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Thomas Held, Bruce Newsome, Matthew W. Lewis
Prepared for the United States Army
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
ARROYO CENTER
Commonality in
Military Equipment
A Framework to Improve
Acquisition Decisions
The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing
objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges
facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s
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© Copyright 2008 RAND Corporation
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writing from RAND.
Published 2008 by the RAND Corporation
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The research described in this report was sponsored by the United States
Army under Contract No. W74V8H-06-C-0001.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication.
ISBN 978-0-8330-4550-8
iii
Preface
In recent years, the U.S. Army has become increasingly interested in
“commonality”—the sharing of common parts across different enti-
ties. Commonality has implications for procurers, designers, develop-
ers, trainers, logisticians, and users. Although usually touted as a good
thing, commonality can lead to outcomes that are both negative and
positive, but these outcomes are less often acknowledged or under-
stood. ey require nuanced decisionmaking.
is report assesses the consequences of commonality and pro-
vides recommendations to help enable the Army to maximize the
benefits associated with commonality while avoiding the negative
consequences.
is research was sponsored by the Director of the Requirements
Integration Directorate, Army Capabilities Integration Center, and was
conducted within the RAND Arroyo Center’s Military Logistics Pro-
gram. RAND Arroyo Center, part of the RAND Corporation, is a
federally funded research and development center sponsored by the
United States Army.
e Project Unique Identification Code (PUIC) for the project
that produced this document is ATFCR06052.
For more information on RAND Arroyo Center, contact the
Director of Operations (telephone 310-393-0411, extension 6419; FAX
310-451-6952; email Marcy_Agmon@rand.org), or visit Arroyo’s Web
site at http://www.rand.org/ard/.
v
Contents
Preface iii
Figures
vii
Tables
ix
Summary
xi
Acknowledgments
xxiii
Abbreviations
xxv
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
Project Goals
3
Commonality Definitions and Levels
4
Organization of is Document
6
CHAPTER TWO
e Effects of Commonality on Operations 7
Operational Consequences of Commonality
8
System Capability
8
Design Options
9
An Infantry Weapon Example
13
CHAPTER THREE
e Cost Effects of Commonality 21
Component-Related Costs
22
R&D Costs
22
Parts Costs
23
Supplier Costs
23
vi Commonality in Military Equipment: Improving Acquisition Decisions
Order Costs 24
Inventory Holding Costs
24
Example of Inventory Cost Reduction: Ground Vehicle Engines
25
e Best Candidates for Reducing Costs rough Commonality
29
Complex, Expensive Items: e Greatest Cost Opportunity by
Spreading the R&D Cost over Multiple Items
29
High-Demand Items at Have Similar Specifications
29
Effects of Commonality on Training Costs
30
Training Impacts of Commonality in the Commercial Sector
30
Training Impact Assessment and Organizational Design
32
Models of Skills and Skill Acquisition in Training/Education and
Probable Areas of Training Savings Per Skill
34
Training Impact Estimation (TIE) Methodology to Assess Training
Impacts of Commonality for Army Systems
35
Example from Small Arms: A Case Study Assessing Hypothetical
Training Effects from Differentiated Versus Modular Rifles
and Light Machine Guns
36
Conclusions Regarding Training Impacts of Commonality for Army
Systems Development
40
Impact of Commonality on Maintenance Personnel Costs
40
CHAPTER FOUR
e Effects of Commonality on Logistics 45
CHAPTER FIVE
An Aid to Commonality Decisionmaking 49
Model Plan
51
Differentiation Plan
55
Commonality Plan
56
Base Model Plan
57
CHAPTER SIX
Recommendations 59
Bibliography
61
vii
Figures
S.1. Capability-Based Commonality Decisionmaking Aid xix
2.1. Stoner 63A Weapon System
15
3.1. Variability in Selected Engine Demands Across Time
26
3.2. Notional Training Impact as Determined by
Training Time Per Skill and Degree of Cross Training
32
3.3. e Effect of a Combined MOS on Mechanic Supply
Variability
44
4.1. RO Levels for Engines at a Heavy BCT
46
4.2. Component Commonality Example
47
5.1. Capability-Based Commonality Decisionmaking Aid
51
5.2. Model Plan Decision Flow
52
[...]... However, as an item becomes more specialized, it becomes less flexible Even if this lack of flexibility is considered acceptable when the item is first deployed, operational requirements can change over time Assessing the Costs of Commonality To assess the value of commonality, the Army needs to know how the use of common items affects costs Often greater commonality is automatically associated with lower costs .
Impacts of Commonality for Army Systems
35
Example from Small Arms: A Case Study Assessing Hypothetical
Training Effects from Differentiated Versus Modular Rifles. the item is first deployed, operational requirements
can change over time.
Assessing the Costs of Commonality
To assess the value of commonality, the Army
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