Contrastive linguistics unit 1: introduction

Contrastive Linguistics Unit 1 Introduction Contrastive Linguistics Unit 1 Introduction Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh Email hoangtuyetminh71gmail com Phone 0915090670 Syllabus Number of credits 3 Class sessions 9 Testing and assessment Class attendance projection 10 % Mid term test and 15 minute group presentation 20% Final test a 15 page assignment 70% Core books Carl, J (1980) Contrastive Analysis Harlow, Essex Longman Lado, R (1957) Linguistics across Cultures University of Michigan Press,.

Contrastive Linguistics Unit 1: Introduction Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh Email: hoangtuyetminh71@gmail.com Phone: 0915090670 Syllabus - Number of credits: - Class sessions: Testing and assessment: - Class attendance/ projection 10 % - Mid-term test and 15-minute group presentation 20% - Final test: a 15-page assignment 70% Core books  Carl, J (1980). Contrastive Analysis  Harlow, Essex:      Longman Lado, R (1957). Linguistics across Cultures University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor Richard, J (1984) Error Analysis Longman: London and New York Lê Quang Thiêm (2004) Ngôn ngữ học đối chiếu NXB ĐHQG Hà Nội Trần Hữu Mạnh (2007) Ngôn ngữ học đối chiếu – Cú pháp tiếng Anh – tiếng Việt NXB Đại học Quốc qia Hà Nội Nguyễn Văn Chiến (1992) Ngôn ngữ học đối chiếu đối chiếu ngôn ngữ Đông Nam Á Nxb ĐH Sư phạm Ngoại ngữ Contents  Unit 1: Introduction  Unit 2: Major issues of Contrastive linguistics  Unit 3: Microlinguistics & Macrolinguistics  Unit 4: Pedagogical Exploitation of CAs Contrastive linguistics (CL): what is it?  Contrastive linguistics is the systematic comparison of two or more languages,    with the aim of describing their similarities and differences, focusing, however, on differences, it is predominantly practical  The term “contrastive linguistics”  was used for the first time by Whorf in 1941 CL and Linguistics  general linguistics  theory of linguistics  similarities in languages  what is common to all languages in the world  comparative linguistics   differences between languages typology of languages  aiming at classification of all languages in the world   synchronic or diachronic CL and Comparative linguistics  comparative linguistics  contrastive linguistics  differences (and similarities) between two (usually) languages Contrastive linguistics  differences (usually) between two (usually) languages   basis for typological description mainly practical applications  translation  foreign language teaching and learning  bilingual lexicography (dictionaries)  why differences?  it is assumed that the two languages are similar except for the points described as different CL in linguistics  the languages being compared can be related  Polish and English  or can be unrelated  like Polish and Chinese  can be from the same historical period  Polish and English in the 20th c  or can be from different historical periods  English and Polish from the 16th and the 20th c CL in linguistics  usually, however,  CL is synchronic comparative linguistics  without the historical dimension  CL can be  theoretical  applied Translation equivalence  there is one big problem  CL studies the systems of two languages translation is not about systems  it is about texts this is a basic distinction in linguistics  system and text  langue and parole  competence and performance    Translation equivalence  text translation  translation of a particular sentence depends   on other sentences around it (context) on the function of the whole text  its stylistic level  the user of the text  system translation  translation of sentences without any context  though the most probable one is used Translation equivalence  Eng.:  I love you  Vietnamese  Anh thương em  Anh mến em  Anh muôn sống em  Pol.:       Kochałem kochałam kochałom cię ciebie Was System and text equivalence  that is why system equivalence can be called  correspondence  text equivalence can be called  equivalence Equivalence/Tertium Comparationis  What is, in fact, equivalence?  we know it is based on a Tertium Comparationis  but what use as a TC? TC: requirements  TC should be  external to both languages  a category based on one language has no counterpart usable  for teachers: can be used without extensive theoretical studies  TC in lexical equivalence concept (word) sign- - - - - - - -referent (object) TC in lexical equivalence  Either referents or concepts can be treated as TCs  We can reject referents as a TC because,    there are no pure references, the very act of distinguishing a referent depends to a large degree on the relevant language Engl finger Pol palec TC in lexical equivalence  Concepts can be also rejected  They are not suitably external to any language   an English word has an English meaning a Polish word has a Polish meaning  They are theoretical constructs depending on a language  Other views TC  TC should be external to the two languages  but it should include them  language use?   situation of use of both languages translation is used in situations when both languages are used Situations  "How meaning X is expressed in L1 and L2?„  This is a question based on meaning  This question goes from the vague notion of meaning,  about which there is little theoretical agreement,  goes to two unknowns:  L1 and L2 items  We can say that we have to with three unknown objects here Situations  How else can one find similarities/contrasts in meaning between two languages?  "In the situation S, when an expression X is used by the L2 speaker to speak of Z, what would be the most natural expression Y used by the L1 speaker?"  This does not depend on any theoretical assumptions  it includes two known entities (S and X), which are used to reach the third entity (Y)  Competent bilinguals can easily answer such questions Situations  Situations are either typical of L1 or of L2,  and linguistic expressions are included in the situations, not vice versa  Situations, in turn, cannot be separated from wider contexts,  ultimately from the context of culture Situations-applicability  Lyons (1977) Semantics CUP  a particular lexeme (or expression, or whole utterance) is applicable (i.e may be correctly applied) in a certain context, situational or linguistic ;  it is applicable to individuals or properties of individuals  We may use the term 'applicability', in fact, for any relation that can be established between elements or units of language and entities in, or aspects of, the world in which the language operates Equivalence: other types  Tomasz Krzeszowski      statistical equivalence system equivalence semanto-syntactic equivalence rule equivalence pragmatic equivalence ... Contents  Unit 1: Introduction  Unit 2: Major issues of Contrastive linguistics  Unit 3: Microlinguistics & Macrolinguistics  Unit 4: Pedagogical Exploitation of CAs Contrastive linguistics. .. predominantly practical  The term ? ?contrastive linguistics? ??  was used for the first time by Whorf in 1941 CL and Linguistics  general linguistics  theory of linguistics  similarities in languages... Comparative linguistics  comparative linguistics  contrastive linguistics  differences (and similarities) between two (usually) languages Contrastive linguistics  differences (usually) between