46 Nghien cuu Ton giao Sd3 2010 T H d l Sir TOI^ GIAO V€ CUOC XUNG DOT SRC TOC TON GiriO • • • O NIGCRin HI€N NDV T r o n g n h f l n g n g a y t h a n g d d u n d m 2 0 1 0 , b a o chf de c a p n h i d u tdi n h f l n g cuge t h a m s a t d d m m a u gifla mdt b e n k n h f l n g ngfldi t h e o I s l a m giiio t h u d c hai bd tgc H a u s a va F u l a n i vdi b e n kia k n h f l n g ngu'di t h e o Kitd giao t h u d c bg tgc B e r o m Lich su' q u a n h e va x u n g dot sde tgc tdn giao d d a t[.]
46 Nghien cuu Ton giao Sd3 - 2010 T H d l Sir TOI^ GIAO V€ CUOC XUNG DOT SRC TOC - TON GiriO • • • O NIGCRin HI€N NDV NGUYEN VAN DUNG'*' T rong nhflng t h a n g ddu ndm 2010, bao chf de cap nhidu tdi nhflng cuge t h a m s a t ddm m a u gifla mdt ben k nhflng ngfldi theo Islam giiio thudc hai bd tgc H a u s a va Fulani vdi ben k nhflng ngu'di theo Kitd giao thudc bg tgc Berom Lich su' q u a n he va x u n g dot sde tgc - tdn giao d d a t nflde C h a u Phi ndy da dien r a t r o n g nhieu the' kf nhflng van chfla cd hdi ket t h a m chf cang dien nghiem trgng h d n ' " Nigeria k mgt nflde cdng hda lien bang, da d a n tgc, da tdn giao Theo sd'thd'ng ke ndm 2000 Cdng hda Lien b a n g Nigeria cd s d ' d a n k 123.3 trieu ngfldi vdi k h o a n g 500 sac tgc t r o n g dd ngfldi H a u s a chie'm 21,3% ngfldi Yoruba chie'm 21.3%, ngfldi Ibo chie'm 18%) ngufdi F u l a n i chie'm 11,2%,v.v tin dd I s l a m giao chiem 43%, tfn dd Kitd giao (bao gdm cd Cdng giao va Tin L a n h ) chie'm 35%n d a n sd'Nigeria'-' Xung dot sac tgc - tdn giao thifdng xuj'dn nd dgc theo k h u vflc Vanh dai Gifla d mien T r u n g Nigeria Diiy la mgt dai da't n a m gifla mien Bac Islam giao va mien N a m Kitd giiio Nhflng ngfldi d a n thude eac d a n tde thieu so' nhfl Berom, T a n g a l e Tarok.v.v k nhflng cfl d a n dia phfldng theo Kitd guio Cdn nhflng ngfldi d a n t h e o I s l a m giao de'n d i n h cfl tiai d a y tfl mien Bac Nigeria, e h u ydu k cac tgc ngfldi H a u s a va P^ulani N h u n g ngfldi k h o n g nhflng k h d n g mud'n hdi n h a p vao van hda cua ngfldi d a n dia phfldng, ma cdn yeu cdu ap d u n g l u a t S h a r i a t tai cac b a n g cua V a n h dai Gifla Sd' d a n cua nhflng tgc ngfldi tfl mien Bdc den dinh cfl d k h u vflc n a y n g a y mgt ddng LIg lap cac k n g mac n e n g , xa ndi cuf t r u cua cac sde tgc dia phfldng va c h u ye'u k m nghe chan nudi Cdn cfl d a n dia phfldng chu ydu liim ndng n g h i e p Ngfldi d a n dia phfldng theo Kitd giao lo ngai de'n mdt luc nao dd se trd t h a n h t h i e u sd'd chfnh t r e n que hfldng ban q u a n eua m i n h vii da niii't the vfldt trdi vd d a n so' va chfnh tri thi cd n g h i a k hg se m a t q u y e n kidm soat da't dai ngudn sd'ng chfnh cua hg Cdn ddi vdi nhflng ngfldi I s l a m giao d e n tfl mien Bdc iNigeria, c a n g n g a y hg c a n g cdng k h a i y dd ndm q u y e n eai tri d dia phfldng ma hg deii d i n h cfl t h a y ddi t r a t tfl chfnh tri xa hdi g i a n h quydn k i e m soat dii't dai t h i e t lap chfnh q u y d n I s l a m giao, d a y Ifli * TS Vien Ngluen ciru Ton giiio Xem: Do Trgng Quang Qium lie gnla nhi gida vd v«c tde d Nigeria Tiip chi Nghien ciru Tdn •Jido so - 2007 tr 40 - tr 48 Tir che'n bdch khoa Viet Nam Ha Noi N.xb Tir dieii biich khoa tr tr 278: va D6 'I'ronsz Quail" bdd tr46 ' "" Nguyen Van Dung Ve cudc xung dot ngfldi Kitd giao dia phfldng Cudc xung dot gifla ngfldi d a n dia phfldng vdi nhflng ngfldi den d i n h cfl d k h u vflc V a n h dai Gifla, theo n h a n xet cila Tong giam muc Giao p h a n Abuja (thu dd Nigeria) J o h n Onaiyekan, vdi Dai p h a t t h a n h Vatican, " k cudc xung dot k i n h nien gifla ngfldi chan nudi va ndng d a n cdng t h e m viee ngfldi F u l a n i theo Islam giao, cdn ngfldi Berom theo Kitd giao"'" Bao chf dfla tin vao t h a n g Gicng n a m 2010, tai t h a n h p h d Jos t h u phu bang Plateau da xay r a mdt cudc t h a m sdt d a m mau gifla nhflng ngfldi theo Islam giao va nhflng ngfldi theo Kitd giao Ldn xdn t h a n h phd' Jos b a t ddu tfl 17 t h a n g Gieng vd keo dai mac dfl q u a n ddi da dfldc dieu ddng tdi, nhflng bao lflc da k h d n g dfldc ngdn chan kip thdi Hg bdn va chem giet n h a u b a n g sung, bdng dao, n h a cfla, t h a n h dfldng Islam giao, n h a thd Kitd gido bi dd't p h a t a n hoang Theo thdng biio cua cac bac si vd nhflng ngfldi bao ve luat p h a p thudc td chflc H u m a n Rights Watch (Ngfldi bao ve n h a n quyen), cudc t h a m sat d t h a n h p h d ' J o s k m thiet miing 492 ngfldi, dd phdn ldn k tfn dd Islam giao Cdn theo sd' lieu cfla cdnh sat, cd 326 ngfldi chet va 313 ngfldi bi bdt giam Bao This Day cila Nigeria cho bie't vu t h d m sat da k m cho gdn 40 nghin ngfldi cua t h a n h p h d ' J o s ma't n h a cufa'" Cudc xung dot sde tgc - tdn giao ndy da gay r a mgt t h a m hga n h a n dao qua ldn Day khdng phai k cudc x u n g dot sde tgc tdn giao ddu tien xdy d Nigeria t h a p kl qua Rieng d t h a n h phd' Jos trflde dd da xay hai cudc d u n g tfldng tfl Nhfl da neu d tren, t h a n h phd' Jos k thu phfl cua b a n g P l a t e a u , n a m d k h u vflc V a n h dai Gifla thudc midn Bdc 47 "Nigeria Islam giao", dd dan cfl cua t h a n h phd' dai da so' k ngfldi Kitd giao N a m 0 , nhflng ngfldi Kitd giao cfla t h a n h phd' td thai p h a n no trflde viec mdt tfn dd Islam giao, dng Alkaji M u k t a r Mohammed, dfldc bd n h i e m k m dieu phdi vien dia phfldng cfla chfldng t r i n h lien b a n g chd'ng ddi ngheo Vay k x u n g dot xay va ket qua k m k h o a n g 900 ngifdi che't ca tfn dd Islam giao lan tfn dd Kitd giao Tiep dd t r o n g t h a n g 11 n a m 2008 cung till t h a n h pbjd' Jos, mdt cudc xung dot nfla da xay k m gdn 400 ngfldi che't Nguyen nhari'kay xung dot k ket qua cudc bdu cfl dia phfldng nhflng ngfldi Islam giao vd Kitd giao flng hd cdc flng cfl vien khac n h a u cfla hg Trong t h a m hga ldn ( t h a n g Gieng n a m 2010), chfla d a m xac dinh cu the ngfldi phfa nao k h i e u khfch trflde Theo mgt nhflng ngudn tin mdt sd t h a n h nien Islam giao bi chgc tfle va ndi gian dd't chay mdt n h a thd Kitd giao k m chet 27 tfn dd Kitd giao va sau dd cudc t h a m sdt da xay Cdn theo mdt ngudn tin khac dfldc n h a bao M o h a m m e d H a r u n a cdng bd' t r e n td The Nation, thi ldi gay r a cudc xung dot lai k nhflng ngfldi Kitd giao Theo td bao nay, nhflng tfn dd Kitd giao k ngfldi dia phfldng (indigenes) da td t h a i t h u dich ddi vdi y dinh cua mdt ngfldi Islam giao de'n dinh cfl (settler), dng Alhaji Kabir M u h a m m a d , mud'n dufng lai ngdi n h a cfla minh bi tan pha cudc x u n g dot n a m 2008 H i n h nhfl, chfnh vi ngdi n h a nay, chfnh vi ngfldi dia phfldng Kitd giao khdng mud'n sd'ng c h u n g vdi nhflng ngfldi I s l a m giao Thanhnien online Nigeria sdiig cluing rdi hgci luc Http:// uww Thanhiiicn.com.vn/new.s/3/18/2010 I'heo: Http:// religion.ng.ru/problems/2010-0203/6- miichctc.html 48 tdi dinh cuf nen da xay tranh eai va ket qua ddn den tham sat dam mau Tren thfle te rii't khd ed the xae dinh chfnh xac ngudn gd'c cila cuge xung dot, vi cac ben ddu dd ldi cho Nhflng qua nhflng gl da xdy ra, ta tha'y rd mdt didu; Cudc tham sat dien ro rang khdng phdi tfl nguyen nhan tdn giao Tham kich xay khdng bat ddu tfl tranh cai vd thdn hge, khdng bat ddu tfl suf xflc phiim tinh cam tdn giao hay tfl nhflng bflc tranh bie'm hga 1;ren bao chf O day, qua nhflng gi dien ta lai tha'y nd k mdt cudc xung dot sau sde vd sac tgc - chfnh tri dfldi vd bgc tdn giao Abuji Kabir Mate, giao sfl dai hgc cua phd Jos cho rang, nguyen nhan cua nhflng cudc xung dot chfnh k "sfl khac biet vd kinh td, sfl that vgng vd chfnh tri va sfl thd d vd xa hdi"'" Theo ldi vi giao sfl nay, giai doan khung khoang kinh te trdm trgng ngfldi ta thfldng khdng nhin vao ngudn gdc thflc sfl van dd cua minh md lai hanh dgng dinh hfldng vao nhflng sfl khac biet rd ret nha't gifla eac nhdm ngfldi va trfldng hdp d phd' Jos, dd la nhung khac biet tdn giao Vay d phd' Jos ndy, dd k nhflng nhdm ngfldi nao va k ngfldi cam tha'y minh "bi chen ep"? Ddi vdi bang Plateau, nhin chung van dd ngfldi tfl ndi khac tdi ngfldi den dinh cfl (settlers) k van dd thdi sfl Dd k bd tgc Fulani k m nghd chdn nudi du mue va tgc ngfldi Hausa Ngfldi Hausa chiem da so' d mien Bdc Nigeria Hg den dinh cfl d at d bang Plateau vao ddu the ki XX Ngfldi Hausa k nhflng thfldng gia va doanh nhan dat Cac diii dien eua tgc ngfldi Hausa sd hflu nhieu md thiee d bang Plateau va vi vay viee di dan cila hg de'n bang difdc thflc dan Anh ilng hd Nghien ciiu Ton giao Sd3 - 2010 Theo Tunde Fagbenle, phdng vien bao Nigeria Tribune, ngfldi Hausa da ap dat dfldc nhflng tgc ngfldi dia phfldng (indigenes) ndi tieng Hausa, nhflng chfla ep huge dfldc hg theo Islam giao, tdn giao eila ngfldi Hausa Trong sud't nhflng ndm 60 cila the ki XX, d Nigeria da xdy nhflng eugc ndi chien keo dai Mgt loat eugc ddo chfnh lien tuc xay Thang ndm 1963, Ahmudu Bello, Thii tfldng ngfldi midn Bdc Nigeria tien hanh cudc van ddng Islam giao hda Nigeria Nhflng cudc van dgng khdng thu dfldc ket qua nhfl mong mud'n ma ngfldc lai nd cdn k m sau sac them mau thuan gifla cac tde ngfldi thieu so' vdi toe ngfldi Hausa Fulani Ndm 1966, Ahmudu Bello hi giet mdt eude ddo chfnh quan sfl va sfl kien trd tin mflng cho eac khu vflc dan tgc thieu so' Tuy nhien, eac tdng ldp tren cila Islam giao van tiep tuc lanh dao cae bang midn Bdc Nigeria va chi tdi nam 1999, quyen lflc chfnh tri d Nigeria chuyen xud'ng mien Nam eua nhflng ngfldi Kitd giao, thi nflde mdi trd lai ehe dan chu sau 15 nam gidi quan sfl ndm quyen De daji lai viec mgt ngfldi Kitd giao dfldc bdu k m Td'ng thd'ng Nigeria, Nghi vien cfla 12 bang mien Bde da thdng qua nhflng diao luiit mdi nhdm tiep tue Islam giao hda nflde va van ddng ap dung luat Shariat Hau qud eua hanh ddng da dan den sfl ddi ddu va sfl ngd vfle ldn gifla eac cgng ddng sde toe - tdn giao Vd mat kinh td cflng vao nhflng nam 60, the kf XX, tiai Nigeria da phat hien ddu lfla, cdn cac md thie'c lflc dd da khdng cdn mang lai nhieu ldi nhuan nfla cho nflde Nhflng ngfldi Hausa ndng ddng, thao vat da n h a n h ehdng chuyen sang -S Http: // religion.ng.rii/problem.s/2010-02-03/6machete html Nguyen Van DQng Ve cuoc xung dot linh vflc kinh doanh khac Ndu nhfl trflde dd gifla nhflng ngfldi Hausa Islam giao vdl nhflng tgc ngfldi dia phfldng tdn tai mdt "sfl phan cdng lao ddng" thi gid day hg bude phai trd ddi thu canh tranh cua Chfnh vi vay ma mau thudn gia tang Ngfldi Hausa cho rdng ngfldi dia phfldng, thf du nhfl bd tgc Berom, dang ghen ti vdi suf dat va tai kmh doanh cua hg Cdn ngifdi Berom lai phu nhan dieu va cho rdng ngfldi Hausa ldi dung suf ung hd ve mat chi'nh tri cfla mien Bdc va mud'n ep huge ngfldi dia phfldng theo nhflng luat le Islam giao eila hg, dd cd luat Shariat Han thu dfldc tfch tu lai mdt nhieu Mdt mat, ngfldi dia phfldng the hien sfl khdng hai long cua hg ddi vdi sfl banh trfldng kinh te cila ngfldi den dinh cfl, mat khac, nhflng ngfldi de'n dinh cfl lai td rd sfl khdng hai long eua hg ddi vdi sfl mat can ddi gifla anh hfldng kinh te va anh hfldng chfnh tri cua lien minh cac bd tgc Hausa Fulani tai bang Plateau Vd the la nhflng cudc xung dot da nd ddu thien nien ki thfl ba Nha chay, mau dd, cdn Islam giao va Kitd giao da trd thdnh da'u hieu, am hieu de nhflng ngfldi dan nhan biet dau la "ngfldi cfla minh" va dau la "ngfldi cila hg" nhflng cudc thdm sat lan mgt each tdn bao Nhflng phd' Jos khdng phai k ndi nha't cfla bang Plateau xay nhflng cudc xung dot gifla nhflng ngfldi Islam giao va nhflng ngfldi Kitd giao Bao chf Nigeria cho tdi van cdn nhae tdi vu tham sat ghe ngfldi tai thi tra'n lelva Ngay thang ndm 2004, eac tfn dd Kitd giao thudc bd tgc Tarok da bao vay thi tran lelva, ndi chil yeu la ngfldi Islam giao thudc bg tgc Fulani sinh sd'ng Vu tan sat da lam eho 660 ngfldi Islam giao bi thiet 49 mang Nhflng ngfldi Tarok da tan cdng ca nhflng benh nhan tai mgt benh vien cua dia phfldng Hg da dd't 12 giao dfldng Islam giao cung 300 ngdi nha, ep huge cac thieu nfl ngfldi dia phfldng ud'ng rfldu, an thit ldn rdi cfldng hiep va giet chet hg'*'' Hai ndm trflde dd, nhflng tin dd Islam giao da dot nha thd tai thi tra'n lelva De tra thfl, cac tfn dd Kitd giao da ta'n cdng cae ed sd sdn xua't cila nhflng ngfldi thudc bd tgc Hausa tren todn lanh thd cua bang Plateau Tien nha thd thu cho hoat dgng truyen giao da dfldc dflng vao viec mua vu khf cho cac vu xung dot Theo nhan xet cua hai nha khoa hgc d dai hgc Cambridge la Rojer Blench va Mallam Dendo, cudc xung dot gifla bg tgc Fulani lam nghe chan nudi vdi nhflng cfl dan k m ndng nghiep d bang Plateau luc dau chi thudn tfly mang tfnh chat sinh boat hang ngay''' Sfl phat trien ndng nghiep d bang Plateau dan tdi •viec nhflng chu trang trai dia phfldng phai khai khan nhflng dai ddt dgc theo cac trien sdng, ndi ma trflde dd ngfldi Fulani chdn tha cac dan gia sfle cila minh O cac vung ndng nghiep, nhflng mau thudn nhfl vay ne'u dfldc giai quye't tfl ddu thi nd se dfldc khde phuc rat nhanh va khdng de lai hau qua nghiem trgng Nhflng d day, sfl bat binh nga'm ngdm dfldc tfch tu lai va dan den nhflng vu ldn xdn d cac phd' cung nhfl d cac vflng thdn que, tfl dd dan tdi viec dung dao bua dd gidi quydt mau thuan Vu thdm sat ddu thang nam 2010 vfla qua tai cac k n g Dogo Nabawa, Zot va Ratsat gdn thu phfl Jos cua bang Plateau da k m trdm trgng them nhflng cudc xung ddt sde tgc - tdn giao dfldc xem la khdng Tlieo: Http:// religion.ng.ru/problems/20IO-0203/6 - machete.html Theo: Http:// religion.ng.rLi/problems/2010-0203/6 - machete.html 50 cd ldi thoat d Nigeria Hang trdm ngfldi tiep tue hi giet hai, khoang 200 nien bi bat de tham van hi nghi ngd da tham gia vu tham sat Theo Ikeehuk Wu Aduba, ngfldi lanh dao cdnh sat dia phfldng, sd nhflng ngfldi bi bat, ngoai mgt sd' ke giet thue, sd cdn lai deu tinh nguyen tham gia eac vu bao lflc Ngfldi cho rdng, hiem hoii van cdn treo tren ddu nhflng ngfldi edn sdng sdt d eac lang ndi tren, vdng xoay dd't nha, giet ngfldi va trd thfl van chfla cham dflt Qua dung nhfl viiy! Theo ngudn tin cfla Dai phat Nigeria dfldc AFPddn lai, gdn chuc sau dd, nhflng ngfldi chdn gia sue theo Islam giao da cdi trang k m quan nhan ta'n cdng vao mdt ngdi lang cua ngfldi Kitd giao thuge bd tgc Berom d bang Plateau, gdn ndi xay vu thdm sat thang ndm 2010 Llau qua la ft nhat 13 ngfldi bi giet, phdn ldn la phu nfl va tre em Gidi trf thflc va nhd bao Nigeria cung cd chung nhan dinh nhfl cdnh sat bang Plateau Hg deu thd'ng nha't nhan dinh rang, nhflng cudc thdm sat tfldng tfl cd the lap lai bat ki lflc nao, nhufng khdng bie't cdn phai lam the nao de ngan chan dfldc bao lufc xay Cd ngfldi thi keu ggi cdn phai khac phuc sfl phan biet gifla ngfldi dia phfldng vdi ngfldi den dinh cfl cd ngfldi thi lai cho rang cdn phai ehia tach bang Plateau hai vflng, vflng cua ngifdi Islam giao va vflng cila ngfldi Kitd giao Nha bao Abdulmumuni lynka Ajia lai cho rang, tam If sd hai trflde nhflng ngfldi xa la k mdt bd phan cua trang thai tam than cua ngfldi dan midn Bde Nigeria: "Ba't ki ngfldi nao khdng thudc ve bd toe cfla anh thi ngfldi dd ludn suy nghi tim each tieu diet anh" Ajia da neu mgt so' trfldng hdp nhflng tin ddn binh thfldng da kfch thfch ngfldi hanh ddng Thf du tiii bang Bauchi vao ndm 1993, dang dem cae sinh Nghien ctru Ton giao Sd3 - 2010 •vien ngfldi Kitd giao nghe tha'y tin ngfldi Islam giao ehuan bi giet hg, the la hg chay vdi khdi kf tfle xa; eung lflc dd, eac sinh vien ngfldi Islam giao d kf tuc xa da mat ngu ea dem ngdi chd sfl tham sat tfl phfa nhflng ngfldi Kitd giao"^' Nhflng sfl kien dang dien hien d phd'Jos eua Nigeria khdng dinh rdng, nggn lfla ban thfl bung chay hoan toan nhflng tin ddn dien rd NhQng ngfldi Kitd giao keu ggi khdng mua thufc pham ciia nhflng ngfldi Islam giao bdi vi nhflng ngfldi Islam giao hinh nhfl da bd thud'c ddc vao nhflng thflc pham dd Hay mgt tin ddn khac Cd dd ndi vdi nhflng ngfldi Islam giao rdng Thd'ng dd'c bang Plateau Ga ngfldi Kitd giao) da lenh ddng dfldng d'ng dan nflde cua nhflng ngfldi thuge bo tgc Hausa The la hau qua khung khie'p da xdy Hdng tram ngfldi bi gie't, hang nghin ngfldi ma't nha cfla Vdi mdt gigng cay ddng, nha bao Abdulmumuni lynka Ajia nhan xet; " Luc dia cua chiing tdi da tiing bi ngfldi Chau Au cfldng bflc nhflng hicn ehiing tdi lai tfl cfldng bflc chi'nh minh Dfldc nguy trang bdi sde tgc va nhflng tdn giao ngoai nhap, ngfldi dan Chau Phi dang gay eho minh mgt ndi dau chfla tifng tha'y va dang tieu diet chfnh minh"''" va nhfl ehung ta da tha'y, tinh hinh ndng bdng khdng chf d bang Plateau Tiii thil dd Abuja eila nflde nay, cudc tranh gianh quyen lflc dang ndng len tiing gifla quyen Tdng thd'ng Goodluck Jonathan mdi len ndm quyen vdi Tdng thd'ng Amaru Yai^'Adua hi benh nang khdng the tiep tue cai quan dat nflde Da't nflde Nigeria vdn tiep tuc vdng xoay bao lflc dfldi vd bgc sde tgc - tdn giao, nhfl chfnh ngfldi Nigeria da nhan xet./ Theo: Http:// religion.ng.ru/problems/2010-0203/6 - machete.html Theo: Http:// religion.ng.ru/problem,s/20]0-0203/6 - machete.html ... them nhflng cudc xung ddt sde tgc - tdn giao dfldc xem la khdng Tlieo: Http:// religion.ng.ru/problems/20IO-0203/6 - machete.html Theo: Http:// religion.ng.rLi/problems/201 0-0 203/6 - machete.html... nflde Da't nflde Nigeria vdn tiep tuc vdng xoay bao lflc dfldi vd bgc sde tgc - tdn giao, nhfl chfnh ngfldi Nigeria da nhan xet./ Theo: Http:// religion.ng.ru/problems/201 0-0 203/6 - machete.html... ndng ddng, thao vat da n h a n h ehdng chuyen sang -S Http: // religion.ng.rii/problem.s/201 0-0 2-0 3/6machete html Nguyen Van DQng Ve cuoc xung dot linh vflc kinh doanh khac Ndu nhfl trflde dd