Tóm tắt luận án: Ve giáp (Acari: Oribatida) ở hệ sinh thái đất cao nguyên Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.

Ve giáp (Acari: Oribatida) ở hệ sinh thái đất cao nguyên Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.Ve giáp (Acari: Oribatida) ở hệ sinh thái đất cao nguyên Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.Ve giáp (Acari: Oribatida) ở hệ sinh thái đất cao nguyên Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.Ve giáp (Acari: Oribatida) ở hệ sinh thái đất cao nguyên Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.Ve giáp (Acari: Oribatida) ở hệ sinh thái đất cao nguyên Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.Ve giáp (Acari: Oribatida) ở hệ sinh thái đất cao nguyên Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.Ve giáp (Acari: Oribatida) ở hệ sinh thái đất cao nguyên Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HA NOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION HA TRA MY ORIBATID MITES (ACARI: ORIBATIDA) IN THE SOIL ECOSYSTEMS AT THE MOC CHAU PLATEAU, SON LA PROVINCE Major: Zoology Code: 942.01.03 SUMMARY OF PH.D THESIS IN BIOLOGY Ha Noi - 2022 This thesis has been completed AT HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION Scientific Advisor: Prof D.Sc Vu Quang Manh Referee 1: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Van Quang Organization: Hanoi University of Sciences-Vietnam National University, Hanoi Referee 2: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien Organization: Vietnam Academy of Sciences and Technology Referee 3: Assoc Prof Dr Pham Dinh Sac Organization: Vietnam National Museum of Nature The thesis will be reported at the school assessment council at Ha Noi National University of education on date month the year 2022 The thesis can be found at: - National Library of Vietnam - Library of Hanoi National University of Education INTRODUCTION Scientific basis and importance of research issues Soil microarthropods, especially oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) are an important component of soil biodiversity, playing an important role in the biological processes that take place in the soil ecosystem Soil oribatid community structures and their changes according to species diversity, population densities as well as vertical and partial distributions, are related to ecosystem conditions Therefore, an analysis of the oribatid community structures as bioindicators of soil quality, and as a factor that can contribute to the sustainable development of the soil ecosystem is a problem of great scientific and practical significance Due to their vital importance, oribatid community structures have been studied actively throughout the world Studies on Vietnam's oribatid community structures (Acari: Oribatida) are not enough, especially those taking part in the Northwest mountainous region The tea plantation at Moc Chau highland area is a good model for this study purpose Based on the scientific and practical importance, my Ph.D proposed study project is: Oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) in the soil ecosystems at the Moc Chau plateau, Son La province Objectives of the study To study species diversity and the change of the Oribatid community structure related to some natural factors and human impact in soil ecosystem at the Moc Chau plateau; and as the scientific basis for sustainable management biodiversity resources and soil ecosystem in Vietnam Research content To study the species diversity and taxonomic structure of the oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) community in the soil ecosystem at the Moc Chau plateau, Son La province and compare with some related areas To study community structure of the oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) and the change according to five habitats: (a) Natural forest, (b) Man-made forest, (c) Scrub and grassland, (d) Cultivated land with perennial crops and (e) Agricultural land with annual crops To study the community structure of the oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) and the change in the years, and the cycle of day - night First step role evaluation of the oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) in the soil ecosystem of the study area New contributions of the thesis The thesis has produced a full list have 151 of known species of the oribatid mite community, belonging to 94 genera, 49 families and 29 order families in the Moc Chau plateau, Son La province Recording 62 species for the first time for the fauna of oribatid mite in Moc Chau plateau, among them 44 species for the first recorded of Vietnam Adding new data on the classification structure of oribatid communes in the study area were analyzed according to level family, genera, species, and compared with the Northeast Red river delta, and Northcentral region of Vietnam Adding new data on the structure of the oribatid commune according to the ecological indicators including the number of species (S), individual average density, species abundance (d), species diversity (H’), Jaccard index (J’), Simpson index (1-lambda) Determining community structures have changed through habitats following the decline of forest cover, through the seasonal cycle of the years, through the cycle of day and night The study has determined six dominant species in the study area, including Arcoppia arcualis (Berlese, 1913), Rostrozetes ovulum (Berlese, 1908), Scheloribates mahunkai Subias, 2010, Perxylobates vietnamensis (Jeleva&Vu, 1987), Masthermannia mamillaris (Berlese, 1904) Tectocepheus minor Berlese, 1903 They can be considered as biological indicators, of the effects of natural factors and human impact on the soil ecosystem in the study area The layout of the thesis The thesis consists of 132 pages, opening pages, 28 overview pages, 12 pages of time, location and research method, 87 pages of results and discussions, pages of conclusions The thesis has 16 tables and 28 pictures, maps, diagram There are 19 reference pages with 41 Vietnamese documents, 115 English documents and 24 other foreign language documents CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW 1.1 Overview of research on Oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) in the world The fauna oribatid of the world currently knows about 11,207 species and subspecies, in more than 1,300 genera and 163 families (Subias, 2020) Europe is the birthplace of this major research with the first studies of Hooke (1665), Koch (1835) up to now, the number of researches works in this continent is still the most In Asia, America, Africa, Australia, the research was studied later, but the number of works also increased rapidly The current trend is to study the oribatid mites in Asia, especially in the tropical regions Research in the Arctic and Antarctica is less than in other parts of the world Research on oribatid mites in island areas is getting more and more attention The main research directions for oribatid mites in the world are fauna research, species diversity investigation is still being increased, besides the publication and description of new species for science and biological characteristics of the oribatid mites Research on morphology - anatomy, biological characteristics - development, reproduction, behavior, paleontology to investigate evolution and phylogeny, use of molecular genetics in taxonomy and evolution, origin and evolutionary tendency, classification, the ecological relationship of the oribatid with the environment, special attention to the role and significance of the bioindicator of they as well as the effects of some groups such as infectious vectors, parasitic helminths The biological geography, recently, the number of species of the oribatid mites recorded by geographical regions in the world decreased in the order: 3.891 Paleárticas > 2.576 Orientales (India - Malaysia) > 2.312 Neotropicales > 1.939 Etiopicas> 1.488 Australians > 1.523 Neárticas > 137 Antárticas and Subantárticas (Subias, 2020) 1.2 Study on the oribatida mite (Acari: Oribatida) in Vietnam Until now, the study of the oribatid mites in Vietnam is about 50 years, it divided into three periods: The period (1967-1986) building the first base for research of the oribatid mites general and Microarthropoda particular in Vietnam This period recorded 73 species Next, the period (1987- 2007) formed an in-depth research direction on the ecosystem and fauna research of the soil Arthropoda with two dominant groups are Oribatida and Collembola The research areas have been expanded, conclusion recorded 150 species The period 2008 - now The development of the team of young qualified researchers is strongly increasing, the number of species oribatid recorded is highest in the period with 726 species belonging to 245 genera, 90 families and 41 order families The research of the fauna oribatid Vietnam was conducted from North to South, but the most concentrated research in Northeast region and Red river detail region, Northwest has a small number of studies Recently, the East region and Southwest of Vietnam is studied a lot by foreign scientists The main research direction in Vietnam includes species diversity survey, description and announce new species, the community structure of the oribatid mites related to the change of the environmental conditions, research for the role and significance of the bioindicator, determining the possibility of parasitic organisms carrying vector of the oribatid mites and the characteristics biological geography of the oribatid fauna 1.3 Study on oribatida mite (Acari: Oribatida) in Moc Chau plateau, Son La province The study area is in Moc Chau district, Son La province, in the Northwest region of Vietnam In Son La province, there have been some studies by Vu Quang Manh et al., to evaluate the density and diversity of species composition, animal location characteristics, and the role of the group of the oribatid mites and springtails in the Northwest of Vietnam, in the period 1982, 1984, 1987 - 1996, 2000, 2003 - 2006, in Son La city and some places in Moc Chau district, including mount Pha Luong (1507 m high) in Tan Xuan commune, Xuan Nha nature reserve and Na Hieng village in Xuan Nha commune Up to now, all the research on the oribatid mites has a little in the study area 1.4 Overview of natural and social conditions of the study area 1.4.1 Geographic location, topography and soil Moc Chau is a mountainous district in the southeast of Son La province The average altitude above sea level is 1,050 m Geographic coordinates 20o63' N and 104o30' - 105o7' E Moc Chau has a Karst, the total area of natural land is 108,166 There are two basic types of soil: reddish-brown and ancient alluvial soil 1.4.2 Climate and hydrology Due to the profound influence of the northeast monsoon, there is a subtropical climate element here The climate is cool, the average temperature is from 18oC to 23oC, the difference between day and night is 8oC; The average humidity is 85%, the average annual rainfall ranges from 1,400 mm to 1,500 mm Winters are cold and often get frost Moc Chau is the meeting place of many rivers and streams, including the Da River flowing through which is a large river located in the north of the district 1.4.3 Animal - plant resources and human factor Area of special-use forest in Moc Chau is 2,338,112 ha; protection forest 27,690,867 ha; production forest 23,052,472 Forest cover 47% of the total natural area There are about 456 species of plants in branches and 48 species of wildlife belonging to 19 families, orders Moc Chau district has two towns, namely Nong Truong and Moc Chau The agriculture here develops in association with the cultivation of sloping land in which tea cultivation is popular Also, the climate here is an advantage for people to develop their economy with tropical flowers, fruits, and vegetables CHAPTER TIME, LOCATION AND RESEARCH METHOD 2.1 Subject, place and time of study Subjects of study: The oribatids mites belonging to the Oribatida order, the Acari sub-class (Arachnida), class, the Arthropod sub-phylum (Chelicerata), the Arthropods phylum (Arthropoda), and the domain animals (Animalia) Study location and time: The study began from 2016 to 2020, in the soil ecosystem of Moc Chau district, Son La province, according to the following contents: Collecting samples according to the five habitat types of the study area: natural forests, man-made forest, scrub and grassland, cultivated land with perennial crops, and agricultural land with annual crops Sampling in four seasons (spring - summer - autumn - winter) and cycle day and night (6:00 - 12:00 - 18:00 - 24:00) at the tea planting landscape of the study area Add more the qualitative samples collected at the man-made forest habitat in some places in Chieng Hac, Phieng Luong, Tan Lap, Cho Long, Chieng Son communes The soil samples after being collected were filtered, analyzed, and classified for the oribatid mites at the practice room of the Department of Animals - Department of Biology, Center for Research and Education of Biodiversity (CEBRED) Hanoi National University of Education, some samples of the oribatid mites were analyzed with colleagues at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 2.2 Research Methods 2.2.1 Soil sample collection Follow the method of Ghilarov & Krivolutsky (1975) Depending on the characteristics of the studied habitat, samples are collected from 3-5 vertical deep layers of the soil ecosystem: (0) The layer of Forest litter samples; (-1) Surface layer in the ground, 0-10cm deep; (-2) The middle soil layer is deep in the ground, > 10-20cm; (-3) Soil layer deep in the ground, >20-30cm For the floor (0) collection with surface area (25x25) cm² For soil layers from (-1)  (-3) will be cut by a metal box of size (5x5x10) cm3, surface area 25cm2 Each location was repeated 5-7 times, a distance of about 3-5m The total number of soil samples collected is 302 samples 2.2.2 Oribatid extraction Modifications of Berlese-Tullgren funnels were used for the extraction of oribatid mites from the obtained materials, as described in detail by Edwards (1991) An extraction lasted days in the laboratory at a normal condition of 27 ˚C -32˚C Extracted oribatid mites were preserved in 70% ethanol Then under a microscope they were sorted and counted adults only Oribatids were mounted in lactic acid on temporary cavity slides, and identified to a species level as possible 2.2.3 Methods of analysis and species identification of Oribatid Identification of species names was performed on microscopy with a room degree of 40100X First, based on morphological characteristics separating the mites into groups of similar shapes Then transfer each oribatid to a concave microscope slide, a small amount of lactic acid that partially covered the depression, and cover the lamination Use your hands to move the lamel to observe the oribatid mites in different positions with different magnifications Oribatid species were identified and classified according to Ghiljarov and Krivoluskij (1975), Balogh and Balogh (1992), Schatz et al (2011), and Subias (2020) 2.2.4 Methods of analysis and data processing The structure of species composition, distribution characteristics of the oribatid mites populations were analyzed according to the mathematical-statistical method, using Primer V6.1.6 software and excel tool to calculate ecological indicators including species abundance (d), Peilou index (J '), Simpson's dominance index (1 - λ), Shannon-Weiner index (H'), Bray-Curtis similarity coefficient and dominance curve K-dominance CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Diversity of the composition of Oribatid mited (Acari: Oribatida) in the study area 3.1.1 List of the composition of oribatid mites in the study area Research results of 302 sample soils with 3728 individuals are obtained in the study area It has recorded 151 species, of which 21 species were newly identified to genus "sp.", Belonging to 94 genera, 49 families, and 29 families This result contributes 44 new species to the Viet Nam Fauna (accounting for 29.14% of the total species) and 62 new species to the Moc Chau plateau, Son La province (accounting for 41.06% of the total species) The results are presented in Table 3.1 Table 3.1 Diversity of species composition and distribution characteristics of the oribatid according to some major natural and human factors in the soil ecosystem Moc Chau Plateau, Son La Province Ordinal numbers I i 1 II ii 2 3 III iii 4 Species PARHYPOCHTHONIOIDEA GRANDJEAN, 1932 Gehypochthoniidae Strenzke, 1963 Gehypochthonius Jacot, 1936 Gehypochthonius rhadamanthus Jacot, 1936 BRACHYCHTHONIOIDEA THOR, 1934 Brachychthoniidae Thor, 1934 Brachychthonius Berlese, 1910 Brachychthonius sp Poecilochthonius Balogh, 1943 Poecilochthonius italicus (Berlese, 1910) COSMOCHTHONIOIDEA GRANDJEAN, 1947 Cosmochthoniidae Grandjean, 1947 Cosmochthonius Berlese, 1910 Cosmochthonius lanatus (Michael, 1885) Cosmochthonius reticulatus Grandjean, 1947 Cosmochthonius sublanatus Mahunka, 1977 Habitat (a, b, c, d, e) Distribution characteristics Day and night Soil Seasons cycle vertical Number of (X, H, (6:00, layers individuals T, Đ) 12:00, (+1, 0, (+, ++, +++) 18:00, 1, -2, -3) 24:00) Đ -2 + X -1, -3 ++ đt a + 18h New species *,** -1 + c -3 + *,** b + *,** Ordinal numbers iv IV v 10 V vi 11 12 VI vii 10 13 11 14 12 15 16 17 13 18 VII viii 14 Species Sphaerochthoniidae Grandjean, 1947 Sphaerochthonius Berlese, 1910 Sphaerochthonius splendidus (Berlese, 1904) Sphaerochthonius suzukii Aoki, 1977 PROTOPLOPHOROIDEA EWING, 1917 Protoplophoridae Ewing, 1917 Cryptoplophora Grandjean, 1932 Cryptoplophora abscondita Grandjean, 1932 Prototritia Berlese, 1910 Prototritia sp HYPOCHTHONIOIDEA BERLESE, 1910 Hypochthoniidae Berlese, 1910 Eohypochthonius Jacot, 1938 Eohypochthonius crassisetiger Aoki, 1959 Malacoangelia Berlese, 1913 Malacoangelia remigera Berlese, 1913 LOHMANNIOIDEA BERLESE, 1916 Lohmanniidae Berlese, 1916 Cryptacarus Grandjean, 1950 Cryptacarus tuberculatus Csiszar, 1961 Javacarus Balogh, 1961 Javacarus kuehnelti Balogh, 1961 Papillacarus Kunst, 1959 Papillacarus aciculatus (Berlese, 1905) Papillacarus undirostratus Aoki, 1965 Papillacarus sp Papillacarus (Vepracarus) Aoki, 1965 Papillacarus (Vepracarus) hirsutus (Aoki, 1961) (=Papillacarus arboriseta Vũ & Jeleva, 1987) MESOPLOPHOROIDEA EWING, 1917 Mesoplophoridae Ewing, 1917 Apoplophora Aoki, 1980 Habitat (a, b, c, d, e) Distribution characteristics Day and night Soil Seasons cycle vertical Number of (X, H, (6:00, layers individuals T, Đ) 12:00, (+1, 0, (+, ++, +++) 18:00, 1, -2, -3) 24:00) New species đt c ++ * đt a +++ *,** đt a +++ *,** d -3 + -1, -2, -3 ++ -1, -2, -3 ++ X -1 + X, Đ -1, -2, -3 ++ -1, -3 ++ -1, -2, -3 ++ -2 + -1, -2, -3 ++ X, T, Đ 12h, 18h, đt12h a, c, d, e, đt d b, c, d, e, đt d c c X, H, T, Đ T a, c, d, e 6h, 18h, đt6h, đt12h * Ordinal numbers 19 20 VIII ix 15 21 22 16 23 IX x 17 24 25 18 26 X xi 19 27 20 28 21 29 Species Apoplophora pantotrema (Berlese, 1913) (=Apoplophora lineata Mahunka, 1987) Apoplophora sp EPILOHMANNIOIDEA OUDEMANS, 1923 Epilohmanniidae Oudemans, 1923 Epilohmannia Berlese, 1910 Epilohmannia minuta aegyptica Bayoumi et Mahunka, 1976 (Epilohmannia pallida aegyptica Bayoumi et Mahunka, 1976) Epilohmannia sp Epilohmannoides Jacot, 1936 Epilohmannoides xena (Mahunka, 1983) EUPHTHIRACAROIDEA JACOT, 1930 Euphthiracaridae Jacot, 1930 Acrotritia Jacot, 1923 (=Rhysotritia Markel et Meyer, 1959) Acrotritia hyeroglyphica (Berlese, 1916) (Rhysotritia hauseri Mahunka, 1991) Acrotritia sinensis Jacot, 1923 (Rhysotritia rasile Mahunka, 1982) Microtritia Märkel, 1964 Microtritia tropica Märkel, 1964 PHTHIRACAROIDEA PERTY, 1841 Phthiracaridae Perty, 1841 Hoplophorella Berlese, 1923 Hoplophorella hamata (Ewing, 1909) (Hoplophorella cuneiseta Mahunka, 1988) Hoplophorella (Protophthiracarus)Balogh, 1972 (=Notophthiracarus Balogh et Mahunka, 1967) Hoplophthiracarus usitatus (Niedbała, 1989) (=Notophthiracarus usitatus Niedbala, 1989) Phthiracarus Perty, 1841 Phthiracarus abstemius Niedbala, 1989 Habitat (a, b, c, d, e) a, d, đt d Distribution characteristics Day and night Soil Seasons cycle vertical Number of (X, H, (6:00, layers individuals T, Đ) 12:00, (+1, 0, (+, ++, +++) 18:00, 1, -2, -3) 24:00) -2, -3 ++ a -2 ++ -1, -2, -3 ++ a, b, c -1, -2, -3 + a, c -1 ++ 0, -2 + a, b Đ a, đt a T a, c X 18h -1, -3 + X, T, Đ 6h, 12h, 18h, 24h, đt12h, đt24h -1, -2, -3 ++ H -2, -3 + H -3 X -1 c, đt b, đt c ++ New species * * Ordinal numbers XI xii 22 30 xiii 23 31 32 33 34 xiv 24 35 36 37 xv 25 38 26 39 XII xvi 27 40 XIII xvii 28 41 XIV xviii 29 42 30 Species CROTONIOIDEA THORELL, 1876 Trhypochthoniidae Willmann, 1931 Trhypochthonius Berlese, 1904 Trhypochthonius tectorum (Berlese, 1896) (Hypochthonius) Malaconothridae Berlese, 1916 Malaconothrus (=Trimalaconothrus) Berlese, 1916 Malaconothrus lineolatus J Balogh et P Balogh, 1986 Malaconothrus tardus (Michael, 1888) Malaconothrus sp1 Malaconothrus sp2 Nothridae Berlese, 1896 Nothrus Koch, 1835 Nothrus crassisetus Mahunka, 1982 Nothrus pulchellus (Berlese, 1910) (=Nothrus parvus Sitnikova, 1975) Nothrus silvestris Nicolet, 1855 Crotoniidae Thorell, 1876 Camisia Heyden, 1826 Camisia nova (Hammer, 1966) Heminothrus Berlese, 1913 Heminothrus quadristriatus (Hammer, 1958) NANHERMANNIOIDEA SELLNICK, 1928 Nanhermanniidae Sellnick, 1928 Masthermannia Berlese, 1913 Masthermannia mammillaris (Berlese, 1904) PLATEREMAEOIDEA TRÄGÅRDH, 1926 Pheroliodidae Paschoal, 1987 Pheroliodes Grandjean, 1931 Pheroliodes weknckei (Willmann, 1930) GUSTAVIOIDEA OUDEMANS, 1900 Astegistidae Balogh, 1961 Astegistes Hull, 1916 Astegistes sp Cultroribula Berlese, 1908 Habitat (a, b, c, d, e) Distribution characteristics Day and night Soil Seasons cycle vertical Number of (X, H, (6:00, layers individuals T, Đ) 12:00, (+1, 0, (+, ++, +++) 18:00, 1, -2, -3) 24:00) X, T, Đ -1, -2, -3 ++ T -3 + X -1 + -1 + + a đtX đt c c đt a, b, c, e a, b, c, d, e, đt e X, T, Đ 6h, 12h, 18h, 24h, đt6h, đt12h, đt18h, đt24h ++ + *,** *,** -1 ++ * + *,** -3 + -1, -2, -3 ++ đt a, đt c +++ T, Đ *,** -1 đt18h H New species -1, -3 + *,** 11 Ordinal numbers 74 xxviii 54 75 XVIII xxix 55 76 56 77 78 57 79 58 80 81 82 59 83 84 85 86 87 60 Species Machuella ventrisetosa Hammer, 1961 Quadroppiidae Balogh, 1983 Quadroppia Jacot, 1939 Quadroppia quadricarinata (Michael, 1885) TRIZETOIDEA EWING, 1917 Suctobelbidae Jacot, 1938 Kuklosuctobelba Chinone, 2003 Kuklosuctobelba finlayi (Balogh et Mahunka, 1980) (=Suctobelba finlayi (Balogh et Mahunka, 1980)) Novosuctobelba (Leptosuctobelba) Chinone, 2003 Novosuctobelba (Leptosuctobelba) crisposetosa (Hammer, 1979) (=Suctobelbella crisposetosa Hammer, 1979) Novosuctobelba (Leptosuctobelba) sabahensis (Mahunka, 1988) (=Suctobelbella sabahensis Mahunka, 1988) Suctobelba Paoli, 1908 Suctobelba sexnodosa (Balogh, 1968) Suctobelbella Jacot, 1937 Suctobelbella pseudoornatissima (Balogh et Mahunka, 1981) Suctobelbella sabahensis Mahunka, 1988 Suctobelbella subcornigera subcornigera (Forsslund, 1941) (=Suctobelbella semidentata Hammer, 1982) Suctobelbella (Flagrosuctobelba) Hammer, 1979 Suctobelbella (Flagrosuctobelba) kaliurangensis Hammer, 1979 Suctobelbella (Flagrosuctobelba) magnifera (Mahunka, 1978) Suctobelbella (Flagrosuctobelba) peracuta (Balogh et Mahunka, 1980) Suctobelbella (Flagrosuctobelba) ruzsinszkyi Mahunka, 1983 Suctobelbella (Flagrosuctobelba) semiplumosa (Balogh et Mahunka, 1967) Suctobelbella (Ussuribata) Rjabinin, 1975 (=Discosuctobelba Hammer, 1979) Habitat (a, b, c, d, e) a, c, đt c Distribution characteristics Day and night Soil Seasons cycle vertical Number of (X, H, (6:00, layers individuals T, Đ) 12:00, (+1, 0, (+, ++, +++) 18:00, 1, -2, -3) 24:00) 0, -3 + đt c 12h -2 đt12h c Đ 12h New species *,** ++ *,** + *,** -1, -2 + -1 + a -1 + *,** c -2 + *,** -3 + *,** a -1 + *,** c -2 + *,** -1, -2, -3 ++ T, Đ 18h a, b, c, d, đt b đt a Đ b, c, đt c X, Đ a, c, d X, Đ 18h, đt12h + 12h, 18h -1, -2, -3 + -1, -2, -3 ++ *,** 12 Ordinal numbers 88 89 90 91 92 61 93 94 95 96 XIX xxx 62 97 xxxi 63 98 XX xxxii 64 99 100 101 XXI xxxiii 65 102 XXII xxxiv 66 103 XXIII xxxv Species Suctobelbella (Ussuribata)baliensis Hammer, 1982 Suctobelbella (Ussuribata) multituberculata (Balogh et Mahunka, 1967) Suctobelbella (Discosuctobelba) similidentata Mahunka, 1983 Suctobelbella (Ussuribata) variosetosa (Hammer, 1961) Suctobelbella sp Suctobelbila Jacot, 1937 Suctobelbila minima Hammer, 1979 Suctobelbila ornata (Hammer, 1979) Suctobelbila quinquenodosa Balogh, 1968 Suctobelbila sexnodosa Balogh, 1968 OTOCEPHEOIDEA BALOGH, 1961 Tetracondylidae Aoki, 1961 Dolicheremaeus Jacot, 1938 Dolicheremaeus montanus Krivolutsky, 1971 Otocepheidae Balogh, 1961 Megalotocepheus Aoki, 1965 Megalotocepheus sp TECTOCEPHEOIDEA GRANDJEAN, 1954 Tectocepheidae Grandjean, 1954 Tectocepheus Berlese, 1896 Tectocepheus minor Berlese, 1903 (Tectocepheus cuspidentatus Knulle, 1954) Tectocepheus velatus (Michael, 1880) Tectocepheus velatus elegans Ohkubo, 1981 HYDROZETOIDEA GRANDJEAN, 1954 Hydrozetidae Grandjean, 1954 Hydrozetes Berlese, 1902 Hydrozetes thienemanni Strenzke, 1943 CYMBAEREMAEOIDEA SELLNICK, 1928 Cymbaeremaeidae Sellnick, 1928 Scapheremaeus Berlese, 1910 Scapheremaeus humeratus Balogh et Mahunka, 1967 LICNEREMAEOIDEA GRANDJEAN, 1954 Licneremaeidae Grandjean, 1954 Habitat (a, b, c, d, e) c Distribution characteristics Day and night Soil Seasons cycle vertical Number of (X, H, (6:00, layers individuals T, Đ) 12:00, (+1, 0, (+, ++, +++) 18:00, 1, -2, -3) 24:00) -1 + New species *,** X, Đ -2, -3 + T -1 + 0, -1, -2 + -1, -3 + -1, -2, -3 -2,-3 -1, -2 + + + *, ** * d, e -1, -3 + *,** d -1 + *,** a 0, -1 + 0, -1, -2, -3 ++ -2, -3 ++ ++ a, b a, b, c, d, đt a, đt b c, d c T c a, b, c, d, e, đt b, đt e H, Đ b e, đt b, đt c 12h, 18h 12h, 18h 24h 12h, 18h, 24h, đt12h, đt24h đtX a *,** * * + -1 + *,** 13 Ordinal numbers 67 104 XXIV xxxvi 68 105 XXV xxxvii 69 106 XXVI xxxviii 70 107 108 71 109 72 110 XXVII xxxix 73 111 XXVIII xxxx 74 112 xxxxi 75 113 Species Licneremaeus Paoli, 1908 Licneremaeus sp MICROZETOIDEA GRANDJEAN, 1936 Microzetidae Grandjean, 1936 Berlesezetes Mahunka, 1980 Berlesezetes ornatissimus (Berlese, 1913) (Microzetes auxiliaris Grandjean, 1936) ACHIPTERIOIDEA THOR, 1929 Achipteriidae Thor, 1929 Achipteria Berlese, 1885 Achipteria coleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1758) ORIBATELLOIDEA JACOT, 1925 Oribatellidae Jacot, 1925 Lamellobates Hammer, 1958 Lamellobates molecula molecula (Berlese, 1916) (=Lamellobates palustris Hammer, 1958) Lamellobatesocularis Jeleva et Vu, 1987 Lamellobates (Paralamellobates) Bhaduri et Raychaudhuri, 1968 Lamellobates (Paralamellobates) misella (Berlese, 1910) (=Oribatella ceylanica Oudemans, 1915) Oribatella (Bioribatella)Subías, 2017 Oribatella (Bioribatella) superbula superbula (Berlese, 1904) (=Oribatella meridionalis Berlese, 1908) ZETOMOTRICHOIDEA GRANDJEAN, 1934 Zetomotrichidae Grandjean, 1934 Pallidacarus Krivolutsky, 1975 Pallidacarus sp ORIPODOIDEA JACOT, 1925 Mochlozetidae Grandjean, 1960 Unguizetes Sellnick, 1925 Unguizetes clavatus Aoki, 1967 Caloppiidae Balogh, 1960 Zetorchella Berlese, 1916 (=Chaunoproctellus Mahunka, 1992) Zetorchella rugosa (Mahunka, 1992) Habitat (a, b, c, d, e) Distribution characteristics Day and night Soil Seasons cycle vertical Number of (X, H, (6:00, layers individuals T, Đ) 12:00, (+1, 0, (+, ++, +++) 18:00, 1, -2, -3) 24:00) đt a a, b, c, e, đt a, đt b, đt c + X, T, Đ 6h, 12h, 18h, 24h, đt12h H a a, c, d, đt a H c 0, -1, -2, -3 ++ -1 + + 0, -1, -3 ++ -1, -2 + * ++ *,** đt c a, c, đt a, đt c 12h, đt12h b, đt c New species * -1, -2, -3 + -1 + * 0, -2 + *,** 14 Ordinal numbers xxxxii 76 114 xxxxiii 77 115 78 116 xxxxiv 79 117 80 118 119 81 120 Species Hemileiidae Balogh et P Balogh, 1984 Hemileius Berlese, 1916 Hemileius tenuis Aoki, 1982 Liebstadiidae Balogh et P Balogh, 1984 LiebstadiaOudemans, 1906 Liebstadia humerata Sellnick, 1928 Poroscheloribates Arillo, Gil-Martín y Subías, 1994 Poroscheloribates incertus (Balogh, 1970) (=Areozetes incertus Balogh, 1970) Scheloribatidae Grandjean, 1933 Cosmobates Balogh, 1959 Cosmobates nobitis Golosova, 1984 Euscheloribates Kunst, 1958 Euscheloribates clavatus (Mahunka, 1988) Euscheloribates samsinaki Kunst, 1958 Scheloribates Berlese, 1908 Scheloribates africanus (Wallwork, 1964) 121 Scheloribates fimbriatus Thor, 1930 122 123 124 Scheloribates pallidulus(Koch, 1841) Scheloribates parvus Pletzen, 1963 Scheloribates perisi Pérez-Íđigo, 1982 125 Scheloribates philippinensis CorpuzRaros, 1980 Scheloribates (Bischeloribates) Mahunka, 1988 Scheloribates (Bischeloribates) mahunkai Subias, 2010 (Bischeloribatesheterodactylus Mahunka, 1988) 82 126 127 xxxxv 83 128 84 129 xxxxvi Scheloribates (Bischeloribates) praeincisus (Berlese, 1910) Oripodidae Jacot, 1925 Oripoda Banks, 1904 Oripoda excavata Mahunka, 1988 Truncopes Grandjean, 1956 Truncopes orientalis Mahunka, 1987 Protoribatidae Balogh et P Balogh, 1984 Habitat (a, b, c, d, e) Distribution characteristics Day and night Soil Seasons cycle vertical Number of (X, H, (6:00, layers individuals T, Đ) 12:00, (+1, 0, (+, ++, +++) 18:00, 1, -2, -3) 24:00) New species b -1 + a, b + a -1 + * a, b, c, d, đt a, đt c 0, -1, -2 ++ *,** -1, -3 ++ 0, -1, -2 ++ 0, -1, -2, -3 ++ -1, -2, -3 ++ -2, -3 + + ++ T a, d a, b, c, d, đt a, đt b, đt c a, c, d, e, đt b X 6h, 12h, 24h H, T đtH a, b, c, e, đt c 0, -1, -2, -3 -2 H a, b, c, d, e, đt a, đt b, đt c, đt d X, H, T, Đ a X c H 6h, 12h, 18h, 24h, đt6h, đt12h, đt18h, đt24h *,** * *,** + 0, -1, -2, -3 +++ -1, -3 ++ -1 + -2 + * 15 Ordinal numbers 85 130 Perxylobates Hammer, 1972 Perxylobates brevisetus Mahunka, 1988 131 Perxylobates taidinchani Mahunka, 1976 132 Perxylobates vietnamensis (Jeleva & Vũ, 1987) Perxylobates sp Protoribates Berlese, 1908 (=Xylobates Jacot, 1929) Protoribates capucinus Berlese, 1908 (=Xylobates monodactyla Haller, 1884) Protoribates paracapucinus (Mahunka, 1988) (= Xylobates paracapucinus (Mahunka, 1988) Protoribates sp1 Protoribates sp2 Haplozetidae Grandjean, 1936 Indoribates Jacot, 1929 Indoribates microsetosus Errmilov & Anichkin, 2011 Peloribates Berlese, 1908 Peloribates barbatus Aoki, 1977 Peloribates guttatus Hammer, 1979 Peloribates kaszabi Mahunka, 1988 133 86 134 135 136 137 xxxxvii 87 138 88 139 140 141 89 142 143 XXIX xxxxviii 90 144 145 146 91 Species Rostrozetes Sellnick, 1925 Rostrozetes ovulum ovulum (Berlese, 1908) (=Rostrozetes areolatus Balogh, 1958) (=Rostrozetes foveolatus Sellnick, 1925) (=Rostrozetes punctulifer Balogh et Mahunka, 1979) (=Rostrozetes trimorphus Balogh et Mahunka, 1979) Rostrozetesshibai (Aoki, 1976) GALUMNOIDEA JACOT, 1925 Galumnidae Jacot, 1925 Galumna Heyden, 1826 Galumna aba Mahunka, 1989 Galumna flabellifera orientalis Aoki, 1965 Galumna incisa Mahunka, 1982 Pergalumna Grandjean, 1936 Habitat (a, b, c, d, e) Distribution characteristics Day and night Soil Seasons cycle vertical Number of (X, H, (6:00, layers individuals T, Đ) 12:00, (+1, 0, (+, ++, +++) 18:00, 1, -2, -3) 24:00) a, b, c, d, e, đt b X, T, Đ a X, T, Đ 6h, 12h, 18h, 24h, đt6h 6h, 12h, 18h, 24h, đt6h, đt12h -1, -2, -3 ++ -1, -2, -3 ++ -1, -2 ++ -1 + a -1 + a, b, đt a -1, -2 ++ a, b d 0, -2 -1, -2 + + e -1, -2, -3 + -1 -3 -1, -2 + ++ ++ -1, -2, -3 +++ -1 ++ -1, -2 0, -1, -2, -3 -2 ++ ++ a, b, c, d, đt a 24h, đt24h a a H X X, H, T, Đ X, H, T, Đ X a, b a, b, c, d, e, đt a c đt12h 6h, 18h, đt6h, đt12h 6h, 12h, 18h, 24h, đt6h, đt12h + New species * * *,** 16 Ordinal numbers 147 148 92 149 xxxxix 93 150 94 151 Species Pergalumna indivisa Mahunka, 1995 Pergalumna margaritata Mahunka, 1989 Trichogalumna Balogh, 1960 Trichogalumna vietnamica Mahunka, 1987 Galumnellidae Balogh, 1960 Galumnella Berlese, 1916 Galumnella geographica Mahunka,1995 Galumnopsis Grandjean, 1931 Galumnopsis sp Number of species in habitats / seasons / day and night cycles / soil layers Total species Total general Total family Total superfamily Total number of new species for Vietnam Total number of new species for the study area Habitat (a, b, c, d, e) b, c, đt a, đt b a, b, c, đt a, đt b, đt c Distribution characteristics Day and night Soil Seasons cycle vertical Number of (X, H, (6:00, layers individuals T, Đ) 12:00, (+1, 0, (+, ++, +++) 18:00, 1, -2, -3) 24:00) đt12h + X, H, T, 24h, đt12h -1, -2, -3 ++ Đ H, T đt12h 0, -1 ++ H -2 + ++ 67 0, -1, -2, -3 136 a, c, đt c 108 41 New species * 151 94 49 29 44 62 Note: I: Order of super-family, i: Order of family, 1: Order of genus, 1: Order of species Type of habitat: a: natural forest, b: man-made forest, c: scrub and grassland, d: cultivated land with perennial crops, e: agricultural land with annual crops Season: X: Spring, H: Summer, T: Autumn, Đ: Winter, đtT: qualitative spring sample, đtH: qualitative summer sample Day-night cycle: 6:00 12:00 18:00 24:00, q6h: qualitative sample collected at am, q12h: qualitative sample collected at 12 am, q18h: qualitative sample collected at 18h, q24h: qualitative sample collected at 24h Deep soil layer: (0) Forest litter samples, (-1) Surface soil layer deep in the ground 0-10cm, (-2) Middle soil layer deep in the ground, > 10-20cm, (-3 ) Soil layer deep in the soil, > 20-30cm Number of individuals: (+) Species met with individual, (++) Species met 2-20 individuals, (+++) Species met from > 20 individuals in the sample Symbol: New species for the study area (*), new species for Vietnam (**) This is the first list of species composition of the oribatid mites recorded in the Moc Chau plateau soil ecosystem, Son La province The order of taxa is sorted based on the classification system of Subias (2020) 3.1.2 Taxonomic structure of the oribatid mites in the study area Compared with the data of Vu Quang Manh (2020), in the study area, the rate of superfamily structure (29/41) and family (49/90) is quite high, occupy for 50% higher than the whole country, at general in the family (94/245) and species in the genus (151/726) occupy for a lower 17 percentage than the whole country The taxonomic structure of the oribatid mites in the study area is not very diverse in species composition The largest super-family is Oripodoidea with eight families, most families have only one family (occupy for 72, 41% of the total number of families) The largest family is Oppiidae with the 14 genera having 61.22% of total families having only one genus and the largest genus is Scheloribates has six species with 68.08% of total genera having only one species 3.1.3 Comparing the diversity characteristics of the species composition of the oribatid mites community in the study area with related regions Compare the species composition of the study area in the Northwest with the three regions of the Northeast, the Red River Delta and the North Central Coast Using Bray - Curtis similarity to compare the similarity of species composition between regions * The classification structure between regions, shown in Table 3.3 and Figure 3.4 At the family level, the number of families decreases in order: Red River Delta (ĐBSH) (64 families, accounting for 75,29% of the total number of families)  Northeast (ĐB) (61 families, accounting for 71.76%)  North West (TB) (60 families, accounting for 70.59%)  North Central Coast (BTB) (39 families, accounting for 45.88%) At the general level, the number of general gradually decreased from the ĐBSH (139 varieties, accounting for 64.06% of the total varieties)  TB (123 varieties, accounting for 56.68%)  ĐB (121 varieties, 55.76%)  BTB (68 varieties, accounting for 31.34%) At the species level, the number of species decreases in the following order: ĐBSH (343 species, accounting for 52.29% of total species)  ĐB (278 species, accounting for 42.38%)  TB (230 species, accounting for 35.06%)  BTB (127 species, accounting for 19.36%) * The structure of species composition between regions is presented in Table 3.4 and Figure 3.5: Thus, the data show that the TB region (including the study area) has a low level of similarity in species composition with the ĐBSH, BTB and ĐB, reaching an average of 39.48%, recording 53/656 species common to all four regions, there are 97/230 species found only in the TB region, accounting for 42.17% of the total species of the TB region and 14.79% of the total species of all four regions 3.2 Community structure of the oribatid mites according to the five habitats in the study area 3.2.1 Distribution characteristics of the oribatid mites according to the five habitats In the five habitats recorded 108 species belonging to 73 genera, 41 families, and 25 families The number of taxa is usually highest in RTN habitats and tends to decrease in order: Natural forest (RTN)> Scrub and grassland (TC)> Man-made forest (RNT)> Cultivated land with perennial crops (CLN)> Agricultural land with annual crops (CNN) The number of superfamilies in the year of habitat is highest in RTN (19) > TC (17) > CLN, RNT (14, 13) > CNN (11) The number of family names ranges from RTN (27) > TC (20) > RNT, CLN (19, 18) > CNN (15) The number of generous ranges from RTN (43) > TC (39) > RNT, CLN (31, 30) > CNN (20) The number of species in the five habitats ranges from 22 to 57 species, species are distributed in all five habitats, 14 species are distributed in four habitats, species are distributed in three habitats, 18 species are distributed in two habitats, and up to 50 species are distributed in only one habitat (accounting for 46.29% of the total number of species in the five habitats) 18 3.2.2 Biodiversity according to the five habitats Table 3.6 Some quantitative indicators of the oribatid mites in habitats Habitats RTN RNT TC CLN CNN Indexes S 57 39 52 36 22 15720 8200 13040 11000 5040 d 2,89 ± 1,17 2,30 ± 1,15 2,66 ± 0,96 2,28 ± 0,60 1,36 ± 0,95 J’ 0,88 ± 0,09 0,87 ± 0,14 0,91 ± 0,06 0,89 ± 0,12 0,92 ± 0,13 H’ 1,88 ± 0,54 1,61 ± 0,64 1,76 ± 0,55 1,62 ± 0,36 1,08 ± 0,58 1-Lambda' 0,85 ± 0,11 0,81 ± 0,2 0,88 ± 0,1 0,85 ± 0,14 0,71 ± 0,3 The average density of individuals (individuals/m2) Note: RTN: Natural forest, RNT: Man-made forest, TC: Scrub and grassland, CLN: Cultivated land with perennial crops, CNN: Agricultural land with annual crops Table 3.6 shows that: The species in the five habitats decrease according to RTN (57)  TC (52)  RNT (39)  CLN (36)  CNN (22) The average density (MĐTB) also had the same variation with the number of species, the highest in the average RTN 15720 (individual / m2), followed by the TC habitat, CLN, and rural forest with an average of 13040 (individual) / m2), 11000 (individuals / m2) and 8200 (individuals / m2), the lowest is still in CNN habitat with 5040 (individuals / m2) The abundance of species (d) ranged from 1.36 ± 0.95 to 2.89 ± 1.17; highest in RTN (2.89 ± 1.17), highest 5.05, lowest 1.44; This index decreased gradually  TC (2.66 ± 0.96) highest 4.4 lowest 0.96  RNT (2.30 ± 1.15) highest 4.81 lowest 0.66  CLN (2.28 ± 0.60) highest 3.12, lowest 1.05  CNN (1.36 ± 0.95), highest 3.56, lowest 0.43 The difference in species richness between the habitats was statistically significant (P winter > autumn > summer 20 3.3.2 Seasonal biodiversity Table 3.10 Some quantitative indicators of the oribatid mites in four seasons Seasons Spring Summer Autumn Winter Indexes S 35 21 31 32 The average density of individuals 15800 1200 9560 16840 (individuals/m2) d 4,21± 1,12 3,35± 0,17 3,25± 0,79 4,15± 0,20 J’ 0,73± 0,04 0,99± 0,01 0,75± 0,17 0,67± 0,14 H’ 2,23± 0,24 2,12± 0,11 1,85± 0,08 2,04± 0,42 1-Lambda' 0,84± 0,04 0,98± 0,02 0,78± 0,11 0,74± 0,13 The number of species decreases from spring> winter> autumn> summer with the number of species respectively 35, 32, 31, 21 Average density (MĐTB) (individuals / m2) has the highest variation in winter (16840 individuals / m2), decreases until spring (15800 individuals / m2) > autumn (9560 individuals / m2) > summer (1200 individuals / m2) The abundance of species (d) decreases in the following order: spring (4.21 ± 1.12) > winter (4.15 ± 0.20) > summer (3.35 ± 0.17) > autumn (3, 25 ± 0.79) The average species abundance index (d) in different seasons was statistically significant (P summer (2.12 ± 0.11) > winter (2.04 ± 0.42) > autumn (1.85 ± 0.08) The average H' species diversity index in different seasons has a statistical meaning (P agricultural land with annual crops (22) Species richness (d) decreased in the order of natural forest (2.89) > scrub and grassland (2.66) > man-made forest (2,30) > perennial cropland (2,28) > annual crops (1,36) The Jaccard index (J ') tends to vary from annual crops (0.92) > scrub and grassland (0.91) > land for perennial crops (0.89) > natural forest (0.88) > man-made forest (0.87) The probability of emergence of dominant species decreases from the habitat of agricultural land with annual crops > man-made forest > perennial cropland > natural forest > scrub and grassland Shannon diversity (H') in the year of low habitat on average decreased in the following order: natural forest (1.88) > scrub and grassland (1.76) > perennial cropland (1.62) > man-made forest (1.61) > annual crops (1.08) According to the seasonal climate of the year, the diversity of Oribatid mites decreases in the following order: from spring (34) > winter (32) > autumn (30) > summer (22) Species richness index (d) fluctuates according to seasons, spring (4.21) > winter (4.15) > summer (3.35) > autumn (3.25) The Jaccard index (J ') is highest in summer and decreases in order summer (0.99) > autumn (0.75) > spring (0.73) > winter (0.67) The occurrence of dominant species is highest in winter, the probability of occurrence of dominant species decreases from winter > autumn > spring > summer The Shannon diversity index (H') is highest in spring and gradually decreases from spring (2.23) > summer (2.12) > winter (2.04) > autumn (1.85) In the vertical cycle of day and night, the diversity of Oribatid mites decreases in the following order: the highest number of species is at 12h00 and 18h00 (25) > 24h00 (20) > 6h00 (14) Species richness (d) decreased gradually from 18h00 (3.02) > 12h00 (2.76) > 24h00 (2.60) > 6:00pm (2.10) The degree of Jaccard index (J ') fluctuates in the order 24h00 (0.80) > 6h00 (0.78) > 18h00 (0.75) > 12h00 (0.65) The probability of emergence of dominant species is highest at 12:00, this index decreases in the order of 12:00 > 6:00 > 18:00 > 24h00 The Shannon diversity index (H') decreases in the order of 18h00 (2.00) > 12h00 (1.75) > 24h00 (1.63) > 6h00 (1.59) Six dominant species of Oribatid have been identified in the study area that can be considered as biological indicators, contributing to the assessment of soil environmental quality under the influence of natural and human factors in Moc Chau plateau, Son La province ... the level of species diversity (H') reached its lowest value at 6h00 with an average of 1.59 ± 0.10, the highest 1.67 lowest was 1.48 The average diversity index (H') between different survey times... oribatid to a concave microscope slide, a small amount of lactic acid that partially covered the depression, and cover the lamination Use your hands to move the lamel to observe the oribatid mites... structure of the oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) and the change in the years, and the cycle of day - night First step role evaluation of the oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) in the soil ecosystem