«Phuang phdp phdn tich ngdn ngy PPPTNN Id cdch thuc gido viin GV hudng ddn hgc sinh HSphdn tich cdc hien twgng ngdn ngw, fim ra dqc frwng cua khdi niem, khdi qudt thdnh khdi niem roi
Trang 1PHUONG PHAP PHAN TiCH NGON NG& TRONQ DAY HOC TIEPiQ VIET
O ThS BUI THI L A N *
1 «Phuang phdp phdn tich ngdn ngy
(PPPTNN) Id cdch thuc gido viin (GV) hudng ddn
hgc sinh (HS)phdn tich cdc hien twgng ngdn ngw,
fim ra dqc frwng cua khdi niem, khdi qudt thdnh
khdi niem roi khdng dinh Iqi khdi niem" (1) Trong
dgy hge t i l n g Viet, viec vgn dyng phuong phdp
ndy Id td't y l u Vi dgy hgc theo phuang phdp
ndy chinh Id tht/c hien thao tde quy ngp, khdi
niem dugc hinh thdnh tu nhung hien tugng ngdn
ngu ey t h i , trdnh duge su dp ddt, mgt chieu nhu
dgy theo ldi d i l n djeh (duo khdi niem trude rdi
sou dd mdi phdn tich, chung minh khdi niem)
PPPTNN giup cd ngudi dgy Idn ngudi hgc cung
tham gio xdy dung nen khdi niem, phdy huy duge
tinh tich cue, chu ddng eua ngudi hge
Djnh nghTa tren dd t h i hien khd rd cdc budc,
ede thao tde eua PPPTNN eung nhu trdt tt/ cuo
ehung Dieu quan trgng ed tinh chdt tien quylt
khi thue hien phuong phdp ndy Id GV phdi chu y
d i n viec tdp hgp ngu lieu (NL) NL phdi ddp ung
yeu edu ddt ra, thi viee thuc hien PPPTNN mdi
thdnh edng vd dem Igi hieu qud cao
2 Thao tdc chgn ngu lieu
NL Id nhiJng don vj ngdn ngiJ chi/o dung
nhCrng ddc trung cua khdi niem edn xdy dung,
dugc lua chgn de phdn tich, thiet ldp khdi niem,
quy tde ngdn ngiJ NL duge coi Id nhiJng don vj
ngdn ngu mdu, chudn chua dung ddy du cdc
dge trung eua don vj ngdn ngu, eua khdi niem
dang tim Mau ngdn ngu dugc chgn Idm NL d l
phdn tich, edn ddp ung duge cdc yeu edu sou:
1) NL phdi cd tinh khoa hgc, nghTa Id phdi
chua dung cdc dge trung, ede ndi dung edn phdn
tfeh mdt edeh rd rdng, khdng ndm trong trudng
hgp ngogi le de ngudi hge de ddng phdn tfeh,
hinh thdnh khdi niem
2) NL phdi ngdn ggn NL cdng ngdn ggn, ehuo
dung nhilu ndi dung li thuylt thi cdng d l quan
sdt, edng thudn tien cho viec phdn tich GV nen
trdnh chgn nhung don vi ddi, Igi chua dung ndi
dung li thuylt it Bdi, khi duo ra phdn tich HS khd
Tap chi Giao due s6 2 4 1 (ki i • y/aoioi
bao qudt, theo ddi mdu; GV cung mdt nhilu thdi gian khdng cdn thiet GV khdng nen vdn dyng quan d i l m tich hgp mgt cdch mdy mdc md duo
ro nhung vf dy vdn chuong qud ddi gdy khd khdn cho viee phdn tich, hinh thdnh khdi niem
3) NL phdi ddm bdo finh vua du Ddy dugc
coi Id yeu edu quan trgng nhdt khi tgp hgp NL de hinh thdnh khdi niem NL dua ro phdn tich duge xem Id du khi chung t h i hien dugc tdt cd cdc mgt ndi dung cuo khdi niem, phdi tieu b i l u , cd khd ndng dgi dien cho tdt cd cde trudng hgp cua vdn
d l NL duo ra phdi ddy du Id edn thiet nhung khdng vi t h i md dua ra qud nhieu, vi nhu the vua mdt thdi gian vd fch, vua bj lodng ro, bj ldp trong qud trinh phdn tich Hon nua, trdnh trudng hgp
NL duo ro vt>o thua Iqi vwa thiiu NghTa Id ede
don vj ngdn ngiJ md GV chgn ehi tdp trung vdo mgt dgc trung cuo khdi niem md khdng chua dung nhung dgc trung khde (ddi vdi dge trung ndy thi
sd NL dd Id thua nhung ddi vdi ddc trung khde Id thilu) Vi dy, d l tim h i l u khdi niem ve tu tieng Viet thi NL duge chgn dua ra phdn tfeh ehi edn 3
tu Id du Trong dd phdi ed tdt ed ede kieu tu tieng Viet xet v l mgt cdu tgo: tu don, tu ghep vd tu Idy
N l u NL duo ro khdng du 3 h> thudc 3 k i i u nhu tren Id t h i l u Nhung n l u NL duo ra d l phdn tich
cd t h i hon 3 tu nhung Igi thieu mdt trong 3 kieu tiJ tren Id vua thua Igi vua t h i l u
4) NL phdi ddm bdo finh gido due Cdc don
vi ngdn ngiJ duge chgn Idm NL khi dgy hgc khdng chi dung, du, ngdn ggn, md cdn ddm bdo tfnh gido dye Gido dye ed ve tu tudng, dgo due, tinh cdm quy trgng, yeu m i n tilng Viet cung nhu y thuc giu gin sy trong sdng eua tilng Viet Mudn ddm bdo duge ddc trung ndy, GV nen chgn lua cdc don vj ngdn ngu trong cdc tdc phdm vdn hgc
cd tinh nghe thudt vd fu tudng eao; Id ngdn ngCr dd duge cde tde gid ddy cdng tim kilm, lua chgn Ddy eung Id yeu edu theo hudng tfeh hgp giiJa
* Tnroing Dai hpc Quang Nam
#
Trang 2vdn vd ngu dang ddt ra hien nay, nhimg nen chgn
cdc cdu ngdn ggn Nhu vgy, NL dua ra se ddm
bdo dem den cho ngwdi hgc mpt lugng kien thwc,
mpt fhdng fin khoa hgc nhdt dinh chw khdng thudn
tuy chi Id vidu dekhdm phd khdi niem V i dy, d l
tim hilu khdi niem edu ghep chinh phy, NL md
GV tgp hgp ed t h i Id cdc cdu nhu: Bdi tdi dn udng
dieu dp nin fdi chdng Idn lam (Td Hodi); Du ai ndi
ngd ndi nghieng/Ldng fa van vung nhu kieng ba
chdn (Td Huu) Khi phdn tich nhi/ng khdi niem
ndy, ngudi hgc ngodi viec ndm bdt khdi niem cdn
bilt them dugc nhCrng kien thuc khde
5) NL can ddm bdo finh thdm ml Ngodi cdc
yeu cdu co bdn tren, NL edn ddm bdo tfnh thdm
mT, ddm bdo viec gido dye cho ngudi hgc bilt nhin
nhdn, thudng thue vd ddnh gid cdi dep mgt cdch
dung ddn Chdng hgn, khi tgp hgp NL d l tim h i l u
khdi niem tt> ddng dm nen trdnh chgn ede mau NL
nhu: Con ruSi ddu mdm xoi ddu; Con kien bd dia
thitbd Hoy NL duo ra phdn tfeh de tim hieu khdi
niem ndi qud eung nen trdnh, vi dy: Lo mui mudi
tdm gdnh Idng/Chdng yeu chdng bdo rdu rong
trdi cho/Dim ndm thi ngdy o o/Chong yeu chong
bdo ngdy cho vui nhd/Dl chg thi hay dn qua/
Chong yiu chong bdo ve nhd dd cam
Cho du ddy Id nhung vi dy dd duge mgt so
sdeh su dyng, nhung chung khdng ddm bdo tinh
gido dye vd tinh thdm mT GV hodn todn cd t h i
chgn nhung mdu NL khde ngdn ggn, chua dung
nhieu thdng tin edn thiet cho ngudi hgc md Igi ldi
hay y dep, vi dy: Thudn vg thudn chdng tdt bien
ddng cung cqn
Nhu vdy, de ed the thue hien thdnh cdng
PPPTNN, thao tdc ddu tien, quan trgng nhdt Id
thao tdc chgn NL Vi vgy, de thue hien td't thao
tde ndy, GV phdi chju khd lua chgn, tim tdi mdi
cd the tdp hgp dugc sd NL edn thiet cho HS phdn
tfeh, tim hieu cde khdi niem ed trong bdi hgc Tuy
nhien, ddi lue GV bi edu thue bdi viec tich cue
hod hogt dgng dgy hgc, nhdm phdt huy tfnh tfeh
cue ehu dgng cua ngudi hgc, thyc hien ddi mdi
phuong phdp dgy hgc md xem nhe khdu chgn
NL Nhieu GV cho HS tu tim NL rdi phdn tich,
nhung nhu vdy se Idm gidm hieu qud eua g i d
hge, vi ehi ed NL md GV duo ra mdi cd tinh chudn
mye, ddp ung duge ede yeu edu eua bdi hge
Cdn vi dy cuo HS chdc ehdc khdng the ndo ddp
ung ddy du ede yeu cdu dd neu se Idm dnh hudng
d i n thdi gian cua gid hge vd g i d hge se khdng
dgt dugc myc tieu dd dgt ro Do vdy, nen yeu
cdu HS duo vf dy de minh hga cho khdi niem, de
#
khde sdu, md rdng vd'n de sou khi dd phdn tfeh tim h i l u khdi niem (HS dd ndm dugc khdi niem hodc cho HS tim vi dy nhung theo djnh hudng cuo GV) Tu ddy ed t h i md rdng them n h i l u mdt cuo vd'n d l , HS vd GV eung tham gio gidi quyet
3 Thuc hien phuong phdp phdn h'ch ngon ngir Ndi dung eua PPPTNN ndm d bdn thdn cuo qud trinh phdn tich, ehia ddi tugng ro thdnh nhung
bg phdn, nhung khfo cgnh, nhiJng mdt khde nhau
Tu d d , Idn lugt tim hieu mdt edeh kT cdng hon, sdu sdc hon, nhdm nhdn thue ddi tugng mdt edeh ddy du vd chinh xdc Vi t h i , khi thyc hien phuong phdp ndy, khdng the tien hdnh mdt cdch h/y tien
md phdi tudn theo mgt sd nguyen tdc nhd't djnh
GV edn chu y xem viee phdn tich dd cd ddm bdo phdn dnh dung ddn nhdt td chue cuo ddi tugng edn nhdn thue (nhiJng ddi tugng dd chfnh
Id ede hien tugng ngdn ngiJ), cdc NL duge lya chgn chgt che theo nhCfng tieu chudn khde khe nhdt djnh Hien tugng ngdn ngu cd td chue nhu
t h i ndo thi viee phdn tfeh phdi t h i hien dung bdn chdt cua td ehuc dd, khdng nen phdn tfeh mgt cdch dp ddt, mdy mdc Viee phdn tfeh khien cudng se ddn den viec nhdn thuc ddi tugng sai lech, meo md, ngudi t i l p nhdn se khdng tin vdo vdo If thuyet ngdn ngiJ vua dugc xdy dyng Chia nhd ddi tugng d l phdn tfeh cdn phdi ddm bdo nguyen tdc cdp bde, ddm bdo tfnh he thdng trong qud trinh phdn tich Ngudi thyc hien hogt ddng phdn tfeh ngdn ngu cdn trdnh ldi phdn chia nhdy vgt, edeh qudng md phdi t i l n hdnh phdn tfeh tung yeu to ngdn ngiJ trong he thd'ng theo trdt ty tung nhdnh, sou dd tdp hgp nhiJng bd phdn nhd dy Igi thdnh ehfnh t h i ban ddu Cdch phdn tfeh ehi t i l t ndy se duo d i n eho HS ed edi nhin rd rdng hon ve ddi tugng cdn nhgn thuc Dudi ddy Id cdc bude eua quy trinh phdn tich ngdn ngiJ cho mdt bdi hge li thuylt ey t h i , gdm:
- GV eung HS xdy dyng NL cdn phdn tich NL dugc chgn edn ddm bdo cdc nguyen tde nhu dd ndi tren
- GV hudng ddn HS quan sdt NL vd Idn lugt phdn tich NL theo djnh hudng cuo bdi hgc
- GV vd HS cung hinh thdnh khdi niem If thuylt
tu nhiJng phdn tfeh tren
- GV eung ed vd vdn dyng If thuylt dd hgc d l hudng ddn HS luyen tgp phdn tfeh mdt so hien tugng ngdn ngiJ Ddy Id thao tdc vd eung quan trgng nhung nhieu ngudi dd quen di thao tde
(Xem tiep frang 37)
Tap chi Giao due s6 2 4 1 (ki i • y/aoio)
Trang 3ddnh 15 phut de gidi thieu vd phdn tfeh rd y nghTa
ljch su to Idn cuo viec ddi dd ve Thdng Long eua
Ly Thdi Td
d) Vdi Idp 11 (Phdn Ijeh su Viet Nam) Bdi
17: Vdn minh Dqi Viet GV Idng ghep bdi hge
tren ddy vdo phdn 1: «Khdi qudt tien trinh phdt
trien lich sw vd vdn minh Dqi Viet" d l ndi len vol
trd cua Ly Cdng Udn trong viec ddi dd v l Thdng
Long Y nghTa ljch su cuo viec ddi dd Vj trf kinh
t l - vdn hda - ehfnh trj eua kinh thdnh Thdng Long
ddi vdi qudc gia Dgi Viet vd Thu dd Hd Ndi cuo
nude Cdng hdo XHCN Viet Nam ngdy nay
7) Vol Idp 12 (Phdn ljch su Viet Nam) Bdi
2d: Ddt nwdc trin dwong ddi mdi di lin CNXH
(198d- 2000) Trong bdi ndy, GV cdn giup hgc
sinh ndm dugc y nghTa eua nhung thdnh tyu kinh
t l - xd hgi cuo nude ta trong 15 ndm
(1986-2000) thyc hien dudng ldi ddi mdi Ddng thdi
giup hgc sinh thdy dugc nhung khd khdn, yeu kem khi thyc hien cdng cude ddi mdi
GV nen ddnh ra 15 phut de thdng bdo cho hge sinh bilt, Bd Chfnh trj dd ro Chi thj
32/CT-TW, ngdy 4 / 5 / 1 9 9 8 v l ki niem 1000 ndm Thdng
Long - Hd N g i Chi thj neu rd: «Ddy Id mpt sw
kiin trgng dqi cua nwdc nhd", «Ki niem 1000 ndm Thdng Long - Hd Npi Id su bleu thi finh cdm
vd dqo li udng nude nhd ngudn ct/o nude Viet Nam ddi vdi cdc thi'he cha dng dd cd cdng dung nude, giu nude Id dip gido due truyen thdng lich
su vd cdch mqng cua ddn tpc, dpng viin todn Ddng, todn ddn phdn ddu xdy dung ddt nude theo dinh hudng XHCN, ddn gidu, nwdc mqnh,
xd hpi cdng bang, ddn chu vdn minh Ddy cung
Id dip degidi thieu vd ndng cao tdm vdc cua Thu
dd Hd Npi ndi riing vd Viet Nam ndi chung a khu vuc vd trin thi'gidi" G
Phirong phap
(Tiip theo frang 34)
ehung minh ngugc Igi ndy md
chuyin nhanh sang phdn t i l p
theo cuo bdi hgc GV cdn cho
HS phdn tfeh cdc hien tugng
ngdn ngu duo tren viec ndm
khdi niem If thuylt, vua dugc
hge thi ede em se thod mdn
hon trong viee t i l p nhdn
Tren ddy Id cdc thao tde,
cdc b u d e thuc h i e n c u o
PPPTNN, Id mdt trong nhung
phuang phdp rdt hieu qud de
dgy HS tri thue If thuylt mdi,
hode tim h i l u mdi quan he
giua bdn thdn cdc yeu to
ngdn ngu vdi nhau Phuong
phdp ndy ed uu the trong viec
giup HS h i l u sdu hon bdn
chdt eua cdc hien tugng ngdn
ngiJ cdn tim •
(1) I.A Kairor Bach khoa toan
thir sir pham NXB Thanh nien
H 1965
(2) Le A - Nguyen Quang Ninli
Phuong phap day hoc tieng Viet
NXB Gido duc.H 1997
Khai thac phan mem Moodle
(Tiep theo trang 42)
- Hudng ddn ngudi hgc tham gia cdc hogt ddng tren mgng nhu:
dgc tdi lieu (bdi gidng dien tu), thdo lugn tren d i l n ddn, chat, thyc hien cdc bdi tgp Idn
- Tiln hdnh kiem tra moi khi k i t thuc mdt module hgc tdp d l ddnh gid khd ndng nhgn thue vd trinh do eua ngudi hge Tren co sd
dd, GV cd t h i phdn nhdm d l dgy hgc phdn hod
- lien hdnh ede cugc khdo sdt tren mgng de Idy y kiln cuo ngudi hgc
- Theo ddi vd ddnh gid cdc chu de md ngudi hgc thdo lugn tren
d i l n ddn Dieu hdnh cdc hogt dgng cua ngudi hgc khi tham gia khod hgc
Khoi thdc phdn m i m Moodle vdo dgy hge tryc tuyen Bdn dd hgc
trong trudng dgi hge su phgm, vdi nhung uu t h i vugt trdi, vdi su tuong thfch rdt td't vdi qud trinh DT theo he thdng tin chi dang duge
dp dyng tgi cdc trudng dgi hge d Viet Nam hien nay Id mgt lya chgn hieu qud Nhdt Id khi phuong phdp ndy dugc phdi hgp vdi phuong phdp dgy hgc truyen thdng tren Idp se mong Igi hieu qud rd ret cho cdc SV su phgm, nhiJng thdy ed gido trong tuong loi G (1) Website: http://www.elearningvn.org
(2) Website: http://www.Wikipedia.org
Tai lieu tham khao
1 K A Xalishev Ban do hoc NXB Dqi hge qudc gia Ha N6i 2006
2 NguySn Dugc - Nguyfin Trpng Phiic Li luan day hoc dia li NXB Dqi
hoc qudc gia Hk Noi 1998
3 Nguyen Va Qu6'c Hung Giao trinh xay dung bai giang dien tu Trudng
Dqi hpc suphqm Hd Ngi 2006
4 Website: http://www.Moodle.org