coursera week 7 DAIRY PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

When you complete this module, you will be able to: Recognize important disease prevention practices and understand approaches to dairy herd health programs Understand principles of recognizing calving problems and appropriately apply proper methods of correcting calving issues and associated diseases Apply management practices to ensure calf survival upon calving and employ systematic methods for early recognition of calf diseases Recognize challenges of disease in the cow herd and be able to implement a systematic method to readily identify sick or at risk cows Understand the rationale for and organization of protocols for treating sick cows Verbalize important issues related to antibiotic usage and implications on food production practices Appreciate the importance of preventive disease practices and their application to a dairy farm Recognize the importance of good nutrition in maintaining cow health and performance and integrate application of various disease prevention practices discussed to provide an environment to minimize health issues on the dairy herd Glossary and Conversion Matrix in English 10 11 Glossary 12 Antibiotic- Therapeutic compound used to kill or inhibit bacterial growth in treating a 13 14 15 16 17 disease condition Antibiotic residue - Residual amount of an antibiotic compound or its derivative left in milk or meat of a treated animal This is not related to resistance Antibiotic resistance - Spontaneous, induced or acquired mutation in bacterial genes resulting in one or more antibiotic agents no longer being effective in killing or inhibiting bacterial growth This process limits the use of antibiotics in treating disease in humans and animals Biocontainment- Series of management practices used to minimize the transfer of disease agents among animal groups or areas of the farm Biosecurity - Series of management practices used to prevent introduction of infectious agents or other disease agents entry to a farm Blemish - A localized lesion (scar tissue) within muscle tissue resulting from an injected compound inducing an inflammatory reaction An undesired occurrence in meat products for consumption often resulting from inappropriate administration of therapeutic agents 18 Brucellosis - Infectious disease caused by Brucella abortus that infects cattle and causes 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 reproductive losses A zoonotic disease that can be transmitted to humans through milk or animal contact Colostrum - Unique secretion from the mammary when first initiating lactation Typically contains higher concentrations of energy, protein, minerals and immunoglobulins Clinical disease - Abnormal health condition where clinical signs shown by affected animal will be specific to a given insult or cause Dehydration - Disease process resulting from a loss of water from the body, typically associated with diarrhea conditions Dystocia - Difficult calving (birthing) process Homeostasis - Metabolic regulatory process typically having two counter regulatory hormones to control stability of a given nutrient (e.g., calcium, glucose) Immunoglobulins - Antibodies formed by the immune system to protect against bacterial or viral pathogens Intramuscular - Pertaining to injections administered within muscle tissue Intravenous -Pertaining to injections administered within a peripheral vein Mastitis - Infectious disease of the mammary gland (udder) Meconium - First fecal matter in the lower colon of the calf when it is born Metabolic diseases - Unique disease conditions of cows resulting from some altered process of controlling key nutrients such as glucose (i.e., ketosis), calcium (i.e., milk fever, hypocalcemia) or lipids (i.e., hepatic lipidosis or fatty liver) Metaphylactic - Antibiotics administered to animals at risk for disease at therapeutic levels Metritis - Infectious disease of the uterus, typically occurs following calving Pneumonia - Infectious disease process of the lungs (i.e., respiratory disease) Postparturient or postcalving - Referring to events occurring after the time of calving, typically the first few weeks following calving when cows are predisposed to disease events Refractometer - Instrument used to evaluate total protein content of serum, measures diffraction of light Scours - Infectious disease process characterized by diarrhea Subclinical disease - Abnormal health condition where non-specific clinical signs are present, typically poor performance, increased disease susceptibility, decreased efficiency Subcutaneous - Pertaining to injections administered under the skin Subtherapeutic - Antibiotic being provided at a low level to promote growth or control disease This practice is eliminating in an effort to reduce possibility of antibiotic resistance Transfaunation - Process by which rumen fluid from a healthy cow is transferred to a sick cow to restimulate the bacterial population of the rumen Transition period - Time frame typically defined as weeks prior to calving through weeks following calving Typically associated with greatest risk for disease of the cow Tuberculosis - Infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium bovis A zoonotic disease that can be found in cattle and transmitted to humans through drinking of milk 42 Withdrawl time - Defined period of time following the last administration of an 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 antibiotic or other therapeutic compound before milk or meat from the treated animal can enter the food chain Zoonotic disease - An infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans Conversion Matrix kg = 2.2 lbs ppm = mg/kg ppm = 1000 ppb Hello, my name is Dr Robert Van Saun and I am a professor of Veterinary Science and an extension veterinarian at Pennsylvania State University I will be your instructor for the metabolic diseases and herd health section of this course Today's topic will introduce this section and describe approaches by which we can keep cows healthy Our goal for this video is to address the concept of biosecurity as it applies to farms and to understand how herd health programs have changed in addressing changes in the dairy industry As you might imagine, my goal as a veterinarian is to keep cows healthy and as free of disease as possible However, infectious pathogens are invariably present in any environment, whether it be a day care facility, a school, or office So how we keep groups of cows healthy? Let's first understand the concepts of biosecurity and biocontainment as it relates to disease risks The role of biosecurity became very prominent during the outbreak of foot and mouth disease in the United Kingdom in 2001, as seen in these pictures Biosecurity is defined as a series of management practices designed to minimize or prevent importation of infectious agents Similarly, biocontainment uses the same methods shown here to prevent disease spread within the farm Unfortunately we cannot achieve a perfect state of biosecurity by strict isolation of our farms from all their inputs We need to address specific risks to biosecurity for a given farm This means there is no one size fits all to farm biosecurity Programs to address biosecurity and biocontainment need to focus on assessing risk potential from various sources for a given farm In this diagram, we can see how susceptible animals on the farm could be exposed to new infectious agents, via various farm inputs or visitors to the farm Direct animal contact as well as indirect transmission through water, feed, pasture or equipment can result in new infections Biosecurity practices should be tailored to certain risks on a given farm based on their potential inputs, farm interactions, and products sold Biosecurity practices are often overlooked once the headlines from some disease outbreak have passed, but it's practices are essential as we move through the 21st century in caring for our dairy herds 86 Let's see how this relates to the application to the dairy 87 herd health programs 88 Let's first take a look at the history of dairy herd health programs 89 If we think back to the first half of the 20th century, all societies 90 were more agriculturally based, with many rural families having the backyard cow, 91 pig and chickens to help produce food for the family 92 During this time, productive efficiency was low, and 93 there were no vaccines or antibiotics to treat sick cows 94 Veterinary medicine was in its infancy, in treating and understanding disease 95 In the US the initial focus of cow health programs was initiated 96 by the federal government in wanting to eliminate these two diseases, 97 brucellosis and tuberculosis, that could be passed in milk 98 These diseases can be transmitted to humans, meaning they are zoonotic 99 Many countries are still struggling to eliminate these diseases 100 This table provides the different biosecurity practices that were 101 used to help eliminate these two diseases in the US 102 Starting in the late 1940s, the post war human population needed to be fed, 103 and financial rewards were being realized from selling animal based food products 104 Emphasis on herd health programs was on the veterinary practitioner diagnosing and 105 treating individual cows 106 Antibiotics became available as well as improved diagnostic capabilities 107 In the mid to late 1960s, 108 the human population continued to increase and become more distanced from 109 direct agricultural production in most industrialized countries 110 Farms continued to become larger and needed to be more efficient, 111 thus a critical need for a systematic approach in maintaining cow health 112 An initial approach to organized herd health programs was focused on disease 113 diagnosis and treatment 114 The primary objective was to address individual 115 cow issues that ultimately would result in improved overall herd health 116 This herd health approach as shown here, 117 did not specifically address productivity or economic health of the farm 118 Since the late 1980s, there has been a progressive shift or 119 evolution in our herd health program focus 120 To not only address specific animal health issues, but evaluating 121 the efficiency of production and more on preventative health approaches 122 In this herd health approach, there is a critical need to constantly evaluate 123 the current state of the herd, compare to industry standards or 124 her goals, then make informed decisions about management changes for improvement 125 The continuation of the process, as shown in this diagram, 126 requires further evaluation following specific actions and 127 reassessment to determine if improvement has been made 128 This is the cycle of monitoring and evaluation 129 130 As we have improved our understanding of animal health and disease risk, coupled with farms becoming larger, more sophisticated and highly productive, our herd health programs required attention to issues beyond just cow disease We can see in this listing areas of disease monitoring and milking machine function are being used to better address early disease diagnosis Understanding the role of nutrition and the environment has become a critical factor in addressing disease prevention A veterinary colleague captured the essence of this approach to herd health in asking this question We know cows that become sick can recover, but they may have residual issues such as greater risk for lower milk production Poor reproductive performance resulting in greater risk for being culled in the lactation in which they were sick Thus our focus should be on preventing cows from ever becoming sick or broken As we progress through this section of the course, we will address these highlighted 144 components of a preventative medicine approached to herd health programs 145 Program components such as milking system management, reproduction, 146 heifer development and nutrition will be addressed in other course sections 147 To finish our discussion today, I have provided some reading materials found at 148 these websites and will provide an additional handout 149 I'm looking forward to our next discussion 150 Our next discussion will address health management of the calving cow, 151 which is the single most stressful event in a cow's life 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 ] Hello, my name is Dr Robert Van Saun and I am a professor of Veterinary Science and an extension veterinarian at Pennsylvania State University I will be your instructor for the metabolic diseases and herd health section of this course Today's topic will introduce this section and describe approaches by which we can keep cows healthy Our goal for this video is to address the concept of biosecurity as it applies to farms and to understand how herd health programs have changed in addressing changes in the dairy industry As you might imagine, my goal as a veterinarian is to keep cows healthy and as free of disease as possible However, infectious pathogens are invariably present in any environment, whether it be a day care facility, a school, or office So how we keep groups of cows healthy? Let's first understand the concepts of biosecurity and biocontainment as it relates to disease risks The role of biosecurity became very prominent during the outbreak of foot and mouth disease in the United Kingdom in 2001, as seen in these pictures Biosecurity is defined as a series of management practices designed to minimize or prevent importation of infectious agents Similarly, biocontainment uses the same methods shown here to prevent disease spread within the farm Unfortunately we cannot achieve a perfect state of biosecurity by strict isolation of our farms from all their inputs We need to address specific risks to biosecurity for a given farm This means there is no one size fits all to farm biosecurity Programs to address biosecurity and biocontainment need to focus on assessing risk potential from various sources for a given farm In this diagram, we can see how susceptible animals on the farm could be exposed to new infectious agents, via various farm inputs or visitors to the farm Direct animal contact as well as indirect transmission through water, feed, pasture or equipment can result in new infections Biosecurity practices should be tailored to certain risks on a given farm based on their potential inputs, farm interactions, and products sold Biosecurity practices are often overlooked once the headlines from some disease outbreak have passed, but it's practices are essential as we move through the 21st century in caring for our dairy herds Let's see how this relates to the application to the dairy herd health programs Let's first take a look at the history of dairy herd health programs If we think back to the first half of the 20th century, all societies were more agriculturally based, with many rural families having the backyard cow, pig and chickens to help produce food for the family During this time, productive efficiency was low, and there were no vaccines or antibiotics to treat sick cows Veterinary medicine was in its infancy, in treating and understanding disease In the US the initial focus of cow health programs was initiated by the federal government in wanting to eliminate these two diseases, brucellosis and tuberculosis, that could be passed in milk These diseases can be transmitted to humans, meaning they are zoonotic Many countries are still struggling to eliminate these diseases This table provides the different biosecurity practices that were used to help eliminate these two diseases in the US Starting in the late 1940s, the post war human population needed to be fed, and financial rewards were being realized from selling animal based food products Emphasis on herd health programs was on the veterinary practitioner diagnosing and treating individual cows Antibiotics became available as well as improved diagnostic capabilities In the mid to late 1960s, the human population continued to increase and become more distanced from direct agricultural production in most industrialized countries Farms continued to become larger and needed to be more efficient, thus a critical need for a systematic approach in maintaining cow health An initial approach to organized herd health programs was focused on disease diagnosis and treatment The primary objective was to address individual cow issues that ultimately would result in improved overall herd health This herd health approach as shown here, did not specifically address productivity or economic health of the farm Since the late 1980s, there has been a progressive shift or evolution in our herd health program focus To not only address specific animal health issues, but evaluating the efficiency of production and more on preventative health approaches In this herd health approach, there is a critical need to constantly evaluate the current state of the herd, compare to industry standards or her goals, then make informed decisions about management changes for improvement The continuation of the process, as shown in this diagram, requires further evaluation following specific actions and reassessment to determine if improvement has been made This is the cycle of monitoring and evaluation As we have improved our understanding of animal health and disease risk, coupled with farms becoming larger, more sophisticated and highly productive, our herd health programs required attention to issues beyond just cow disease We can see in this listing areas of disease monitoring and milking machine function are being used to better address early disease diagnosis Understanding the role of nutrition and the environment has become a critical factor in addressing disease prevention A veterinary colleague captured the essence of this approach to herd health in asking this question We know cows that become sick can recover, but they may have residual issues such as greater risk for lower milk production Poor reproductive performance resulting in greater risk for being culled in the lactation in which they were sick Thus our focus should be on preventing cows from ever becoming sick or broken As we progress through this section of the course, we will address these highlighted components of a preventative medicine approached to herd health programs Program components such as milking system management, reproduction, heifer development and nutrition will be addressed in other course sections To finish our discussion today, I have provided some reading materials found at these websites and will provide an additional handout I'm looking forward to our next discussion Our next discussion will address health management of the calving cow, which is the single most stressful event in a cow's life Welcome back to our second discussion in the Herd health section I'm Dr Robert Van Saun and today we'll be discussing the single most significant time in a cows life cycle in its relationship to disease Today's objectives are to learn the normal stages of calving, followed by an understanding of how to properly intervene when necessary The time of calving is the final culmination in the nine month reproductive process Goals of any farm relative to working with a calving cow are shown here The calving process is the single, most challenging time for the cow from a health and production perspective As was discussed in the pre-part of nutritional management discussion with Dr Vargo, the late, pregnant cow must undergo significant metabolic adjustments to initiate lactation leading to increased risk for a variety of metabolic and infectious diseases This is in addition to the physical challenge of delivering a 90 to 95 pound calf for a Holstein cow Calving occurs over a period of time ranging from to more than 24 hours depending upon cow age This listing shows the three stages of calving The normal time frame for Stage is between to hours Stage 2, to hours, possibly with heifers And to hours for Stage Stage is essentially the process of preparing the birth canal in positioning the calf for proper delivery Ligaments around the pelvic area will loosen, thus allowing more give to deliver the calf Other physical signs include swelling of the vulva and plumping of the teats as they fill with colostrum Cows will usually become restless and isolate themselves from others One should observe these cows about every four hours to monitor progress During this time, the first water sac will protrude out and regress, as it uses hydraulic pressure to expand that cervix and birth canal It is important not to open the sac too early preventing its dilation actions Stage is the physical delivery of the calf through the birth canal Ideally cows should be placed in individual maternity pens that are clean, dry and have good footing and restraint methods available should she need some intervention Abdominal contractions will be obvious in addition to frequent uterine contractions to move that fetus through the canal Cows will typically lie down to complete the birthing process Calf delivery is completed when either the hips or shoulders are passed through the birth canal depending upon the presentation Stage of calving is the process where the placenta detaches from the uterine connections and is released Now that we understand how a normal calving should proceed, how we determine when to intervene? It is important to remember that cows can calve on their own very well and only occasionally will need help We don't want to intervene too quickly as this will increase the risk for birth canal damage, greater contamination of the uterus and injury to that calf Farm managers should work with their veterinarian to develop appropriate Standard Operating Procedures or SOP in defining steps any worker should complete in deciding when to intervene and how to assess and correct the situation Here are three key indicators of when you should decide to examine or assist a cow Listed here are three more criteria for deciding if you should intervene A distressed calf will often appear with a yellow-brown stain due to premature release of meconium during birthing Meconium is that first feces passed from the calf when born A lack of oxygen during birthing results in contraction of that lower colon, thus passing the meconium and staining the calf Potential causes of dystocia are shown here, the first two will have some limitations and options for corrections in often require cesarean surgery to deliver the calf Some disease is such a uterine torsion or twisting, or hypocalcemia can be corrected and birthing allowed to continue The one where some practice in understanding corrective measures is fetal malposition This is where the fetus is not in a correct presentation to allow delivery This might mean a head is back or one or two legs are flexed or any combinations of these Cows attempting to deliver twins could be a real challenge in determining which legs belong to which calf Okay, so, let's say the cow or heifer is taking too long in delivering the calf What steps should we take to intervene appropriately? The first step in assessing a dystocia case is to properly restrain the cow to prevent injury to her, or assistance providers Next, you want to tie the tail out of the way, but not to a solid object, such as the barn Clean the perineum thoroughly and use clean sleeves to protect yourself and the cow The next step is to insert your arm to perform a pelvic exam and reach the calf to determine position The best way to determine a calf presentation, head or tail first, is to identify the proper body part If not present, then one can use the legs to determine presentation Front and hind limbs bend in different directions, moving from the hoof up the leg Once you have determined the calf presentation, you will extend the two front or hind legs To extend the legs, one will need to use obstetrical chains Chains need to be applied correctly to prevent injury to the calf's leg during the pull A single loop just above the hoof could traumatically remove the hoof or break a leg bone A double half hit should be applied to distribute the tension along the leg Once the chains are properly placed, gentle tension should be applied to move the calf into position Once the calf is engaged in the pelvis, some assessment of fetal size, and ability to deliver the calf through the birth canal is made Tension on the chains to pull the calf should be coordinated with the cow's uterine contraction Once the legs are protruding, pull downward at a 45 degree angle to facilitate the natural contour of the birthing canal If the pull is hard, one can alternate pulling on individual legs to help reduce the size of the shoulders as they pass through the pelvis Similarly, one can twist the calf 45 degrees to take advantage of oblong nature of the pelvic opening There is much more detail in becoming proficient in correcting fetal malposition But, we cannot cover each situation here I encourage you to work with your veterinarian, or other appropriate person to gain further instruction Once the calf has been delivered, you should examine the cow to assess if there is a second calf or some injury or damage to the birth canal One should also keep records on the calving process, termed the Dystocia Score, for all cows to identify problem cows or heifers This is part of that record keeping process of preventative Herd health programs, as previously discussed Potential disease issues that could occur at the time of calving, or immediately afterwards, are shown here Uterine torsion is a twisting of the birth canal, preventing the calf from being passed through This could be corrected manually in some cases Or by proper rolling of the cow In severe cases, a cesarean surgery may be necessary In manipulating the calf within the birth canal, the uterus or vaginal vault might tear And have excessive bleeding One can fill a clean sleeve with ice and insert it into the birth canal to reduce inflammation and swelling until the veterinarian can assess the severity of trauma or bleeding Another critical event requiring veterinary intervention is a uterine prolapse This is where the uterus is pushed out of the birth canal and turns inside out The uterus will need to be thoroughly cleaned and carefully replaced Depending upon the duration and the difficulty of a calving, there may be secondary damage to nerves passing along the pelvis This may result in muscle weakness, or inability to stand, or control of the hind legs Musculoskeletal injuries may result from the cow falling due to poor footing, nerve damage or Hypocalcemia One of the most significant metabolic diseases of dairy cattle is Hypocalcemia or what is commonly termed milk fever Trang trình bày tóm tắt số lượng tế bào soma vi khuẩn bể lớn Tiêu chuẩn quy định cho tế bào soma bể số lượng lớn nhỏ 750.000 tế bào mililit, tổng số vi khuẩn 100.000 vi khuẩn mililit Khi có vấn đề chất lượng sữa trang trại, loạt bể chứa sữa lớn mẫu lấy kiểm tra để cung cấp nhìn sâu sắc vấn đề tiềm ẩn liên quan đến chất lượng sản xuất sữa Bảng thứ hai cung cấp hướng dẫn cho nhà sản xuất sữa, chế biến sữa, nhân viên vệ sinh bác sĩ thú y để giám sát chất lượng sữa Ví dụ, đàn có chất lượng sữa tốt có tế bào soma bể lớn số lượng 200.000 tế bào mililit, số lượng đĩa tiêu chuẩn 5.000 CFU ML Số lượng ủ sơ 10.000 CFU ML, số lượng trùng phòng thí nghiệm 100, số lượng coliform 10 CFU ML Chất lượng sữa, Phần Chia sẻ 0:00 / 6:11 Chia sẻ Giúp dịch Bản ghi tương tác - Bật chế độ ghi cách nhấn phím Bạn điều hướng qua bảng điểm cách sử dụng tab Để lưu ghi cho phần văn bản, nhấn CTRL + S Để mở rộng lựa chọn mình, bạn sử dụng CTRL + phím mũi tên Bạn hợp đồng lựa chọn cách sử dụng shift + CTRL + phím mũi tên Đối với trình đọc hình khơng tương thích với việc sử dụng phím mũi tên cho phím tắt, bạn thay chúng phím HJKL Một số trình đọc hình yêu cầu sử dụng CTRL kết hợp với phím alt [ÂM NHẠC] Có thể có mùi vị khác sữa tươi nguyên liệu thực hành trang trại Một số nhỏ khó tránh khỏi, người khác thực hành lý để từ chối lượng sữa Hầu hết khiếm khuyết hương vị mùi đưa vào thành phẩm, số khuyết tật nhỏ loại bỏ phần Các khuyết tật sữa phân loại sau Hương vị ôi khiếm khuyết giống chua xảy sữa kích động mức yếu tố khác liên quan đến việc tăng tính nhạy cảm chất béo sữa thành enzym thủy phân gọi S-lipase Lipase phân hủy chất béo liên kết thành axit béo tự axit butric, điều dẫn đến thiu, mùi vị Và hương vị phân loại xà phịng, chất nơn trẻ em, hương vị phô mai bleu Hương liệu bị oxy hóa hương liệu có mùi bìa cứng dầu cũ tạo từ q trình oxy hóa chất béo sữa với có mặt kim loại đồng Thức ăn chứa nhiều chất béo định có nguồn gốc từ đậu nành vitamin E chế độ ăn bị, làm tăng tính nhạy cảm sữa với q trình oxy hóa Hương vị thức ăn có liên quan đến đơn hàng nguồn cấp liệu mạnh bò hấp thụ trực tiếp vào sữa trình bảo quản Hương vị mùi thức ăn thường bắt chước chất thức ăn, ví dụ, thức ăn ủ chua, cỏ khô đậu nành Chúng thường xuất với số lượng thấp không bị coi phản đối Có thể xuất mùi vị chua, axit chua số loại vi khuẩn phát triển sữa tạo axit, số số tạo mạch nha ảnh hưởng thường liên quan đến việc làm mát sữa Ví dụ, trang trại có máy nén bị hỏng dẫn đến tăng nhiệt độ thùng sữa lớn Hương vị phẳng phát tình cờ xảy việc cố ý làm nhiễm bẩn sữa vào nước Sữa gọi có hương vị lạ sữa bị nhiễm chất khử trùng sử dụng để làm hệ thống vắt sữa nội dung, điều dẫn đến hương vị nước ngồi Cặn sữa nói chung quy trình vệ sinh trước vắt sữa cho phép đất vật liệu khác vào dòng chảy sữa Điều kiện mơi trường thích hợp để làm bị điều quan trọng để giảm đất động vật để quy trình vệ sinh trước vắt sữa có hiệu Cặn sữa đo cách lọc sữa qua lọc mịn kiểm tra trực quan Hình ảnh trang trình bày cho thấy ba giấy lọc với lượng trầm tích khác Mức độ cặn cao sữa thành công với chất bẩn, tiềm ẩn chất gây ô nhiễm vi khuẩn ảnh hưởng đến chất lượng Nước bổ sung xảy sữa vơ ý, rủi ro có hệ thống vắt sữa thoát nước cố ý bổ sung nước Nước thêm vào phát sữa cách đo điểm đóng băng Điểm đóng băng nhỏ chút so với nước tinh khiết tương đối không đổi Sữa có điểm đơng âm 0,542 độ Hortvett Độ Hortvett thang đo sử dụng dành cho điểm đông đặc sữa, dẫn xuất độ C Khi thêm nước vào sữa, điểm đóng băng tăng lên xấp xỉ 0,005 độ Hortvett, cho 1% nước thêm vào sữa Thêm nước làm giảm giá trị sữa cách pha loãng protein thành phần sữa khác ảnh hưởng đến sản phẩm sữa [KHÔNG NGHE ĐƯỢC] Nước thêm vào sữa làm lỗng vị ngọt, có khả dẫn đến hương vị phẳng Thuốc kháng sinh sữa mối quan tâm nguy phản ứng dị ứng, phát triển mầm bệnh kháng kháng sinh Trong trình sản xuất mát sản phẩm từ sữa ni cấy, thuốc kháng sinh ức chế văn hóa khởi động từ sữa sử dụng để tạo axit, chẳng hạn việc sử dụng vi khuẩn axit lactic Điều làm lượng đáng kể sản phẩm sữa Khi bò xử lý, sữa thường giữ lại từ sữa bể chứa lớn ngừng điều trị sữa khơng cịn dư lượng thuốc Các loại thuốc phổ biến kháng sinh beta-lactam khác ngồi nhóm thuốc kháng sinh thuộc nhóm họ penicillin Đơi bị xử lý bị bỏ qua sữa nhiễm kháng sinh vào sữa bể số lượng lớn Tuy nhiên, tất xe bồn chở sữa tươi nguyên liệu kiểm tra diện thuốc beta-lactam nhà máy sữa trước chúng dỡ xuống Do đó, giảm thiểu khả chất gây ô nhiễm thuốc sản phẩm sữa qua chế biến Các mẫu biểu mẫu riêng lẻ kiểm tra thường xuyên cho nhà sản xuất truy xuất nguồn gốc xe bồn dương tính với kháng sinh Tuần Lớp đệ trình 80% Câu hỏi Thực hành an toàn sinh học liên quan đến hoạt động quản lý để ngăn ngừa dịch bệnh xâm nhập vào trang trại Bệnh sửa đổi để phịng ngừa số thực hành an tồn sinh học? 1/1 điểm Bệnh Brucellosis Tiêu chảy vi rút bò (BVD) Bệnh tay chân miệng Bệnh lao Tất điều Chính xác Câu hỏi Hoạt động sau coi quan trọng chương trình y tế dự phịng cho đàn bò sữa? 1/1 điểm Quản lý bê bò tơ Chương trình phịng chống dịch bệnh Quản lý hệ thống vắt sữa Theo dõi dinh dưỡng Tất điều Chính xác Câu hỏi Việc tống (đẻ) thai xảy giai đoạn trình đẻ? 0/1 điểm Giai đoạn Giai đoạn Giai đoạn Giai đoạn Trong giai đoạn Sai Câu hỏi Một bệnh chuyển hóa phổ biến bị già có liên quan đến nhiều bệnh khác là: 1/1 điểm Abomasum đặt Hạ calci huyết Ketosis Viêm tử cung Màng thai cịn sót lại Chính xác Câu hỏi Thực hành quản lý bê nên hoàn thành bê sống? 0/1 điểm Sử dụng đủ lượng sữa non Làm thơng thống đường thở kích thích hơ hấp Xịt i-ốt vào rốn Lau khô làm ấm bắp chân Tất điều Sai Câu hỏi Thông số cho điểm không sử dụng việc xác định tình trạng nguy bệnh hơ hấp? 1/1 điểm Mắt tai Điểm phân Chảy nước mũi Nhiệt độ Tất điều sử dụng Chính xác Câu hỏi Yếu tố coi yếu tố góp phần quan trọng dẫn đến tình trạng bệnh hậu sản? 0/1 điểm Nồng độ xeton máu cao Lượng thức ăn sau sinh cao Nồng độ đường huyết thấp Điểm tình trạng thể thấp Giảm lượng thức ăn trước sinh Sai số Câu hỏi Dư lượng kháng sinh giống tình trạng kháng kháng sinh động vật 1/1 điểm Sai, chúng khơng giống Thật Nó phụ thuộc vào quy định đất nước Chính xác Câu hỏi Thực hành chịu trách nhiệm dư lượng thuốc thịt sữa? 1/1 điểm Thuốc đưa cho ăn nhầm lẫn Vượt liều lượng phê duyệt Hồ sơ điều trị khơng trì Thời gian rút tiền khơng tuân theo Tất điều Chính xác 10 Câu 10 Thực hành sau thành phần thiết yếu để thành cơng chương trình quản lý dịch bệnh cho trang trại bò sữa? 0/1 điểm Sử dụng quy trình vận hành chuẩn Giám sát đánh giá liên tục Chương trình tiêm chủng Chương trình kiểm sốt ký sinh trùng Chương trình quản lý sinh sản Sai 11 Câu 11 Viêm vú định nghĩa tình trạng viêm nhiều phần tư bầu vú bị 1/1 điểm Thật Sai Chính xác 12 Câu hỏi 12 Trong hầu hết trường hợp, bệnh viêm vú bò sữa vi khuẩn 1/1 điểm Thật Sai Chính xác 13 Câu 13 Tế bào xôma sản xuất độc quyền bầu vú khơng đến từ máu 1/1 điểm Thật Sai Chính xác 14 Câu 14 Sữa từ bị có số lượng tế bào soma 200.000 tế bào / mL cho thấy bị có bầu vú khỏe mạnh 1/1 điểm Thật Sai Chính xác 15 Câu hỏi 15 Nhúng núm vú hiệu làm giảm 50-90% nhiễm trùng vú 1/1 điểm Thật Sai Chính xác 16 Câu 16 Chất lượng sữa dẫn đến sữa bị giảm đặc tính sản xuất sản phẩm sữa bị giảm thời hạn sử dụng 1/1 điểm Thật Sai Chính xác 17 Câu 17 Pháp lệnh sữa tiệt trùng mô tả thông số kỹ thuật tiêu chuẩn tiểu bang liên bang để sản xuất xử lý sữa tươi nguyên liệu sữa tiệt trùng Hạng “A” 1/1 điểm Thật Sai Chính xác 18 Câu 18 Sữa thùng chứa lớn phải làm lạnh đến