has focused on analyzing the role of FTAs for SMEs on the basic contents of the FTA's concepts, frameworks, regulations, and issues related to trade in goods “Bilateral and regional free trade agreement: Some critical elements and development implications” by Martin Khor (2005) examines important issues related to bilateral and regional FTAs Bose and Galvan (2005) studied the factors influencing New Zealand's fresh stone lobster exports to the Japanese market Gudmundsson & cs (2006), studied “Income allocation in the fishery value chain” in four countries Iceland, Tanzania, Morocco, and Denmark representing four different types of seafood for developed countries and developing countries 1.1.2 Domestic research works related to seafood exports and exports Prof Ass Dr Nguyen Van Nam (2001), in “Vietnam's export market development policies and solutions for the period of 2001-2010, vision to 2020”, mentioned the basic issues related to the development of goods exports In the book “Promoting comparative advantages to boost Vietnam's export growth under current conditions”, Prof Dr Vo Van Duc (2004) Reference book: “Vietnam's natural rubber export market”, by Prof Ass Dr Dinh Van Thanh (2007) Monograph: Trade barriers in the global value chain: Case of exporting Vietnamese footwear to the EU market”, Dr Dinh Cong Hoang (2021) Ministry-level topic: “Researching the quality of Vietnam’s goods export growth in the period of industrialization and modernization” of Prof Ass Dr Dinh Van Thanh (2008) has taken a new approach to develop exports of goods from the content of goods export growth In Dr Dao Thi Thu Giang’s “Measures to overcome non-tariff barriers to Vietnam's exports” (2009), the author has codified the scientific arguments on nontariff trade barriers (NTBs) in international trade “The report examines the competitiveness of exporters in the three garment, fisheries and electronics sectors in Vietnam” by the Asia Foundation TAF and the Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM) (2011) The ministry-level project: “Participating in the global agricultural value chain through transnational companies (TNC)-Lessons for Vietnam” of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, conducted by the Institute of Trade Research in 2012, has shown lessons for Vietnam through the study of the global agricultural product value chain through TNCs State-level scientific topic: “Scientific arguments for developing Vietnam's import and export market in the context of the implementation of new-generation free trade agreements (FTAs)” of the Institute for Strategic Studies, Industrial and Trade Policy (2018) Author of the dissertation Hoa Huu Cuong “Improving Vietnam’s ability to export key goods to the EU from 2011 to 2020” (2016) In Do Thi Hoa Nha's work “Factors affecting Vietnam's agricultural exports to the EU market”, the doctoral dissertation in agriculture (2017), the author used two basic research methods: qualitative and quantitative analysis methods Authors Pham Anh Tu and Pham Thi Nhu Hao with “Studying factors affecting bilateral trade between Vietnam and trading partners by gravity model” in 2017 In Vu Thi Mai Anh’s “Factors affecting Vietnam's exports of processed goods to the European Union market”, the doctoral dissertation in economics (2019), the author studied the factors affecting the export of processed goods in Vietnam through the development of the analytical theoretical framework Ministry-level science and technology topic: “Developing logistics activities to promote seafood exports in the Mekong Delta region sustainably from now to 2020” by Nguyen Xuan Minh and colleagues (2012) In Truong Thi Thuy Binh’s “Brand development solution for Vietnam's seafood exports”, doctoral dissertation in economics (2015), the author has taken a new approach to brand development for Vietnamese seafood exports Mai Thi Cam Tu's doctoral dissertation in economics (2016) “Factors affecting Vietnam's seafood exports to the Japanese market”, has added the theoretical basis, developed a theoretical framework, and a quantitative theoretical model of factors affecting the export of goods Nguyen Huy Oanh's Doctor of Economics dissertation (2018) “Restructuring Vietnam's seafood export industry to participate in the global value chain” has developed several opinions about Vietnam's seafood export industry based on the global seafood value chain from previously published trade theories and scientific works that Tran Minh Nguyet's doctoral dissertation in economics (2020) is “U.S nontariff barriers to Vietnamese seafood exports” 1.2 RESEARCH SITUATION RELATED TO SEAFOOD EXPORTS TO THE EU MARKET 1.2.1 Foreign research works related to seafood exports to the EU market The “EU Import Conditions for Seafood and Other Fishery Products” study was published in 2008 by the Executive Director-General of Health and Consumer Affairs of the European Commission (EC) Eu Market Access: Condition and Challenges for ACP Countries by Campling L and Dugal M (2009) Fairer Fishing's “The Impact on Developing Countries for the European Community Regulation on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fisheries” was published in 2009 by the Secretariat of the Commonwealth Secretariat, London, UK, by Tsamenyi M Researched by co-authors Arie Pieter van Duijin, Rik Beukers and Willem van der Pijl, “The Vietnamese seafood sector A value chain analysis” (2012) Carson Roper's “Sustainable Pangasius - Market Potential in the EU” study was published in 2013 The World Bank's “Vietnam: Deepening International Integration and Implementing the EVFTA” (2020) report highlights the benefits that EVFTA brings to Vietnam 1.2.2 Domestic research works related to seafood exports to the EU market The report “EU Fisheries Market and Trends”, of the Rural Agricultural Development Information Center, the Institute for Rural Agricultural Development Policy and Strategy, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MOET) (MARD) (2012) The book “European market and the ability to boost Vietnam’s exports of goods to the European market in the period of 2001-2010” by Ass Dr Vu Chi Loc and Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Mo Ph.D (2011), this is the result of the state-level scientific research project “Scientific arguments to develop strategies to promote the export of Vietnamese goods to the European market in the period of 2001-2010” The book “Exporting Vietnamese seafood to the European Union market” by industry and trade publishing house - Ministry of Industry and Trade (2011) Le Minh Tam's doctoral dissertation in economics (2012) “Exporting Vietnamese seafood to the European Union market in terms of international economic integration” assessed the situation of Vietnam's seafood export market to the EU market in terms of international economic integration The dissertation has focused on analysis In Hoang Hai Bac's doctoral dissertation on economics (2017) “Improving the competitiveness of Vietnamese seafood products in the EU market since Vietnam joined the World Trade Organization” Hoang Thi Thu Hien Doctor of Economics (2017) “Researching the barriers of enterprises exporting shrimp and catfish to the US and EU markets” has clarified the theoretical and practical issues of the barrier system in general and the barrier system for Vietnamese shrimp and catfish in the US and EU markets private Vu Thanh Huong's doctoral dissertation in economics (2017) “Vietnam-EU Free Trade Agreement: impact on trade in goods between the two sides and implications for Vietnam” has codified the factors affecting the influence of an FTA-based on empirical theories and research Vietnam's trade-in Sweden (Finland, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, and Latvia) compiled the book “What you need to know about the Finnish market” in 2020 to support Vietnamese businesses to take advantage of the opportunity to boost exports of goods to the Finnish market in the coming time 1.3 GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF THE RESULTS OF PUBLISHED WORKS AND GAPS THAT NEED TO BE FURTHER STUDIED 1.3.1 General Review The research works at home and abroad related to the dissertation topic are very rich and diverse These works have important reference implications for NCS when implementing the topic However, these works serve different research purposes and usually only address certain aspects of the dissertation topic Concrete: - The authors have clarified the basis and origin of the export of goods, trade, or international trade - The studies used gravity models to analyze factors affecting commodity exports and seafood exports - These topics have not analyzed seafood exports in the context of the deepening globalization process with the process of trade liberalization and when EVFTA takes effect These works have not updated the new adjustments of the seafood market in the current period Therefore, the study of the topic from the perspective of political economy does not overlap with the published works, especially in the context of EVFTA taking effect and there have been initial results that have a very strong impact on Vietnam's seafood exports to this market 1.3.2 Gaps that need further study Based on inheriting the research results of the previous authors, the dissertation will continue to study and solve the following problems: Firstly, further study of Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market in terms of international economic integration, especially when EVFTA takes effect Secondly, clarify the source of Vietnam's goods and seafood exports to the EU market Thirdly, EVFTA has been signed, which has a stronger impact on Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market Therefore, research should clarify the opportunities and challenges of implementing EVFTA commitments for Vietnam's seafood exports Fourthly, the study proposes solutions to improve mechanisms and policies to boost Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market especially when EVFTA takes effect Chapter THEORETICAL BASIS AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE ON SEAFOOD EXPORTS TO THE EUROPEAN UNION MARKET 2.1 BASIS FOR REASONING FOR SEAFOOD EXPORTS 2.1.1 Seafood exports and characteristics of seafood exports 2.1.1.1 Concept of seafood exports The export of goods is understood as the exchange of goods and services of 10 product and external factors that will increase the competitiveness of the seafood product and the greater level of market coverage, the market share that has existed so far becomes small compared to its strength and capabilities That power, create competitiveness against competitors, forcing the seafood exports of weaker competitors to cede to each part of the market that has taken over 2.2.1.3 Structure of seafood exports The structure of seafood exports is the correlation ratio between the components of each exported seafood item Seafood exports of each country are very diverse and rich, so it is possible to classify the structure of seafood exports according to many different criteria as the use of seafood products, production specialization, raw products, preliminary processing or processing, the content of the production factors that constitute the value of the seafood product 2.2.1.4 Price of seafood exports Competition in the cost of seafood production is the starting point and a necessary condition for a seafood product to be maintained in the international market Its measure is the cost and price per unit of seafood products The cost competitiveness of seafood products will depend on the efficiency of all stages, including production, purchase, transportation, processing, warehousing, wharf, and international shipping to create and bring such seafood products to the international market The price of seafood exports varies, increasing the choice of customers, the price difference will cause customers to make different decisions when buying Usually, customers will choose seafood products of the same type, the same quality, and customer services are provided equally but cheaper 2.2.2 Criteria for assessing seafood exports 2.2.2.1 Seafood export turnover This criterion is expressed through the size and growth rate of seafood exports including indicators such as total annual seafood export turnover, the proportion of seafood export turnover in the total export turnover of the country, compared to the export turnover of seafood in the region or the world; seafood export turnover per capita; the annual or average growth rate of seafood exports in a certain period, compared to the average export growth rate of the country 2.2.2.2 Change in export market share of seafood products Trade liberalization makes it easier to move goods from one country to another, leading to a shrinking market share of seafood exports, unless there is agreement on separate market segments that not infringe on each other The market share depends greatly on the competitiveness of seafood exports Seafood products that compete well often occupy a large market segment, whereas seafood products that compete weakly are only small market segments The market share criteria accurately reflect the strength of each seafood product and the competitiveness of that seafood product in the market 2.2.2.3 Competitiveness of seafood exports The RCA is measured on the results of consumption in the international market of a country compared to the world or with each trading partner This is also 11 an index widely used by many countries to determine comparative advantages, thereby contributing to providing the basis for international trade policy-making, bilateral negotiations, negotiations to join international trade organizations and assess the competitive advantage of the country/commodity in international trade 2.3 FACTORS AFFECTING SEAFOOD EXPORTS 2.3.1 International factors 2.3.1.1 Participation and implementation of commitments in free trade agreements relating to seafood exports The trend of liberalization and globalization of the economy has created conditions for many economic alliances at different levels such as ASEAN, APEC, the EU, Formed, many bilateral and multilateral trade agreements between countries and economic blocs have been signed to reduce tariffs between participating countries and promote trade activities in the region and around the world This will be a positive factor or a barrier for a country to enter the world market 2.3.1.2 World seafood supply and demand Supply, demand, price fluctuations, and seafood import and export activities between countries and regions of the world are among the important factors affecting seafood exports In the current context, the factors of supply, demand or consumer tastes, and price fluctuations in the markets of other countries will have a certain impact on Vietnam's seafood exports 2.3.1.3 Seafood import policies of countries An important basis in formulating policies to promote the export of seafood products, as well as promulgating Vietnam's regulations and standards for the fisheries sector are WTO regulations, implementing the commitments and provisions in the signed FTAs Updating information on regulations and quality standards for seafood products, as well as the increasingly strict new requirements of the seafood export market is very important to help effectively and proactively respond to and overcome such barriers, at the same time develop and adjust Vietnam’s regulations accordingly 2.3.2 Domestic factors 2.3.2.1 State mechanisms and policies on promoting seafood exports The factors of the policy of promoting seafood exports have a great impact on a country's seafood export turnover Laws and policy tools are necessary conditions for the implementation of the promotion of seafood exports However, depending on the different tools used, these policies may directly or indirectly impact seafood exports The policies affecting seafood exports are quite diverse, so the framework of the dissertation will only focus on policies that directly affect a country's seafood exports 2.3.2.2 Production capacity of seafood exports An important factor determining the size, output, and efficiency of seafood export activities is the capacity to produce seafood goods It is the capacity to organize the production of the fishery sector at all stages of the value chain from aquaculture, fishing, raw material production, to processing and consumption, 12 export, in which the capacity of the factors participating in the chain, especially the capacity of the seafood production enterprise plays a decisive role 2.3.2.3 Resources: human resources, infrastructure, technology, and capital in seafood production and export * Human resources Human resources have a positive impact on seafood production and export activities for two reasons: Firstly, the quality of human resources shows the technological level of seafood production and export enterprises Secondly, highly qualified staff demonstrate the ability to build and maintain relationships with foreign enterprises effectively The positive relationship between human capital and seafood exports has been confirmed in many experimental research papers Thus, in theory, countries with high-quality human resources have a positive influence on seafood exports * Economic- technical, technological, and capital infrastructure The infrastructure for seafood export activities has a direct impact on this activity The transport system, especially the modern seaport system, will reduce the loading and unloading time, and delivery procedures as well as ensure the safety of seafood exports The development of the banking system allows seafood exporters to facilitate the payment and mobilization of capital Along with labor resources, capital is the endogenous factor promoting the export of goods in general and seafood exports in particular Capital not only increases production capacity but also contributes to improving the level of science and technology, contributing to the development of seafood production and export in-depth 2.3.2.4 Other factors Macroeconomic stability is one of the important conditions for economic development and growth of goods exports in general and seafood exports in particular This is the stability and strength of the financial system The weak financial system and inefficient operation are important causes of economic activity disorders and seafood exports Cultural and social factors also affect the development of seafood exports in particular Cultural and social differences with healthy identities affect the business culture and uniqueness of the product The natural environment is also an important factor affecting the development of seafood exports Seafood production in general, and exported seafood products, in particular, are associated with natural conditions, which include a lot of different factors such as water source, climate, and, geographical location 2.4 EXPERIENCES OF SOME COUNTRIES IN SEAFOOD EXPORTS AND LESSONS LEARNED FOR VIETNAM 2.4.1 Experience of some countries in seafood export activities 2.4.1.1 Thailand's experience In Thailand's seafood exports, the country's most prominent strategy is to 13 develop a focus on a strong seafood commodity, identify key markets, establish a position in the distribution of some commodities and stabilize prices in major export markets Thailand is also interested in the quality of food hygiene and safety of seafood exports Thailand participates in international agreements and conventions such as the International Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Convention on Biological Diversity to enjoy financial incentives, and take advantage of support from international organizations as well as the market sector, especially EU support The Government of Thailand introduces preferential measures and encourages exports including the exemption and reduction of export duty, VAT refund, and input import tax (machinery, equipment, raw materials) for seafood exports through the form of bonded warehouses, export processing zones, supporting input costs for the production of exported seafood Diversifying and improving the competitiveness of seafood exports: Thailand's main seafood export products have made qualitative changes in exports, diversifying export products 2.4.1.2 India's experience India's Export Control Authority has taken very firm measures in checking the quality of export products to maintain the export market and protect the reputation of Indian seafood exporters in the face of the concerns of importing countries about food hygiene and safety and antibiotic residues Diversifying seafood products for export, towards the development of highvalue-added seafood products In addition, India also builds and develops horizontal and vertical chains of links between farmers and fishermen with export manufacturing enterprises, banks, centers, institutes, research schools, 2.4.1.3 Experience of Indonesia Recognizing the importance of diversifying products, meeting quality standards, food hygiene, and safety as well as environmental protection and natural resource conservation issues, Indonesia has implemented a series of measures such as: Increased investment in state-of-the-art testing technology equipment, equivalent to U.S and EU standards Indonesia focuses on training and improving the quality of human resources, especially the seafood quality inspection for export Manage aquaculture and seafood processing activities closely and uniformly from central to local levels Regarding the organization: Building environmental warning monitoring centers in the farming areas Indonesia's IUU anti-fishing policies have controlled illegal fishing in their waters 2.4.2 Lessons learned for Vietnam 14 Firstly, Vietnam needs to continue to build and improve its legal system and legal environment, domestic regulations, and technical standards in line with international and EU standards Secondly, it is necessary to strengthen research, closely follow the fluctuations of the EU market, and promote export promotion to the EU market because trade promotion is a key stage in the development of goods and markets to grow exports Thirdly, it is necessary to well implement the management of fishing vessels, ensuring that fishing vessels when out at sea fishing need to ensure comply with the provisions of the Law on Fisheries, ensuring compliance with IUU regulations Fourthly, focusing on improving the capacity of producing high-quality seedlings, prioritizing investment in projects to build factories producing feed, medicines, and probiotics in aquaculture Fifthly, it is necessary to establish an organization to manage fishing and fishing activities to ensure that fishery resources are not overexploited Chapter THE CURRENT STATE OF VIETNAM'S SEAFOOD EXPORTS EUROPEAN MARKET 3.1 EU MARKET CHARACTERISTICS AND EVFTA AGREEMENT AFFECTING VIETNAM'S SEAFOOD EXPORTS 3.1.1 History of the formation and development of the EU market The EU is a world-leading and important economic and political entity It can be said that, with the participation of many of the world's leading economies, the EU is a vast consumer market full of potential EU member states apply uniform tariffs and import and export policies However, each country has certain unique characteristics in terms of geographical location, demand for goods, tastes, trade growth rate In trade relations with Vietnam 3.1.2 Eu socio-economic development situation As of 2019, the EU has 447 million people and a per capita income of $34,843 per year The EU is the largest and most potential market in trade with countries around the world Particularly for seafood products, the EU is the world's largest seafood import market with seafood import turnover in 2019 from countries outside the bloc reaching 30.86 billion USD Although EU countries make up only 3% of the land area, the population of this union accounts for 7.3% of the world's population The high population density, up to 115.9 people/km²[111] has made EU countries one of the most densely populated regions in the world 3.1.3 Habits and tastes for consumption of seafood products As a bloc of 28 countries (currently 27 countries), the consumer behavior of EU people for all goods in general, seafood in particular has the characteristic of 15 “unity in diversity” The Commission's “Consumer Behavior for Aquaculture and Fishing Fisheries” released in January 2017 analyzed 175 current studies on consumer behavior by people in EU countries on seafood Although there are differences in consumer habits and tastes among EU countries, the 27 EU member states have similar economic and cultural characteristics, so the people of the EU have much in common in terms of tastes, consumption habits, and most of the need to consume high-quality goods The Covid-19 epidemic has not fundamentally changed the view of seafood consumption and import in the EU, but only in the value of products and the convenience of seafood products 3.1.4 Requirements of the European Union market The EU is a fastidious market with many mandatory conditions that both exporters and governments of the exporting country are forced to follow if they want to export seafood to this market In addition to the mandatory conditions, the EU side also has a series of other conditions that seafood exporters and seafood processing facilities must meet such as food safety and environmental and social standards The first condition for a business to want to export seafood to the EU market is that the country of that enterprise must be on the list of countries allowed to export seafood to the EU market The EU has been using a range of tools to protect trade, particularly to protect the bloc's single market from unfair trade practices by its partners 3.1.5 EVFTA Agreement On August 1, 2020, the Vietnam - European Union Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) officially came into effect, which was expected to create a breakthrough opportunity for Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market thanks to a series of tariff incentive commitments, contributing to Vietnam's seafood increasing price competitiveness compared to its products in the same industry in other industries neighboring water; attracting foreign investment is expected to increase, production technology and product quality are focused on improving to meet EU standards; the business and institutional environment is ensured to more stably and transparently using the legal system is also adjusted and supplemented with regulations to comply with the signed FTA 3.2 EXPORTING VIETNAMESE SEAFOOD TO THE EU MARKET FROM 2008 TO 2020 3.2.1 Policy system and mechanism for management of seafood exports Fisheries Law Related to credit for farmers, fishermen, and seafood exporters Related to the mechanism of quality management policy, control of food safety and hygiene exported seafood Related to the planning of development and export of the fishery sector Related to tax policy The policy mechanism plays an important role for seafood exports in 16 general and seafood exports to the EU market in particular, especially timely capital support for production, export, and support to improve the quality of seafood exports, therefore, creating conditions for support for Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market in the period In the coming time, the State needs to supplement and revise mechanisms and policies to meet the requirements of the new situation as well as when EVFTA takes effect 3.2.2 Market share of seafood exports to the EU market In the ASEAN region, Vietnam is the largest seafood supply market for the EU In Asia, Vietnam is second only to China Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market increased slightly and steadily in terms of export value but gradually reduced the proportion of exports 3.2.3 Structure of seafood products exported to the EU market With rich fishery resources, Vietnam's seafood products are increasingly diversified For many years, Vietnam's main seafood exports have been shrimp, pangasius, marine fish, krill, frozen seafood, and dried seafood The structure of Vietnam's seafood exports is increasingly adding valuable items such as tuna, clams, and some other specialties Seafood products such as shrimp, pangasius, tuna, squid, octopus are to have created a foothold in the markets of other countries and accounted for the largest proportion of Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market Vietnamese seafood has now been exported to 27 EU member states The structure of Vietnam's seafood exports is complementary to consumer demand in the EU market 3.2.4 Price of seafood exports In the EU market, the prices of some seafood items include the prices of shrimp, tuna, pangasius, squid, and octopus Based on the price of each item, it is possible to see the value of each item in consumption In the same unit of mass, higher-priced items have higher economic value and vice versa The rising price of a seafood product will stimulate exporters to deliver that seafood product to EU consumers, so competition in the same seafood product among exporters increases In recent years, the gap in the price of seafood exported between Vietnam and the world has been gradually narrowed due to the increased quality of seafood Compared to other competitors in the EU market, Vietnam's seafood production costs are lower due to low Inputs of Vietnam, and cheaper labor costs compared to other seafood exporting countries, low production costs should be competitive in the market 3.3 ASSESSING THE RESULTS OF VIETNAM'S SEAFOOD EXPORTS TO THE EU MARKET IN THE PERIOD 2008-TO 2020 3.3.1 Results achieved Firstly, the output and turnover of seafood exports to the EU market increased This rate of increase has made an important contribution to the increase in production and the increase in seafood export turnover of Vietnam in general Secondly, not only has the output and turnover of seafood exports increased, but Vietnam's share of seafood exports in the EU market is increasing, and the 17 coverage of the market of countries in the EU market is expanding Thirdly, the quality of seafood exports is increasingly improved due to the investment in farming and processing technology Fourthly, Vietnam has a competitive advantage in seafood exports over China, the US, and India and is second only to Norway 3.3.2 Restrictions Firstly, although Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market have achieved decent growth, most of them have only increased in quantity, not much increase in quality, the quality of seafood exported slowly improved, the ratio of deeply processed items, added value is still low, The ability to meet the regulations on rules of origin, traceability, quality and environmental standards as committed in EVFTA is still limited Secondly, the prices of seafood products exported to the EU market mainly such as shrimp, tuna, pangasius, squid, octopus depend on the price fluctuations of the world market Thirdly, the market share of some of Vietnam's main seafood exports to the EU market is still small, unstable, lacks large customers, and mainly exported through intermediaries such as the market share of Vietnam's tuna exports in the EU market only accounted for about 2.67% in 2019 Fourthly, the structure of Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market is now mainly focused on some frozen and preliminary items 3.3.3 Causes of the restrictions Firstly, the policy system promotes seafood exports in terms of finance, credit, science and technology, human resource training There are many inadequacies Secondly, Vietnam's seafood industry was born very early but is still a natural resource extraction industry in a harvesting style, due to the pressure of socio-economic problems of a developing country; Rapid population growth, the problem of underemployment, and the difficulty of finding livelihoods of coastal communities Thirdly, processing activities: As a country with many advantages in the production of seafood exports, Vietnam has an increasingly important position in the world market with many characteristic products such as pangasius, shrimp, tuna, squid, and octopus, krill Fourthly, currently, the logistics of Vietnam's seafood industry still have many buyers, transportation, and small processing facilities These units often lack the equipment and facilities to operate the cold supply chain effectively leading to losses in both quantity and quality Fifthly, the EU market has a strict system of standards for imported seafood such as quality standards, hygiene standards, safety standards for workers, and environmental standards while the capacity to respond and overcome barriers of Vietnam's seafood exporters is limited 18 Chapter DIRECTIONS AND SOLUTIONS TO BOOST EXPORTS VIETNAM'S SEAFOOD ENTERS THE EU MARKET UNTIL 2025 AND VISION TO 2030 4.1 FORECAST AND DIRECTION TO BOOST VIETNAM'S SEAFOOD EXPORTS TO THE EU MARKET 4.1.1 Forecasting Vietnam’s seafood export trends to the EU market to 2030 4.1.1.1 Opportunities Firstly, as soon as EVFTA takes effect, Vietnam is entitled to a preferential import tax for seafood products that will facilitate the expansion of the market for Vietnamese seafood exports to the EU market Secondly, the opportunity to improve the production process itself, improve the quality of seafood products to meet the regulations of the EU market, and increase the competitiveness of Vietnam's seafood industry compared to some other countries Thirdly, the EU is increasingly dependent on imported seafood as the EU's naturally exploited fisheries output is declining because of regulations related to the protection of resources and the environment Fourthly, the economies of EU member states are on the rise thanks to widespread vaccination and the implementation of post-Covid support packages Foodservice stores in the EU have begun to reopen Fifthly, currently, the EU has only one regulatory body, the EU Food Safety Administration, a single legal framework and a single mechanism, a common food law, which can be adjusted if there are risks related to food safety, then within an hour, it has been submitted to the EU's regulator 4.1.1.2 Challenges Firstly, although Vietnam's opportunity in implementing EVFTA is great, to effectively take advantage of the commitments in EVFTA, seafood exporters are also facing a series of difficulties and challenges Secondly, the EU has issued a yellow card warning for Vietnam's fishing industry since October 2017 Thirdly, the world economy recovered slowly, and encountered many difficulties and many unpredictable fluctuations, mainly signaling the economic weakness of the EU region Fourthly, with a leading strategy aimed at Asia, especially in the economic sector, the EU will expand FTA negotiations with Asian countries, especially China, India, and ASEAN countries Fifthly, climate change is becoming a major problem for both humanity and directly affecting aquaculture and the fishing community, of which Vietnam is expected to be one of the most severely and pronounced affected countries Sixthly, the change in the international business environment also affects Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market 19 4.1.2 The orientation of Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market to 2025, vision to 2030 The goal of the fisheries sector in the incoming time is to maintain the market share in traditional markets such as the EU, US, China, and Japan and expand into several other markets Firstly, continue to maintain the current market share for Vietnam's seafood exports currently having the advantage, while increasing market share for some seafood products with potential for future consumption in the EU market Secondly, expand in scale and diversify the structure of seafood exports Thirdly, proactively adapt and implement EVFTA commitments Fourthly, enhance the added value in the seafood export chain 4.2 MEASURES TO BOOST SEAFOOD EXPORTS TO THE EU MARKET TO 2025 AND VISION 2030 4.2.1 Solution group from the state 4.2.1.1 Develop and complete the master plan for seafood exports Based on development strategies, the planning of each fishery sector should develop short-term, medium-term, and long-term plans, and arrange fisheries production plans according to space and time According to that master plan, the Government, ministries, departments, and associations of goods sectors strictly direct the implementation of strategies and plans for each fishery sector Resolutely handle those units and localities that not comply with the master plan Regularly inspect, summarize, evaluate and adjust the planning strategy to suit the requirements and ability to produce and export seafood practically in each stage 4.2.1.2 Solutions on mechanisms and policies on Vietnam's seafood exports Firstly, credit policies for fishermen, farmers, and seafood exporters To create conditions for fishermen and seafood producers and exporters to access credit sources easily, and quickly and ensure sufficient capital for seafood production and export activities, it is necessary to develop solutions to solve these difficulties Concrete: The State encourages farmers and fishermen to participate in large-scale aquaculture production models Diversify the forms of funding Local authorities at all levels promote propaganda and focus on raising awareness of preferential credit policies through various media and information channels to ensure fishermen, farmers and businesses know and understand the conditions of borrowing, loan procedures, interest rates, payables, benefits, and obligations when borrowing, Secondly, improve regulations and management mechanisms on quality control and safety and hygiene of seafood food exports The State has issued many mechanisms and policies to manage the quality of fisheries products and food safety and hygiene to improve the quality of seafood products exported to the EU market, ensure food safety and hygiene to meet the needs of seafood imports of key markets and contribute to the growth of seafood exports to the EU market, ensure food safety and hygiene to meet the demand for 20 seafood imports of key markets and contribute to the growth of seafood exports shortly One, continue to supplement and amend some legal documents that are not suitable for the actual situation Two, it is necessary to improve the capacity of state management of quarantine and control of food safety and hygiene of seafood exported to the EU market Three, socialize the inspection of seafood products exported to reduce the time and cost for seafood exporting enterprises Thirdly, finalize regulations and management mechanisms on illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing Strictly manage the issuance of fishing licenses for fishing vessels, strictly control fishing vessels leaving ports, dock ports, strengthen patrols, inspections and control in the waters to prevent and handle violations of IUU, strictly sanction fishing vessels by regulations on fishing vessels fishing IUU, to carry out the traceability of fishing seafood by regulations Continue to amend and supplement the completion of legal documents; invest, upgrade and apply advanced and modern technology solutions to tighten the management and improve law enforcement capacity in combating IUU exploitation Promote exchanges and dialogues and promote international cooperation negotiations on combating IUU fishing 4.2.1.3 Improving the infrastructure system for export development Vietnam needs to focus on some of the above solutions to improve infrastructure: improving the efficiency of using investment capital, investing with a focus and focus, allocating investment capital between sectors reasonably and flexibly; synchronous connection of infrastructure system including transportation, electricity supply, harbor, treasure, office, to minimize the costs of international transactions (such as time, shipping costs, ) in trade with the EU market 4.2.1.4 Supporting dispute resolution in violation of environmental regulations and standards - Individual seafood exporters often cannot pursue lawsuits, so uniting these exporting enterprises to pursue the lawsuit is necessary and brings many benefits to the exporting enterprises - Have an official voice to protect seafood exporters in the international arena as well as the EU market in cases where the partner propagandized unfavorably to Vietnam or exerts political pressure - Create official foreign affairs channels with the EU for negotiations before proceeding with the next steps to resolve the dispute - It is necessary to build a database of mandatory technical barriers and voluntary technical barriers in the EU market to provide valuable information aggregation sources to state regulators, seafood exporters, and manufacturers to proactively meet EU market requirements 21 4.2.2 The Support Association's Solution Group aims to promote seafood exports to the EU market 4.2.2.1 Supporting enterprises to export seafood to the EU market The Association advises law for member enterprises, especially policies, legal regulations, providing market information, prices of the EU market The Association must be present in cases of dumping, building trade barriers, linking enterprises to create competitiveness, building the national seafood brand, and creating added value for enterprises in the export supply chain 4.2.2.2 Strengthen market research and promote forms of promotion of seafood exports in the EU market Promoting the propaganda and raising awareness of those directly or indirectly involved in seafood exports such as farmers, fishermen, and central agents The Association organizes propaganda campaigns to disseminate regulations and mandatory standards of the EU market for seafood products, disseminating the benefits achieved when exported seafood products meet food safety and hygiene standards, traceability of aquatic products, and damages and sanctions violations 4.2.3 Solution group on the part of seafood exporters and seafood processing establishments exported to the EU market 4.2.3.1 Strategy for development of seafood export enterprises Improving the quality of seafood products: In recent years, the quality of Vietnam's seafood exports has not met the requirements of EU importers, such as many Vietnamese export shipments are warned of antibiotic contamination, containing pathogens, and forced to return to the country in some EU markets Making a difference for seafood products exported: Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market are facing great opportunities before a series of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements that Vietnam is negotiating to sign, especially EVFTA 4.2.3.2 Science and technology solutions In the face of the requirements to increase productivity, quality, ensure food hygiene and safety and increase the competitiveness of seafood exported in the EU market; Increasing scientific and technological potential is one of the important tasks based on the following requirements: - The study chooses to create high-yielding and quality aquatic varieties suitable for ecological regions, meeting the requirements of biodiversity and sustainable development to diversify seafood products exported in the EU market - Bringing clean production methods according to standard procedures into export seafood production - Research and development of post-harvest technology, focusing on research and dissemination of technology of storage equipment, packaging of exported seafood 4.2.3.2 Improving the capacity of processing facilities to improve the quality of fisheries to meet the standards and regulations of the EU market To increase investment in the development of seafood export processing in- 22 depth, to invest in upgrading export processing facilities to meet national technical standards and regulations and meet the requirements of the EU market on food safety and environmental protection Increase inspection and supervision to ensure food quality and safety Increasing the transfer and application of scientific and technical advances in aquaculture ensures a synchronous way from the stage of application transfer, model building, and replication of models with the aim of people receiving the latest and fastest technology Strengthen training on new farming technology, varieties, and use of industrial feed, protect the environment to prevent epidemics in intensive farming areas 4.2.4 Some other solutions 4.2.4.1 Improving the efficiency of taking advantage of EVFTA's incentives for Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market Firstly, improve the efficiency of EVFTA implementation The Ministry of Industry and Trade promotes propaganda and raises awareness of the Agreement to the business community so that they understand the contents of the Agreement as well as the incentives and ways of enjoying incentives Secondly, the preparation should be conducted comprehensively from researching opportunities and challenges of the EU market to solutions such as improving quality, designing seafood products, promoting competitive advantages, increasing performance Thirdly, Vietnam's seafood exporters need to change their business thinking in a new context, taking the pressure of competition as a driving force for innovation and development Fourthly, boosting shrimp and pangasius exports in the EU market to take advantage when EVFTA takes effect Fifthly, develop domestic fishery raw materials to meet the rules of origin in the EVFTA agreement EVFTA requires seafood products to be of pure origin from Vietnam or use raw materials of pure origin imported from the EU 4.2.4.2 Human Resource Development Solutions The advantage of cheap labor is only seen as a situational solution and for a certain period For labor to continue to be an important contribution to improving the production capacity of seafood exports, the solution to improve the quality of human resources is especially important Firstly, it is necessary to develop a plan on the demand for human resources for seafood exports both in the short and long term Secondly, the Government should continue to offer training programs, improve professional qualifications for employees Thirdly, it is necessary to have specific mechanisms, policies, and solutions to improve the capacity to receive and the ability to apply new technical and technological advances to human resources in the field of seafood production exported through on-site learning and training programs, Mainly through visiting the actual production model Fourthly, seafood exporters must have reasonable remuneration regimes In 23 the context of human resources with many changes at present, the establishment of a reasonable compensation regime is very necessary 4.2.4.3 Strengthening links between subjects in the value chain of seafood exports For the State: The State needs to institutionalize legally more specifically the obligations and responsibilities of each subject in the chain based on the benefits they receive from such association expressed through consumption contracts according to each specific seafood item For the Goods Industry Association: In the current trend of international economic integration, when the State hardly interferes deeply in business activities, the role of industry associations is increasingly important and necessary in the orientation of production and business in general and seafood exports to the EU market in particular, effectively coordinate these enterprises in the domestic and foreign markets For enterprises: promoting production links between seafood processing and exporting enterprises with facilities and hatchery camps to form specialized contracts for breeding production that bring high production efficiency, ensure quality and reasonable prices for seafood exporters 4.2.4.4 Solutions to increase Vietnam's production of fishing and aquaculture exports to the EU market For aquaculture Firstly, promote the planning of aquaculture areas It is necessary to plan concentrated aquaculture areas with interdisciplinary and inter-regional aspects, coordinated with agricultural, industrial, and residential planning Secondly, invest in researching and applying clean aquaculture models Continue to invest more in researching and applying clean farming models for each type of seafood, paying special attention to the model of clean shrimp farming Thirdly, build and develop linkage chains in aquaculture, from seed production to the final consumption of goods Fourthly, perform well in the quarantine of aquaculture For fishing To increase fishing output in the coming time, it is necessary to implement the following solutions well: Firstly, increase investment in high-capacity fishing vessels, fully equipped with modern fishing equipment to exploit effectively and safely for fishermen and vehicles operating in remote fishing grounds Secondly, continue to maintain and replicate effective production models at seas such as fishing groups, teams, and groups This model helps to reduce costs, increase profits, increase solidarity, and master distant fisheries Thirdly, regularly update and apply scientific and technological advances in fishing and fisheries preservation after fishing Fourthly, increase investment in logistics facilities and services for fisheries Upgrading fishing ports in important islands, especially upgrading fuel supply systems, ice, freshwater, and consuming goods 24 Fifthly, promote propaganda and raise awareness 4.2.4.5 Solutions to optimize the cost of production of seafood exported Firstly, improve the production costs of fishing, fishing, and aquaculture activities Secondly, increase fishing and aquaculture production Thirdly, optimize the production costs of export production enterprises CONCLUSION For many years, the EU market has been a major market for Vietnamese seafood products From a very humble position, Vietnam's seafood products gradually penetrated and created a firm foothold in the EU market in general and each EU member in particular With a high growth rate, many seafood products have found a solid foothold, and Vietnamese seafood exporters are actively increasing exports to the EU market However, in addition to the successes, Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market also contain many unstable factors, such as a lack of sustainability Finding a firm foothold in the EU market is not easy for Vietnam's seafood exporters, they always have to deal with trade barriers from the EU market, facing competitors with a wealth of experience in dominating the export market Meanwhile, the development of Vietnam's seafood industry also carries many spontaneous factors, lack of synchronous investment, and the state's management mechanism is still incomplete Therefore, in the coming time to further improve the competitiveness of Vietnam's seafood exports, create an increasingly solid position in the EU market, Vietnamese seafood exporters need to make efforts to research the market, boldly invest in equipment innovation Make the most of the advantages that are still considered as Vietnam's strengths such as natural conditions, cheap labor costs, making the most of opportunities and reasonable support of the State, taking advantage of EVFTA's incentives to minimize the risks occurring in the process of entering this market With the topic “Vietnam's seafood exports to the European Union (EU) market”, the author has initially researched and clarified some theoretical and practical issues about Vietnam's seafood exports to the EU market ... Vietnam National Library - Library of Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics LIST OF PUBLISHED WORKS OF THE AUTHOR RELATED TO THE THESIS Nguyen Thi Hoai Thu (2020), "Solutions to boost Vietnam's... challenges for Vietnam's seafood exports EU", Journal of Economics and Forecasting, (4) Nguyen Thi Hoai Thu (2021), “Utilizing the EVFTA in Vietnam’s fishery exports to the EU market”, Viet Nam trade... Minh Tam's doctoral dissertation in economics (2012) “Exporting Vietnamese seafood to the European Union market in terms of international economic integration” assessed the situation of Vietnam's