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DO TRONG QUANG N hUng nam eud'i thap ky 80, "khach du lich ba Id" sau khi qua hem nui Hd Khieu Hap, ben tren sdng Kim Sa ciia tinh Van Nam, CO the go ciia xin tro tai nha dan dia phUdng Hang chuc trieu ndng dan ngheo vung nay san sang cung cap cho ho nhUng giUdng nam va bUa an t h a n h dam Dan lang tha'y rang dap Ung nhu c l u ciia khach du lich cd the dem lai cho minh mot khoan tien nhd r a t eIn thiet de bd sung cho nghe ddng ang ehi vUa dii so'ng, ma chang c I n lan loi met mdi va ton kem ra[.]
DO TRONG QUANG N hUng nam eud'i thap ky 80, "khach du lich ba Id" sau qua hem nui Hd Khieu Hap, ben tren sdng Kim Sa ciia tinh Van Nam, CO the go ciia xin tro tai nha dan dia phUdng Hang chuc trieu ndng dan ngheo vung san sang cung cap cho ho nhUng giUdng nam va bUa an dam Dan lang tha'y rang dap Ung nhu clu ciia khach du lich cd the dem lai cho minh mot khoan tien nhd rat eIn thiet de bd sung cho nghe ddng ang ehi vUa dii so'ng, ma chang cIn lan loi met mdi va ton kem phd de tim mot cdng viec tam thdi va dly bat trac Nam 2005, mot giUdng nam d mot nha tro khdng dat qua 20 Nhan dan te, nhUng mdn tien nhd mon dd ciing giiip dan lang thoat ndi cd cue Ngay nay, dan dia phUdng phuc vu cang nhieu khach "du Ijch ba Id" b l n g each md ciia hang, ran banh chud'i, ban hang thii cong va chd khach bang ngiia, tao nen mot nen kinh te khiem ton cd Idi cho ca minh lan khach Tuy phIn Idn dan cU cdn ngheo so vdi mien Ddng Trung Qud'c nhUng du Ijch da giiip ho giam nhe canh b i n h an No liic giam ngheo cd hieu qua triic tiep, mot phan 26 Idn so' tien ma khach du lich chi tieu de tham quan dUdng tren Hd Khieu Hap da giiip tang thu nhap d nong thdn, chang ddng gdp nhieu cho cac hinh thiic phat trien nhU cdng nghiep hda, dd thj hda, tang GDP DUdng dudi ciia Ho Khieu Hap thi khac ban, dUdng lat be tdng ton kem nay, dUde chinh quyen dja phUOng xe vao sUdn nui each day tren mUdi nam, ddi hdi phai siia lien tuc Id da't, nhUng nhieu doan du khach Trung Qud'c di lai da lam tang khd'i lUdng du lich khu viic Xe buyt dUng lai giiia dUdng vao hem nui, cho phep du khach xudng xe chup anh lUu mem Ndng dan dja phUdng tham gia phuc vu du khach bang each ban hoa qua, nUde udng va hang thii cdng, hoac khieng ho xud'ng ven sdng bang kieu, nhUng nhieu ngUdi thich di bo qua khu viic sau mua mot tam ve 30 Nhan dan te eiia mot cdng ty tu nhan Du lich cd the giam ngheo nhU the nao? Du lich la mot nganh kinh te quan trong, cung cap 12% viec lam tren the gidi, tao cd hoi cho dan dia phUdng ban hang hda va phuc vu tnic tiep du khach nUde ngoai va nUde, da dang hda NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 7(95) - 2009 Phat then du Ijch va xoa do! giam ngheo kinh te , thu hiit moi ngUdi den tham quan di san van hda va thien nhien Cac qudc gia dang phat trien chii y nhieu tdi cac nhan to' hap dan khach du Ijch nUde ngoai Theo y kien cua To chUe Du Ijch The gidi, thi "khach du lich thUdng den cac vung xa de tim hieu gia tri van hda cao, chim mudng, thu rUng va phong canh Mot nhflng cua cai cua ngUdi ngheo la di san van hda, chim mudng va thii rUng cua ho; du Ijch tao cd hoi Idi dung nhUng cua cai dd" Dia diem du Ijch cd the gdp phan giam ngheo bang each giiip cdng ddng dia phUdng nam dUde thi trUdng du Ijch, tao viec lam va phat trien ele nghe kinh doanh nhd Tuy nhien, nhieu dia diem du lich n l m d vung ngheo nhUng chUa chic phat huy hieu qua giam ngheo, vi nd cdn thudc d chd ngUdi ngheo cd the tham gia phuc vu khach du Ijch khdng Ta hay la'y hai tinh Van Nam va Quy Chau de tim hieu hieu q u i ciia du Ijch dd'i vdi giam ngheo va tang trUdng kinh te TU Ke hoach nam lln thU bay (1985-1990), Trung Qude da sii dung du Ijch lam mot cdng cu phat trien, each td chiic va phan bd du lich tai dja phUdng cd nhieu tac dung giam ngheo va tang trudng kinh te NhUng du Ijch dem phdn vinh den cho nhieu ngUdi, thi no lai lam tang khoang each phat trien gifla mien Ddng va mien Tay Trung Qudc Hdn nfla, tinh trang bat binh dang cac khu vUc ndng thdn cua ciing mot vung cdn t r i m them, nhu d Tay - Nam Trung Qudc NGHIEN CUV TRUNG QUOC sfl 7(95) • 2009 Tii nhUng nam 1990, mac diu tang trUdng kinh t e cua V an Nam vUdt xa Quy Chau, nhUng ti le ngheo d Quy Chau lai giam nhanh hdn ti le ngheo cua Van Nam vUdt Quy Chau nam 1996 Du Ijch khdng hoan toan chiu trach nhiem ve tinh trang nay, nhUng cd ca'u va sii phan bd' ciia nd cd mot vai trd dang ke viec tao sU khac biet giUa tang trUdng kinh te va giam ngheo Ndi chung d Quy Chau, sii phan bd'va cd cau cua nganh du lich tnic tiep ddng gdp vao giam ngheo d ndng thdn nhieu hdn gdp phIn tang trUdng kinh te Trai lai, nganh du Ijch rong Idn ciia Van Nam lai thuc day tang trUdng kmh te ciia tinh, ddng gdp rat it cho giam ngheo Ket qua nghien eUu d thiic dja, nhieu cudc phdng vln quan chUe, hoc gil va ndng dan tai cac khu vUe du Ijch d hai tinh tU nam 2003 den nam 2005 cho thay t i m quan trong ke hoach ciia chinh quyen dd'i vdi viec djnh hudng cac dja diem du Ijch Hieu qua ciia du Ijch ddi vdi phat trien kinh te d hai tinh chang phai la ngau nhien, ma la ket qua tnic tiep ciia chinh sach Trung Udng, tinh va dia phUdng de ra, djnh hinh cd ca'u va sU phan bd cac dia diem du lich tai mdi tinh Du lich giai thich phIn nao cho tang trUdng kmh te va giam ngheo tai Van Nam va Quy Chau cd the khien nhieu ngUdi ngae nhien Van Nam la mot nhflng diem du Ijch ndi tieng cua Trung Qud'c, sd' du khach nUdc ngoai den tinh tang tfl 210.000 ngUdi nam 1991 len 742.527 ngUdi nam 1996, hdn 2,1 trieu ngUdi nam 2001, cang nhieu du 27 DO TRONG QUANG khach nUde ngoai den Trung Qud'c nhap bon vdi mot so' Idn "ngUdi du lich ba Id" tai Van Nam Khd'i lUdng du khach Trung Quo'c cung tang nhieu thdi ky nay, tU 11,1 trieu nam 1992 len 45 trieu nam 2001 Gifla nhflng nam 1990, Van Nam diing thfl sau cac diem ha'p dan du lich ndi tieng nha't Trung Qud'c Cac diem du Ijch cua Quy Chau khdng ndi tieng nhu the Trong du lich d tinh tang len d nhflng nam d i u 1980, liic thii phu ciia tinh va thac Hoang Qua Thu Bdc Bd' dUde md chao ddn du khach nUdc ngoai, du lich cua tinh van khdng phat trien nhanh nhU Van Nam Khach du lich nUdc ngoai tdi Quy Chau chi bang mot p h I n du khach tdi Van Nam: 37.453 ngUdi nam 1990, tang len 125.344 nam 1996 Nam 2000, Quy Chau chi thu hiit tU 200.000 tdi 300.000 du khach nUdc ngoai, dflng thfl 24 cac tinh Theo sd' lieu thd'ng ke Trung Qud'c, thi sd' khach du lich nUde den Quy Chau nam 1995 vUdt Van Nam, nhUng dieu dd khd tin vi mac d i u Quy Chau thu hiit cang nhieu du khach, nhUng cac canh dep cua tinh hien ehua dUde nhieu ngUdi biet den Phan bd va co cau dja diem du ijch Tuy nganh du lich Van Nam Idn hdn nhieu, nhUng dai da so' dja diem ndi tieng nha't lai n l m d cac khu viic ndng thdn dUdc cho la khdng ngheo nam 1986, nam d i u tien Quo'c vu vien phan loai cac huyen ngheo va khdng ngheo eiia Trung Qudc Nhu vay, sii phat trien lien tuc 28 cua du lich tai cac khu vUc chii yeu gdp p h I n tang trUdng kinh te, nhUng ddng gdp tUdng dd'i it vao giam ngheo Nam 1982, chinh phu trung Udng Trung Quo'c dUa ba khu viic cua Van Nam vao danh sach cac dii an du lich: Thach Lam, Tay Song Ban Nap va Dai Ly, sau lai them khu viie thU tU la Le Giang nam 1985 TU d i u nhflng nam 1980, phUdng tien tai chinh dUdc tap trung chu yeu vao bon khu viic Cudi nhflng nam 1980, tinh tru tinh md rong so' cac dia diem du lich chii chd't, bao gdm No Giang, DUc Hung, Bao Sdn va Ngoc Khe, cung nhU cic khu viic d mien nam va ddng bac Van Nam NhUng nam 1992, ban lanh dao Van Nam dot nhien thay ddi ke hoach, chu yeu gidi ban vao danh sich ban diu cac dja diem du Ijch T h i n g Nam 1992, Phd thu tudng Ngo Hoc Khiem tdi tham hai so' ele diem dUdc nhieu ngUdi Ua thich nhat va de nghj Van Nam nen "budc vao mot giai doan phat trien mdi", tap trung vao nhflng diem "tUdng ddi ndi tieng", thu hut them d i u tU eiia nUde ngoai de md rong quy md cd sd ting du lich, Cac chuyen tham sau day cua cac nha lanh dao trung Udng tang eUdng them sii phat trien tap trung Trong mot bai ndi chuyen hdi t h i n g Mudi 1995, phd thii tudng liic dd la Chu Dung Cd de nghj Van Nam tiep tuc p h i t trien Cdn Minh, Le Giang, Dai Ly, Tay Song Ban Nap va ca Thuy Le, mot dja diem khdng ngheo Phd thii tudng Chu Dung Cd khuyen cac dja diem nen d i u tU vao dudng sa, khach san va nha hang Nhflng chuyen NGHIEN ClJfU TRUNG QUOC so 7(95) - 2009 Phat trien du ijch va xoa ddi giam ngheo tham cua can bd cao cap dd chi dao hudng di cua nganh du lich Van Nam: tap trung vao cac khu viic dac biet phIn Idn da thoat ngheo, va d i u tu vao nhflng sang kien phat trien dai quy md cd the ddng gdp vao sii phat trien kinh te cua Van Nam Cac nha lanh dao tinh hoan toan nha't tri Mdt bao cao nam 1996 cua giam dd'c cd quan du lich Van Nam la Ly Lde An da neu tiiu cua tinh viec xay diing nganh du lich nam qua Mac d i u nam 1994, cd 73 sd' 128 huyen cua Van Nam bj coi la ngheo, nhUng it huyen so' dd nhan dUdc sii hd trd de phat trien du Ijch Trong sd' mUdi diem du Ijch dUde ban lanh dao Trung Udng cha'p thuan tU nam 1982 den 1994, chi cd hai diem d vung ngheo (khu viic Tam Giang Tinh LUu ngoan muc va khu viic nui liia Dang Sung) tam ndi khac la khu viie khdng ngheo (Thach Lam, hd Dien Tri, Dai Ly, Tay Song Ban Nap, Le Giang, Quy DUdng, sdng Kien Thuy, va Ciiu HUdng Hdn nfla, tinh cdn tap trung nhieu nd lUe phat trien ngoai du lich, ke ca t i n g cd sd giao thdng van tai va y te, vao cac vung khdng ngheo Kieu phan bd dd khien du Ijch gdp p h I n phat trien nhflng vung dac biet dUde tinh tap trung "phUdng tien, nhUng d i u tU va tang trUdng nganh du Ijch chi ddng gdp d mot mfle tha'p hdn cho giam ngheo Trong cac Nam dUde chinh nhieu nha't la ngheo, thi nhieu Quy Chau, ke ca diem du Ijch tai Van phu chii y va d i u tU nhflng huyen khdng dja diem du Ijch ciia nhflng dja diem dUdc NGHIEN ei(U TRUNG 0U6C so 7(95) - 2009 •- nhieu ngUdi Ua thich nha't, lai nam d cac huyen ngheo Trong tam dia diem dUde chon lam diem du Ijch qud'c gia d Quy Chau, thi ba ndi (Hoang Qua Thu, hang ddng ChUe Kim, sdng ChUdng) nam d cac huyen ngheo, ba ndi (hang dong Long Cung, hd Hdng Phong, va khu bao tdn thien nhien Xich Thuy Sa La) nhflng huyen khdng ngheo, hai ndi (sdng Vu DUdng va nui Phan Tinh) nam gifla cac huyen ngheo va khdng ngheo Ngoai ra, mot nhflng yeu td' quan trong chien lUdc ciia Quy Chau la phat trien du Ijch d cac lang dan toe thieu sd' Nhflng lang nam sd' cac diem du Ijch hap dan chu yeu d Quy Chau, ma chinh quyen phat trien d i n d i n bat d i u nhflng nam 1990 Ban quan ly du Ijch ciia Quy Chau xay diing hai dUdng chinh, mot dUdng nhanh phia Ddng de du khach tham quan cac lang dan toe cung vdi Hoang Qua Thu cung cac dja diem du Ijch chu yeu khac, mot dudng nhanh phia Tay d mot sd khu vUc ngheo nhat Trung Qud'c Thi du, hai sd' cac lang thieu sd dUdc nhieu khach tham quan nhat tai mien Tay Quy Chau la Hac Thd va TrUdng Linh Cudng dUdc phat trien bang tien chi nhanh Quy Chau cua Cdng ty LU hanh Hai ngoai cung cap Gifla nhflng nam 1990, mUdi hai lang thieu so d mien Ddng Quy Chau va bay lang tai mien Tay nhanh chdng trd nhflng diem du lich dUdc Ua thich nha't ciia tinh Luc chinh quyen md nhflng lang thieu sd' nay, thi cac lang khac la'y dd lam mau Da sd'cac lang n l m d nhflng huyen bj coi la ngheo, nhU 29 DO TRONG QUANG hai lang d dUdng nhanh phia Ddng, cac lang Lang DUc ThUdng va Tay Giang eiia ngUdi Mieu, nam tai Loi Sdn gifla cac huyen ngheo nha't Quy Chau Gidng nhu tai Van Nam, cac khu viie xung quanh khdng dUdc tnic tiep hudng Idi d cac diem du lich Tuy nhien, ele dia diem cua Van Nam ehii yeu nam d cac khu viic thi va huyen khdng ngheo, thi nhflng dia diem dUde nhieu ngUdi Ua chuong nha't cua Quy Chau, ke ca cac diem du Ijch dUde nha nUdc bao trd, nhflng lang dan toe va nhflng dia diem dUde Ua thich khac, chu yeu nam tai cac khu viic ndng thdn bj coi la huyen ngheo, gdp phIn mang Idi ich kinh te cua du lich tnic tiep den cho dan ndng thdn ngheo Tang cUdng hieu qua cua phan bo', cd ca'u du Ijch cua Quy Chau khuyen khich ngUdi ngheo tham gia phuc vu du lich, dan ngheo tai Van Nam bi gat ngoai nhflng nam gifla den cac nam cudi 1980, nganh du lich Van Nam tai nhieu chd khuyen khich dan dia phUdng tham gia NhUng chang bao lau sau ele khu viic du lich d Dai Ly va Tay Song Ban Nap ehii yeu dUde "khach du lich ba Id" Ua thich, thi chinh quyen dja phUdng can thiep de cung cap t i n g cd sd (dudng sa, khach san va nha hang) nham loi cudn cac loai du khach khac TU gifla nhflng nam 1980, nhieu Idi ich cua nganh du lich khdng den tay dan dia phUdpg Tai Tay Song Ban Nap chlng han, quan chflc Udc tinh r i n g 1540 phIn tram dd cung cap dung nganh du Ijch dUdc dem tU ndi khac den 30 = Nam 1993 cac ban tai chinh va du Ijch cua chinh quyen Van Nam phd'i hdp vdi ehi nhanh dia phUdng cua Ngan hang Trung Qud'c de lap Cdng ty Phat trien Du lich tinh Van Nam, chju trach nhiem thu hut vdn tU ben ngoai va hudng nd vao cac dii I n phat trien du lich chu chd't PhUdng tien du lich d nhflng vung cang hoan hao, ke ca khach san nhieu va nha hang Idn hdn cac budi trinh dien phong tuc dja phUdng, san bay va dUdng cai Idn Tien lai ehii yeu rdi vao tui cac nha d i u tU tU vung bien mien Dong den, cd cd sd d Con Minh, tham chi vao tay mot so' nha diu tu nUdc ngoai, sau nhflng ngUdi quan ly du Ijch Van Nam ap dung nguyen tac "ai d i u tU, phat trien, thi ngUdi dd dUde Idi" Nhflng dii an tang eUdng quy md va Idi ich cua nganh du lich, nhUng dan ndng thon dja phUdng khdng dUde tham gia phuc vu du lich D i u nhflng nam 1990, quy md cua t i n g cd sd bdn khu viic du Ijch chu yeu d Van Nam da Idn, nganh du Ijch chuyen tU "du lich ba Id" sang nganh du Ijch cd td chflc hdn Trong dan ndng thdn dja phUdng tiep tuc lam ngUdi nau bep, h l u ban va quet don d mot sd'khach san va nha hang , thiic pham ma dan ngheo nudi trdng dUde mua de phuc vu du khach, thi mot phIn lai tUdng dd'i nhd den tay ngUdi ngheo Tham chi dan ndng thdn cdn trdng nom mot sd khach san va nha hang nhd, thi nha d i u tU tU vung bien den va chinh quyen dia phUdng v l n la ngUdi hudng Idi nha't tii sii tang trUdng ciia du Ijch Va lai NGHIEN CIJIU TRUNG QUOC sfl 7(95) - 2009 Phat then du Ijch va xda ddi giam ngheo n g a n h du lich d V a n N a m cang da tim each td chUc n g a n h du lich de dan tinh VI, thi nd ddi hdi nhflng ky n a n g ndng thdn ngheo cd the t h a m gia Quy hoan h a o h d n , k h d n g t u y e n d u n g d a n Chau la tinh d i u tien cua T r u n g Qudc ndng t h d n it hoc T i n h t r a n g n a y dUde gan lien du lich vdi giam ngheo T h a n g t h a y tai h l u h e t cac k h u 5-1996, Phd Chii tjeh tinh la Lau Ke Vi viie du Ijch dUdc n h i e u ngUdi Ua thich cua Van N a m , ke ca d ndi mdi dUdc p h a t t r i e n g i n day la HUdng Cach Ly Lap ndi rang: N g a n h du Ijch cd the tao viec lam giai quyet tinh b i n h thieu lUdng thUc Trai vdi n g a n h du Ijch h u d n g ve t a n g n h a n d a n va giam ngheo Nd cung t r u d n g ciia V a n N a m , chinh quyen Quy cd the dem t h u n h a p den cho chinh C h a u tfl d i u nhflng n a m 1990 gan lien quyen dja phUdng, c i i thien sU phat p h a t t r i e n du lich vdi g i l m ngheo d ndng trien lanh m a n h , lien tuc va dn dinh cho thon T h a n g - 1996, chi ma'y t h a n g sau k m h te dja phUdng chuyen thj s a t ndi t r e n d Van N a m , Phd Chinh quyen tinh d u n g khdi lUOng du khach den t h a m q u a n thac Hoang Qua T h u de giam ngheo, t a n g eUdng sii t h a m gia ciia dan ndng thon d chinh dia dicm dd va gan lien dia diem vdi cac diem hap dan du Ijch nhd hdn gan day Tai cac lang thieu so', d a n g le tap t r u n g vao viec xay diing khach san Idn, chinh quyen dia phUdng va tinh t h u d n g md rong nha cUa da cd d day de p h a t t n e n mot kieu du Ijch khac gqi la nong gia lgc Trong hinh thUc du Ijch binh dan nay, khach d nha dan mdc mac, an cdm ngUdi ngheo thdi nau, t h u d n g thflc cac dieu m u a hat va nen van hda dan toe NhU vay, ngoai viec kiem tien tU each ban q u I n ao may b l n g tay, dd t r a n g sfle va nhflng h a n g t h u cdng khac d a n dja phUdng cdn cho k h a c h t n i c tiep d tro n h a minh Trong hinh thflc khdng h a p dan nhieu du k h a c h qud'c te s a n g trong, thi du Ijch nong gia lgc lai cudn h u t nhieu khach t h a m q u a n chju dUng dUdc mot chut k h a m khd T h u t u d n g Chu D u n g Cd k h u y e n q u a n chUe Quy C h a u trai ngUde b a n vdi Idi dng k h u y e n q u a n chflc V a n N a m Trong d V a n N a m , dng k h u y e n q u a n ehUc tinh t a n g cUdng d i u tU cho du Ijch tinh, thi dng ndi d Quy C h a u rang: Du Ijch la mot cac Idi the cua cac ban; cac b a n cd dieu kien p h a t trien khu viic Chi can t a p t r u n g vao vice sii d u n g tdt tai n g u y e n thien nhien ddi dao eiia cac b a n , t h d la du C h l n g e I n d i u t u vao dii thfl dd d i n , nhU khach san s a n g Cac b a n k h d n g e I n lam n h u the Chi c I n bao d a m cac ban xay n h a ve sinh tUdm t a t , gifl cho sach Cai dd vdi mot b u d n g t i m vdi hoa sen tdt la du C h l n g c I n tieu tien mot each thieu t h a n H a y t a p t r u n g vao hieu qua Khi du Ijch p h a t t n e n va dieu kien giao thdng van tai tdt hOn, thi dieu dd mot se la p h d n vinh t h a t sU Dieu t h a t r a la mdt chien lUdc ma cac n h a l a n h dao tinh da thdng qua may Cac yeu to'khac eiia du lich Quy Chau n a m trUdc C h i n h quyen tinh n a m 1992 cung dUdc td chflc de lam Idi cho ngUdi NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 7(95) - 2009 31 DO TRONG QUANG ngheo: thi du, cac ciia hang tieu thu dd thu cong thudng mua san pham tnic tiep tu ndng dan dja phUdng, chU khdng thue thd d ngoai san xua't hang mot nha may Du lich d Quy Chau ndi chung gdp phIn giam ngheo ma chang cIn chi tieu cho cd sd t i n g tdn kem Chlng han, dudng sa dja phUdng dUde lam b l n g phang, md rdng hay tham chi lat dudng hai lan xe, nhUng it tdn kem hdn nhieu so vdi xay diing dudng cai Idn ma Van Nam lam de ndi lien Cdn Minh vdi cac diem du lich chu yeu ciia tinh Loi ich ciia du Ijch Du Ijch cd hieu qua gian tiep nhU tao cdng an viec lam khach san va ciia hieu, dap flng nhu clu ve thiic pham va nhflng ndng san khac, tang thu nhap cho chinh quyen de ddi dai tho cac sing kien giam ngheo That ra, nhflng cai Idi gian tiep ra't han che d mdt so' trUdng hdp Trong cac khu viie du lich cdng ddi hdi nhieu nhan cdng hdn, thi ngUdi khong ngheo (ke ca be ban va ngUdi than ciia cac nha d i u tU tU khu vUc khic den), lai hUdng Idi nhieu nha't, dac biet d nhflng khu viic dUde coi la khdng ngheo Nhu clu tang len ve lUdng thiic cd the lam tang thu nhap ciia nong dan trdng trot nong san hang hda, nhUng hieu q u i gian tiep dd eiia du lich chang dUdc may, nhu tai Tay Song Ban Nap, ndi nhap nhieu lUdng thiic va nhflng hang cung cap khac tU ben ngoai Cudi cung, kho bac cua chinh quyen dja phUdng dly ap tien thue va doanh thu ve du Ijch nhUng thu nhap bd sung it dUde d i u tU 32 vao chUdng trinh giam ngheo Trai lai, nhieu chinh quyen dia phUdng lai diu tU van viec dd thj hda thu phu cua quan huyen, chfl khdng d i u tU d ndng thdn Nhieu tai lieu cho r i n g du lich Quy Chau da that sU giam ngheo Thi du, cac gia dinh d Hac Thd tang thu nhap trung binh theo dau ngUdi lang len rat nhieu tfl nam 1991 den 1993 Vien Han lam Khoa hoe Trung Qud'c ndi rang thu nhap trung binh hang nam theo diu ngUdi tang tU 200 Nhan dan te nam 1992 len 1.200 Nhan dan te nam 1994 d lang Thien Ha Dam, thue thu tU du Ijch chiem mot phan ba ngan sach ciia huyen Thi Dfl lieu lay tU Nien giam thd'ng ke cho phep ta khai quat hda nhflng thi du de ung ho lap luan ciia chinh phii cho ring, du Ijch Quy Chau gilm ngheo nhUng khdng gdp phIn nhieu cho tang trUdng kinh te, thi nganh du Ijch Van Nam nang cao tang trUdng kinh te nhUng khdng ddng gdp nhieu cho giam ngheo Thi du, GDP tren danh nghla ciia Canh Hdng (huyen ly cua Tay Song Ban ,Nap), Dai Ly va Le Giang tang gap nam lln tu 1992 den 2002 Trong dd, GDP cua huyen Tran Ninh d Quy Chau, ndi cd tha c H oang Qu a Thu , chi tang bang mot niia mUc Thflc te la miic tang cham nha't ba diem du Ijch d Van Nam tang nhanh hdn hai phIn ba so vdi huyen du Ijch trung binh tai Quy Chau Va lai, chang huyen nao d Quy Chau (du dUde coi la ngheo hay khdng ngheo) cd the sanh dUde cac khu viic du lich (khdng ngheo) cua Van Nam NGHIEN ClJfU TRUNG QUOC so 7(95) - 2009 Phat then du lich va xda ddi giam ngheo Ldi ich ciia du Ijch V a n N a m dUde tap t r u n g d cac h u y e n k h d n g ngheo va duoc dUa t n i c tiep vao G D P , t r o n g Idi ich ciia du Ijch Quy C h a u dUde trai deu, den cac k h u viic n g h e o n h i e u hOn va giam ngheo d mflc Idn hdn, tUdng dd'i it t a n g trUdng k i n h te Hdn nfla, kieu p h a t trien du lich cua Quy C h a u k h a c vdi Van N a m , hai each p h a t t n e n t r a i ngUde n h a u tdn tai tU cudi nhflng n a m 1980, va cd le v a n n h u t h e trU phi mot tinh t h a y dd'i chien lUde p h a t trien N a m trUdng hdp (ba d V a n N a m va h a i tai Quy Chau) cho tha'y t i m q u a n cua p h a n bo' va cd ca'u t r o n g viec d a n h gia hieu q u a eiia du Ijch ddi vdi t a n g trudng k i n h te va giam ngheo Vdn Nam Tuy Le G i a n g c h i n h thUe dUdc md ddn khach nUdc ngoai n a m 1985, nhUng mai den sau t r a n ddng da't t h i m khde n a m 1996 va liic nd dUdc U N E S C O cdng n h a n la Di s i n t h e gidi n a m 1997, nd mdi n h a n dUdc phUdng tien c I n thiet de t a n g quy md cua du lich Bi nui tuyet Ngoc Long va mot dd thj cd b a p dan, so khach t h a m q u a n den Le Gi a n g t a n g vot tfl 98.000 n a m 1990 (ehii yeu la du Ijch ba Id) len g i n 3,4 t r i e u n a m 2005 Khu vUc n a y q u a dong ngUdi, vdi 2.600 ciia h a n g 2,7 km"' chao b a n dd t h u cdng, dd may mac va ao phdng, tra, h a n g my nghe va nhieu thfl k h a c Tuy tang trUdng nhU vay, nhUng tUdng ddi it ciia cai den tay d a n ndng thdn ngheo t u n g Ve phUdng dien p h a n bd', n a m t r o n g sau h u y e n (ke ca dd thi Le Giang) dUdc cdi la k h dng ngheo NGHIEN ClJrU TRUNG QUOC sd 7(95) - 2009 d a n h sach n a m 1994 Hdn nfla, mac d i u t h e m mot so' dia diem dUde md, ke ca nhflng den chua gan day , nhUng boat ddng du Ijch cdn t a p t r u n g d nui tuyet Ngoc Long va dd thj cd, c l hai ndi deu d g i n k h u viic Le Giang s a t dd, mdt chd r a t it d a n ngheo sinh sdng Sii p h a n bo' khdng cdng b a n g cdn te hdn, du Ijch p h I n Idn k h d n g cho d a n ngheo t h a m gia phuc vu Tuy kien true d dd thi cd dUde tri phong each N a p Tay cd truyen, nhUng nhieu dan dja phUdng cho cac n h a t h i u tU tinh khac den thue, n h a t la cac n h a dau tU tfl vung bien phia Ddng T r u n g Qud'c va tinh TU Xuyen lan can Nhflng ndi nay, cdng vdi 75 khach san cua k h u viic, p h a n Idn nam ngoai t a m tay dan ngheo T h a m chi cac n h a tro ciia "khach du lich ba Id" ciing la sd hUu c-ua ngUdi khdng ngheo hoac tuyen d u n g n h a n vien khdng ngheo H a n g thii cdng ma ngUdi ban goi la dd t r u y e n thd'ng N a p Tay dich thiic cung chu yeu dUde san xua't ngoai khu vUc Nhieu ndng s i n , nhU cac loai nam, dUde hai hoac trdng d cac huyen khdng ngheo xung q u a n h T a t nhien dan ngheo khdng hoan toan bj gat bd khdi nganh du lich d Le Giang NgUdi t r e tudi tU cac khu viic ndng thdn xung q u a n h ngheo hdn den lam n h a n vien ban h a n g d cac khu phd budn ban dd thj cd, t r u n g binh kiem k h o i n g 300 N h a n dan te mdi t h a n g cong vdi cho an ngii, hoac hudng ldi tU n h u c l u ve ndng san Tuy vay, ciia cai dUde tao qua sU p h a t trien n h a n h chdng ciia du lich, sii p h a n bd' va cd cau cua n g a n h du Ijch d Le 33 DO TRONG QUANG Giang van rdt p h I n Idn tien ldi vao tui nha d i u tU cung nhflng ngUdi khong ngheo tfl ndi khac den Tinh hinh d Shrangri-la thi khdng nhu the Chang gidn g nhflng khu viic khac tinh, h l u het cac dia diem du lich tai day nam d cac huyen bi coi la ngheo nam 1986 Khu viie dUde md cho du lich nam 1997, va bdn nam sau, thu nhap cua du lich nhieu hdn tien kiem dUde ciia don go, mot nghe Idn trUdc day, 10 trieu Nhan dan te Shrangri-la bj eoi la ngheo nen nd tieu bieu cho mot cuoc thii nghiem tiem nang cua nganh du lich de giam ngheo Mot eon dUdng Idn va mot san bay nhd dUde hoan cang thuc day du Ijch d vung ndng thdn ngheo nan Mae dau du lich dUde phan bd thuan ldi, nhUng cd cau cua nganh d Shangri-la van ban che sii tham gia cua dan ngheo tai nhflng dja diem dUdc Ua thich nhat, ke ca chua Tung Tan Lam, Bich Thap Hai va hd Thuoc Do Chang ban, mot nhUng ndi ma nhieu ngUdi Ua thich nha't chua Tung Tan Lam, dUde xay diing each day ba the ky, each huyen ly km, khong cho h l u het dan ngheo tham gia phuc vu du lich Ta't ca viec mua ban d trong, nhU ban nhang de le Phat, deu nha chua kiem soat Trong hang chuc gian hang ban dd lUu niem d ben ngoai chi hai ba gian la eiia dan dia phUdng; ngUdi t h I u tfl cac vung bien giau cd cua Trung Qud'c hay tfl Tfl Xuyen den quIn ly h l u het cac ciia hang Khach san bon Songtsam gin dd, mot lien doanh gifla ngUdi Trung 34- Qud'c va ngUdi Singapdre, tuyen dung hdn hai chuc nhan vien, mot niia t\i huyen ly den va mot nUa tfl khu viic khac tdi TUdng tu nhu vay, Bich Thap Hai, mot khu bao tdn thien nhien dUde bao ve, cung chang thue dan ngheo Sau tU tac-xi hoac xe buyt budc xud'ng va mua mot tam ve 30 Nhan dan te, du khach dUdc chd bang mot xe buyt than thien vdi mdi trUdng (va tra them 30 Nhan dan te nfla) tdi khu bao tdn thien nhien va mot cai hd, dUde mot sau hudng dan vien gidi thieu khu viic Chang so'ng khu viic nay, trii vai chuc ngUdi trdng nom vudn, h l u het la dan huyen ly Moi boat dgng, ke ca chd thuyen qua sdng, khach san, tham ehi mot ndi cam trai nhd vdi nhflng tiip nha nhd danh cho khach, cflng ban quan ly vUdn kiem soat Dja diem tUdng tu ve cd ca'u vdi nhflng ndi khac cl Shangri-la: mac d i u dan ngheo sdng gan cac dja diem du lich, nhUng rat it ngUdi dUdc hudng ldi tham chi gian tiep Mot ngoai le la Nap Pha Hai, ndi dan Tang dia phUdng so'ng cac lang ngheo gan day dUa khach bang ngiia qua khu viie d i m lly Tuy di qua khu viic chi mat vai phut, nhUng nhieu khach du lich van tra 30 Nhan dan te de eUdi ngiia quanh dia diem Du khach tra 30 Nhan dan te mua ve ngoai sd tien cU3i ngiia, nhUng nha d i u tU bd tui ta't ca, chi tra cho ngUdi d i n ngiia Nhan dan te Mua nUdc khdng keo dai, d i m cd loai seu cd den va nhflng gidng NGHIEN CllfU TRUNG QUOC sd 7(95) - 2009 Phat then du ijch va xda ddi giam ngheo chim k h a c lam td tfl t h a n g N a m den ngheo duoc hUdng ldi tU du lich Vung t h i n g T a m O m u a k h a c , chim ddng l l y cd nhieu l a n g dan tdc thieu sd d cac bd di ndi k h a c , nude can n h a n h chdng k h u viie ngheo ma chinh quyen tinh md du lich chi cdn thUa t h d t k h a c h Tuy cho k h a c h du lich nhflng nam nhien, d a n dia phUdng dUde h u d n g ldi cudi 1980 va d i u nhflng n a m 1990 Cd true tiep, k h i e n dja diem t h a n h ndi mot lang ngudi Mieu (Viet Nam goi la ngoai le d S h a n g r i - l a NgUdi t h a m gia ngUdi H'mdng), each huyen ly Khai Ly phuc vu du Ijch ndi r i n g ho kiem mdi k h o i n g 30 kildmet, duOc td chflc t h a n h t h a n g k h o a n g 300 N h a n te m u a mot diem du Ijch kieu nong gia ddng k h a c h ya tU 100 den 200 N h a n d a n dd du khach an d cac ngdi te t r o n g m u a v a n g k h a c h , mot mdn tien n h a ndng thdn ddn sd d u n g thflc an d a n g ke d ndi t h u n h a p tha'p d a n ngheo n a u nUdng, t h u d n g thflc mua lgc, Mot dja diem nfla h a p d a n k h a c h du h a t dan toe Dude Cue Du Ijch Uy ban Ijch la N g u y e n DUdng vdi nhflng r u d n g Dan tdc tinh (]uc Van hda va nhflng bac t h a n g dep m a t d a n xen c h a n g chjt ngUdi ban dia da di cU sang vung bien n h a u chay dai q u a nui ddi, nhUng khu T r u n g Qud'c tai trd, lang p h a t t n e n du viie t h i e u tien de xuc tien du Ijch lich theo ldi tri phong each nen t h u h u t r a t it du k h a c h Hdn nfla, kien true cd t r u y e n ciia van hda Mieu chinh quyen h u y e n N guyen Dudng lai cai thien tien nghi phuc vu du rdt tien vao cac khach ca nUde lan nUde ngoai h o a t ddng c h a n g gdp p h I n bao n h i e u vao giam ngheo, ke ca viec di c h u y e n h u y e n ly den ddng bang, la'n vao da't c a n h tac, xay diing mot cdng vien ngoan muc va nhflng k h a c h s a n td'n kem Tien n g h i cho ngUdi du Ijch ba Id cdn thieu thdn, ehi cd mdt h a i n h a tro ddng ciia vi v a n g k h a c h TrUdng hdp N g u y e n DUdng dUdc t h a y tai n h i e u diem du Ijch tiem n a n g k h a c d nhflng k h u viic ngheo, nhU No Giang vdi sdng dep m a t va n e n van hda ban dja Nhflng k h u viic dd cd k h a n a n g giam ngheo b l n g du lich, iihUng thieu tien de xuc tion n g a n h du Ijch dja phUdng Quy cd td ehUc Dd'i vdi moi nhdm, Sd Lfl h a n h Qude te T r u n g Qudc tra cho lang mot le phi cd' dinh dd 20 p h I n t r a m tra cho chi phi, 80 p h I n t r a m p h a n phoi cho nhflng dan lang t h a m gia phuc vu du lich Khach an cung vdi gia dinh, ticn an t r i t n i c tiep cho gia dinh Khach khdng d qua dem cung vdi gia dinh nhU tai cac dicm du lich nong gia lgc ma d cac nh,a d t a p the cd giUdng sach se Xa trUdng tinh nam 2004 r i n g , mot gia dinh t r u n g binh kiem 300 N h a n dan te mdi t h a n g tfl cac nhdm du lich, Chau ban h a n g t h u cdng, nau bfla an tien Trai lai, Quy (]hau cd nhieu dja diem dUde td chflc va Thdng t h u d n g k h a c h den t h a n h nhdm phan bd khien NnHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 7(95) - 2009 -ll nartrrti TTi^mrfrT! mimirs rfiTWFBii dan t h u d n g cho h a t m u a va chup I n h Vi du Ijch dUde d a t d dja diem nay, nen ngudn 35 DO TRONG QUANG thu nhap tien mat chii yeu dd bd sung cho nghe nong tfl tuc va mot so' tien ngUdi nha di xa giii ve Uy Ninh Ben canh cac lang dan toe nhU dia diem ndi tren, tinh cdn td chflc nhflng diem du Ijch tai cac huyen ngheo nhU Uy Ninh, khu viie Cao Hai, mot khu bao tdn thien nhien va chim choc Ve mua ddng, hdn 100.000 chim thuoc 185 loai bay den ddng lly Bay gidng chim bj de doa tuyet chiing, ke ca seu cd den, cd trang va dai bang dudi dai, sdng d day mot thdi gian nam, dUdc mot nhdm nhan vien chuyen nghiep trdng nom Hoat ddng du Ijch sdi ndi, moi nam Udc tinh cd may tram du khach quo'c te va hang nghin khach Trung Qud'c Cach nha't tien ldi de tham quan Cao Hai la di b l n g thuyen thung thue theo gid Them vao dd, cd nhieu thuyen d gifla hd ban an thflc udng, ke cl ca nUdng va thjt quay cung nhU cac "dac san Cao Hai" Cd the tha'y cac nhdm du khach Trung Qud'c, tham chi mua vang khach, thd than tren thuyen gifla dim, an uong thiic pham co truyen va ngam canh Chflng 120 ngUdi dja phUdng tham gia phuc vu du lich d day lap mot hiep hoi de cac thuyen thung khong tranh khach Tien cho thue thuyen dUOc chia cdng bang cho cac hoi vien Ket qua la, nhflng ngUdi dan nong thdn khdng de khach buoc ho giam gia qua tha'p Du khach di lau 36 tren d i m , nen khdng ngai gia ca ma khdng thue thuyen Moi ngUdi tham gia phuc vu du lich kiem khoang 150-180 Nhan dan te mdi thang mua it khach Cong vdi thu nhap tu ddng ang, tien ngUdi nha d xa giii ve cung nhflng ngudn khac, du lich la mot ngudn tien mat quan cho dan ngheo Ket l u a n Nhu ta thay d tren, hieu qua that sii cua du Ijch dd'i vdi tang trUdng kinh te va giam ngheo thudc chien lUdc ma ngUdi ta dung de phat trien nd Nhflng each td chflc va phan bd' khac ciia nganh du Ijch d Van Nam va Quy Chau tac dong den quy mo ma nd giam ngheo hay kich thich tang trUdng Nganh du Ijch Van Nam Idn hdn nhieu nhUng khong ddng gdp dUdc may cho giam ngheo, dd nganh du Ijch Quy Chau nhd hdn da tap trung vao cac khu vUe ngheo NhU vay ta cd the tha'y chien lUdc ciia chinh quyen Trung Udng va tinh da phat huy hieu qua nhu the nao dd'i vdi giam ngheo va tang trudng kinh te TAI LIEU THAM KHAO China: Overcoming Rural Poverty (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2001) The Promise of the Revolution (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield 2003) Asian Ethnicity, Vol.4, No.2 (2003) China Quarterly 2007 NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC SO 7(95) - 2009 ... ba diem du Ijch d Van Nam tang nhanh hdn hai phIn ba so vdi huyen du Ijch trung binh tai Quy Chau Va lai, chang huyen nao d Quy Chau (du dUde coi la ngheo hay khdng ngheo) cd the sanh dUde cac... thii nghiem tiem nang cua nganh du lich de giam ngheo Mot eon dUdng Idn va mot san bay nhd dUde hoan cang thuc day du Ijch d vung ndng thdn ngheo nan Mae dau du lich dUde phan bd thuan ldi, nhUng... Hoang Qua Thu Bdc Bd' dUde md chao ddn du khach nUdc ngoai, du lich cua tinh van khdng phat trien nhanh nhU Van Nam Khach du lich nUdc ngoai tdi Quy Chau chi bang mot p h I n du khach tdi Van Nam: