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Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc sd 1 2010 71 DIEM SACH GlCr "LY CU" H A Y T H E O "LY MOI" B A N C H A T NHITNG C A C H P H A N L T N G K H A C N H A U CUA NGU^O Î H M O N G O VIET N A M V 6 l A N H HU^ONG C U A D A O TIN LANH * NGUYEN ANH TUAN "Cai ly" cua ngudi Hmdng la mdt chu de thu hiit sy quan tam trong nghien ciiu dan tdc hgc nhung thap ky qua Trong bdi canh hien nay, khi mdt bd phan tdc ngudi nay a Viet Nam cd sy bien ddi nhat dinh ve ddi sdng tin nguong tdn giao thi van de nay cang trd nen hap dan[.]
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc sd - 2010 71 GlCr "LY CU" HAY THEO "LY MOI" BAN CHAT NHITNG CACH PHAN LTNG DIEM SACH KHAC NHAU CUA NGU^O^I HMONG O VIET NAM V l ANH HU^ONG CUA DAO TIN LANH * NGUYEN ANH TUAN "Cai ly" cua ngudi Hmdng la mdt chu de thu hiit sy quan tam nghien ciiu dan tdc hgc nhung thap ky qua Trong bdi canh hien nay, mdt bd phan tdc ngudi a Viet Nam cd sy bien ddi nhat dinh ve ddi sdng tin nguong tdn giao thi van de cang trd nen hap dan voi nhieu y kien tham gia thao luan quanh van de "ly eii" (tin nguong tmyen thdng) va "ly mdi" (dao Tin Lanh) cua ngudi Hmdng Cudn sach GiU "ly eii" hay theo "ly moi" - Bdn chdt ciia nhiing cdch phdn icng khdc eita nguoi Hmong d Viet Nam voi dnh huong eua dgo Tin Ldnh gdp them mdt cau tra ldi thu vj Nhu ten ggi cua cudn sach, tac gia Nguyen Van Thang va cac cdng sy dat van de nghien ciiu "Tgi ngieoi Hmdng d Viet Nam lgi ed nhitng edeh phdn icng trdi nguge voi dnh huong cita dgo Tin ldnh?" Thdng qua viec phan tich cae tai lieu hien cd ve chu de nay, cae tac gia lya chpn tiep can nghien ciiu ban chat ciia van de qua hai phan ling trai ngugc eiia ngudi Hmdng voi anh hudng ciia dao Tin Lanh, sii dung cac phuang phap nghien eiiu Dan tde hgc nhu la mdt the manh de bdc tach tim hieu nguyen nhan "ben trong" va "ben ngodi" Ngoai phan md dau va ket luan, cudn sach dugc chia chuang Chuang I trinh bay ve ngudn gdc lich sir ngudi Hmdng va mdi quan he ciia hp vdi cac tdc ngudi khac d Viet Nam ciing nhu nhiing ngudi ddng tdc d cae nudc khu vuc va tren the gidi.Qua dd, cac tac gia da phac hpa Idia ro net moi quan he giua ngudi Hmdng va ngudi Mieu a Viet Nam voi nhdm tdc ngudi Mieu d Trung Qude, Thai Lan, Myanmar va Lao Chuong II ban ve nhiing dac trung ciia tfn nguong truyen thdng eua ngudi Hmdng va vai trd ciia nd ddi voi xa hdi va van hoa Hmdng qua tim hieu quan niem ciia nguai Hmdng ve cai ly cu dugc cy the hda bang "ldm cimg" va "ldm ma" Tir dd, cac tac gia tim each tra ldi nhirng cau hdi: Vi ngudi Hmdng phai "ldm eung"! Hg "ldm cimg" nhu thl nao? Nhung la ngudi cd the "ldm cung"? Vi ngudi Hmdng phai "lam ma" va hg "ldm ma" nhu thl nao? Chuong sach da cdng viec chi mdi lien he giua ban chdt ciia "ly CM", vai trd va anh hudng cua nd ddi voi ddi sdng tinh than ciia ngudi Hmdng bdi canh hien Trong Chuang III cac tac gia khang dinh "ly moi" cua ngudi Hmdng la dao Tin lanh, tim hilu nhung anh hudng ciia "ly moi" cimg nhung each phan img khac cua ngudi Hmdng ddi voi nd Chuong cdn * Nguyin van ThSng (Chu bien) (2009), G/i? "ly cii" hay theo "ly mdi" - Bdn chdt ciia nhung edeh phan img khdc ciia nguai Hmong a Viet Nam vdi dnh huang cua dgo Tin Ldnh, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, kh6 14,5 X 20,5cm 72 Idiai quat ve dao Tin Lanh tren the gidi, so sanh diem khac biet giua Tin Lanh Au Chau va My, phan tfch dudng du nhap cua Tin Lanh vao Viet Nam va vao cac vung ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd qua cae thdi ky lich sir: trudc nam 1954, 1954-1975, 1975 tdi Cac tac gia tap trung lam ro anh hudng ciia cae yeu td khu vyc, tdc ngudi, he phai Tin Lanh den ngudi Hmdng qua timg thdi ky Cac tac gia phan tich sau ban chat ciia nhung each phan img khac cua ngudi Hmdng vdi anh hudng cua "ly moi" chuong IV Trong mdt bd phan ngudi Hmdng tiep thu anh hudng ciia dao Tin Lanh thi da sd cdn lai chdng lai anh huong cua tdn giao bang each bao luu tfn nguong truyen thdng Tuong quan hai chieu trai ngugc: gift "ly eu." hay theo "ly moi" da dugc dua phan tfch Day chfnh la dieu tao nen cdng cua chuong ndi rieng va cudn sach ndi chung Trudc het, cac tac gia da chi nguyen nhan chfnh khien ngudi Hmdng chdng lai anh huong cua Tin Lanh Ban chat cua van de ngudi Hmdng gift "ly eii" la sy tdng hda ciia nhieu nguyen nhan nhung co ban nhat, chinh la tyc thd Cling td tien Ben canh do, chuong sach cdn chi nguyen nhan giai thich viec ngudi Hmdng tiep thu anh hudng ciia dao Tin Lanh Trong dd, ban chat cua viec tiep thu "ly moi" hay cai dao theo Tin Lanh la phong trao "don Vua ra" hay "xung Vua" eua ngudi Hmdng ket hgp vdi su lgi dyng phong trao eiia Tin Lanh de tao budc chuyen ddi tir "ddn Vua" "ddn Chiia" Chuong V tap trung lam ro anh hudng ciia nhung each phan iing khae cua ngudi Hmdng voi "ly moi" tdi xa hdi va van hda tdc ngudi bang each nhin nhan van de tinh hai mat ddi lap cung tdn tai Ben Nguyin Anh Tudn canh viec thira nhan nhiing diem tfch cue ma "ly moi" dem lai (tao sy cd ket, giiip da ve vat chat va tinh than rdng hon pham vi ddng hg, ddi mdi va binh dang ban quan he gidi, xda bd nhiing tap tyc lac hau, giup nang cao trinh dan tri), cac tac gia Cling chi nhiing idifa eanh tieu eye ciia viec theo "ly moi" (Lam mat di chiic nang ciia tin nguong truyen thdng; Gay sy phan ehia ddi lap va cang thang ndi bp ngudi Hmdng; Gay tinh trang di dan tu va vugt bien trai phep) Cd the ndi, day la mdt cudn sach ed gia tri hgc thuat, phong phii ve cac ngudn tu lieu Tuy nhien, cudn sach se hoan thien hon neu khac phyc dugc mdt sd han ehe Diem dang tiec nhat, cudn sach cdn nhieu so suat ve bien tap ky thuat Ben canh cac ldi chfnh ta nhd (trang 93 ddng tren xudng; trang 123 ddng dudi len) thi ldi nghiem trgng nhat nam d tua de chuong IV (trang 105) Viec sira chua, in dinh chfnh kem theo cudn sach vdn thudng thay cdng tac xuat ban, dang tiec lai bi Nha xuat ban bd qua Cudn sach cd sd lugng bang bieu va anh tu lieu phong phii va cd gia trj tu lieu Tuy nhien chii thich anh 11 dudng nhu chua that thda dang Hai bang 11 va 12 (trang 113) cd the bd di cdt "ghi chii" de trdng Mdt sd cau d trang 47, cd the ldi bien tap nen ndi dung khdng ro Mac du cd mdt sd han ehe vira neu tren, cudn sach da nhan dien "cai ly" ciia ngudi Hmdng mang tfnh he thdng, hudng den ban chat tiep can nghien ciiu vdi the manh cua nganh Dan tdc hgc Dat van de mdi tuong quan day mau thuan: gift "ly cii" hay theo "ly moi", eudn sach da thao luan va ddng gdp cau tra ldi thii vi ve hien tugng ngud;i Hmdng voi anh hudng eua dao Tin Lanh bdi eanh hien ... My, phan tfch dudng du nhap cua Tin Lanh vao Viet Nam va vao cac vung ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd qua cae thdi ky lich sir: trudc nam 1954, 195 4-1 975, 1975 tdi Cac tac gia tap trung lam ro anh hudng... hudng ciia dao Tin Lanh Trong dd, ban chat cua viec tiep thu "ly moi" hay cai dao theo Tin Lanh la phong trao "don Vua ra" hay "xung Vua" eua ngudi Hmdng ket hgp vdi su lgi dyng phong trao eiia... trang 123 ddng dudi len) thi ldi nghiem trgng nhat nam d tua de chuong IV (trang 105) Viec sira chua, in dinh chfnh kem theo cudn sach vdn thudng thay cdng tac xuat ban, dang tiec lai bi Nha xuat