coursera week 5 DAIRY PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

Weaning - Removal of milk from the calf Rumen Papillae - Projections from the lining of the rumen that allow for absorption of nutrients Immunoglobulins - Transferred from the dam these are large proteins found in colostrum that are important in providing immunity from diseases Milk replacer - Dry feed that contains similar nutrients found in milk First calf heifer - Heifer that is calving for the first time Hello, this is Gabriella Varga And today we will talk about calf nutrition management from the time the calf is born to being weaned off of milk Calf health, growth, and productivity rely heavily on nutrition and management practices Every heifer calf born on a dairy farm represents an opportunity to maintain or increase herd size, to improve the herd genetically, or to improve economic returns to the farm The objectives of raising the newborn calf to weaning age are optimizing growth and minimizing health problems In this video, we will discuss the development of the calf's digestive system, learn how important colostrum is for the immune system, and the nutrients the calf needs to be healthy and grow well From birth to about two weeks of age, the calf is a monogastric, or a simple-stomached animal The abomasum is the only stomach compartment actively involved in digestion, and milk or milk replacer provides the main nutrients for the calf Let's first get acquainted with the calf's anatomy At birth, the calf's stomach contains the same four compartments found in adult ruminants However, the calves reticulum, rumen, and omasum are inactive and undeveloped The newborn's functional stomach, the abomasum is similar to a human stomach The objective of calf nutrition is to promote rumen development early in life so that the calf becomes efficient in the absorption of nutrients and has a much smoother transition at weaning So let's start at the beginning of the the calf's life, and talk about how the calf can digest nutrients, such as those that are in milk At birth, the rumen has little tissue development and lacks a population of microorganisms The calf depends mainly on its digestive enzymes, released primarily from the abomasum and small intestine, that help bring down the fats, non-fiber carbohydrates and protein In the young calf, some liquids can bypass the rumen, and flow directly to the abomasum through the esophageal groove Calves are initially fed colostrum, their mother's first milk after calving, for about three days after birth Within ten minutes, a liquid forms a clot in the abomasum due to enzymes and hydrochloric acid acting on casein and fat in the milk Clotting binds much of the casein and fat into a clump, or a curd, to be digested slowly by stomach enzymes over a period of 12 to 18 hours Curd development allows for limited meal feeding of calves, compared to other continuous nursing species The fraction of milk that does not form a curd is called whey Whey is composed of water, minerals, lactose, and other proteins, specifically, immunoglobulins Whey passes directly into the small intestine for absorption and/or digestion within ten minutes after feeding From the small intestine, immunoglobulins can be absorbed into the calf's bloodstream We will discuss the importance of immunoglobulins for the calf in more detail later The lining of the rumen wall in an adult cow has very pronounced covering of papillae These papillae are finger-like projections that greatly increase the rumen surface area, the area through which nutrients can be absorbed Within a few days of birth, the calf's rumen becomes populated with microbes from feed, the environment in a cow The papillae development is stimulated by the end products of microbial fermentation Specifically butyric acid and to a lesser extent propionic acid There are two separate components to rumen development The first is the physical size of the organ By four weeks of age, if the calf is fed only milk, or milk replacer, the rumen will be quite small As milk, or milk replacer, is fed in increasing amounts, the abomasum grows in size, but the rumen remains proportionally small and grows only moderately The longer a calf is fed large amounts of liquid feed, the greater the restriction on rumen growth relative to the size of the calf Lack of rumen development causes a slump in growth rates after weaning The second aspect of rumen development is the elongation of those rumen papillae and the thickening of rumen walls Feeding management can drastically affect their development A calf fed grain, in addition to milk, shows a great deal more papillae development and a much thicker, darker, and a more vascularized rumen wall Now, compare a third calf fed milk and good quality hay from three days of age Despite eating moderate amounts of hay, the papillae are not developed at all and the rumen wall is quite thin This is because the digestion end-products of hay include more acetic acid, which rumen walls not use for papillae growth and development Calves with access to large amounts of roughage will have a considerable increase on rumen size However, this is due largely to stretching, not real growth of the rumen tissue Feeding calves the correct amount of high-quality colostrum immediately after birth, plays a critical role in the health of the calf Colostrum, defined as milk removed from the mammary gland in the first 24 hours after birth, contains immunoglobulins that, when absorbed by the calf's gut, helps the calf to resist disease challenges Calves that receive adequate amounts and quality of colostrum, grow better and are much healthier The immunoglobulins found in colostrum are large proteins Calves have openings in the small intestine to accommodate the proteins absorptions, but these openings close shortly after birth Three types of immunoglobulins can be found in colostrum Immunoglobulin G makes up 70 to 80% of the immunoglobulins, and helps identify and destroy invading pathogens Immunoglobulin M comprises 10 to 15% of immunoglobulins, and serves as the first line of defense against infection And then finally, immunoglobulin A comprises the remaining 15% of immunoglobulins in colostrum, and protects the mucosal surfaces, such as the intestine, from invasive pathogenic bacteria Colostrum also contains vitamins, minerals, energy, and proteins needed for calf metabolism, growth, and for additional stimulation of the calf's immune system To make sure that the calf receives immunity from the dam, colostrum management should focus on three factors immediately after birth How soon, how much, and the quality of the colostrum Colostrum should be fed within one hour after birth Approximately 35% of ingested immunoglobulins can be absorbed when calves are fed colostrum immediately after birth But this declines to less than 5% absorption of immunoglobulins when calves are fed 20 hours after birth Feed Colostrum at a rate of 12 to 15% of the calf's body weight Large breed calves, such as Holsteins weighing more than 90 pounds at birth, can be fed four quarts at birth Feed calves weighing between 50 and 90 pounds, such as Jerseys, three quarts at birth If possible, feed an additional two quarts to all calves 12 hours after birth Do not allow calves to suckle the dam to obtain colostrum Although, suckling does enhance absorption, research has demonstrated that 25 to 40% of calves left with the dam will not ingest enough colostrum to attain adequate levels of passive immunity Use high-quality colostrum Colostrum should have more than 50 grams per liter of immunoglobulins, this equates to the green reading on a colostrometer A colostrometer measures the specific gravity of colostrum prior to feeding The quality of colostrum is determined by the amount If a cow produces more than 18 pounds of colostrum, the odds are less than 50% that it will contain sufficient immunoglobulins Dry period length If a cow has a dry period of less than 45 days, often have poor quality colostrum, as well as those animals that experienced poor nutrition or heat stress during the dry period The breed Holsteins have poorer quality colostrum than other breeds Colostrum from Holsteins typically are lower in immunoglobulins than colostrum from Jersey cows And then, the age of the cow Older cows tend to have more immunoglobulins than first calf heifers, as they have been exposed to a greater number of pathogens Calf Nutrition and Management, Part Share 0:00/7:11 Share Help Us Translate Interactive Transcript - Enable basic transcript mode by pressing the escape key You may navigate through the transcript using tab To save a note for a section of text press CTRL + S To expand your selection you may use CTRL + arrow key You may contract your selection using shift + CTRL + arrow key For screen readers that are incompatible with using arrow keys for shortcuts, you can replace them with the H J K L keys Some screen readers may require using CTRL in conjunction with the alt key After a few days of colostrum feeding, there are several liquid feeding options available These include whole milk, milk replacers, waste milk, and fresh or fermented colostrum Any of these are excellent feed sources when available and if it fits into the calf raising program Whole milk can be the primary liquid feed for calves, if it were dried whole milk would contain 29 to 30% fat, 25 to 26% protein Whole milk will supply ample protein and energy for calves, if one to two pounds is fed for every ten to twelve pounds of body weight However, due to its composition, whole milk may be deficient in trace minerals and vitamins This can be remedied by feeding a quality calf starter in addition to liquid feeding There are many excellent milking places available for calves Protein levels in milk replacers typically range from 18 to 22 percent New formulations designed for intensive feeding programs contain 28 to 30 percent protein The main sources of energy in milk replacers are lactose and fat Lactose is the best source of carbohydrates, and milk replacers generally contain 40 to 50% lactose Fat sources in milk replacers include lard, tallow, stabilized greases, and hydrogenated vegetable oil Higher fat levels in milk replacers may decrease prevalence of scours Fat levels vary from 10 to 22 percent in milk replacers and in general So what milk replacer with twenty percent fat? Additional information on methods of calf feeding, colostrum quality and storage and liquid feeding options can be found in the reading material for this lecture Calf managers should introduce dry feeds and water to calves within to days of birth Feeding a commercial calf starter, or one mixed on the farm, stimulates early rumen function and development, allows for earlier weaning, and supplements the nutrition provided by the liquid feeding program Two starters that contain between 18 and 20% food protein And when selecting a calf starter, consider the following Physical form select whole coarsely ground cracked crushed roll steamed or flaked textured grains The pallet quality, avoid pellets that are too hard or too soft Pallets at both extremes will affect intake and avoid fine particles And then consider molasses or molasses based products Which should be included at between and 8% of the total mixture Begin offering starter at three days of age Calves should be eating some starter by five to seven days of age By the second week, calves should be consuming 0.25 to 0.5 pounds per day at three weeks of age If free choice water is available calves will often double there dry feed intake which coincides with a much more active vermin Water is critical nutrient for calves and should be offered beginning at 3-4 days of age In order to digest feed rumen bacteria must have water Milk and milk replacer not qualify as water since they bypass the rumen Calves should consume 8-10 quarts of water per day at weaning Weaning age varies from to weeks of age depending on liquid feeding strategies Age, however, is not the primary criteria for weaning a calf Weaning decisions should be based on the dry feed intake of the calf When a calf consumes 1.3% to 1.5% of it's body weight as fry feed, it is consuming enough nutrients to maintain it's weight, and grow without liquid feed For large breed calves this translates to weaning when the calf consumes to 2.5 pounds of calf starter per day For three consecutive days For healthy calves, reduce liquid feed consumption by 50% per day one week prior to desired weaning date to stimulate starter intake Once weaned, keep calves in individual housing for approximately to 14 days to observe calf health and feed intake Do not attempt to wean calves less than four weeks old After weaned from liquid feeds, calves should quickly consume between four and five pounds of calf starter daily Calves may be moved to group housing at seven to eight weeks of age, or one to two weeks after weaning During the first two to three weeks of group housing, try to keep the ration the same as before weaning Post-weaning groups of four to six calves are preferable for one to two months after weaning With good management, groups of eight to ten can work as well After weaning, begin incorporating good quality hay into the diet The general recommendation would be to wean calves at to weeks of age, and offer hay starting at week Forage is important at promoting growth of the muscular layer of the rumen and maintaining the health of the rumen epithelium Although research has shown that calves consume forages prior to weaning, forages are not necessary until a time when a calf consumes four to five pounds of high quality starter, which is typically after weaning Monitor starter consumption to ensure that hay is not being overeaten Fermented forages can be fed to calves But it is not recommended for calves less than three months of age Proper feeding and care of young calves is the first step in raising healthy, productive replacement animals to enter the milking herd So in summary, feed four quarts of high-quality colostrum within the first six hours to provide calves with essential nutrients and antibodies Match milk replacer to growth and weaning age goals to meet the calves' needs, and to balance feed costs and animal performance Offer a palatable calf starter by three days of age to stimulate rumen development and allow weaning by four to six weeks of age Provide calves with a clean, dry, draft-free housing that protects them from harsh sun in the summer and cold winds in the winter From three days of age, make fresh, clean, free-choice water available, and then work with your veterinarian to ensure that calves receive adequate vaccinations Hello, my name is Gabriella Varga and I am Professor of Animal Science In this video we will be discussing the importance of heifer nutrition and management from weaning to breeding We will discuss critical phases of growth for the dairy heifer, the importance of good facilities, and how nutrition plays an important role in getting a healthy, well grown heifer, ready to be bred, and prepared to have her first calf A number of factors go into meeting these goals The first of which is that Heifers must get off to a good start as calves That means good colostrum management and disease control We mentioned in our previous video that rumen development is critical So calves must be provided a good, palatable calf starter and have access to fresh water Calves should be weaned after they have consumed two pounds of grain per day for three consecutive days Holstein heifers should grow 1.7 to 1.9 lbs per day before puberty, and should reach 85 to 90% of mature body weight by calving, or a minimum of 1250 lbs, to be able to achieve optimal first lactation milk production Age at first calving should be between 22 and 24 months of age to minimize heifer raising costs and to maximize their production during the first lactation However, it is important to emphasize that heifers need to grow in height, not just weight, because height is correlated with their frame size, and can really impact risk for calving difficulties Therefore, heifers should reach a height at the withers between 51 to 55 inches prior to calving After weaning, heifers really should be grouped by weight, not by age During this time it is important to monitor body weights, heights, and body condition scores Weights obtained with a body weight tape around the heart girth are reasonably accurate A body condition score of on a point scale is ideal Heifers at this age and size should not have a lot of extra flesh around the rump area As indicated earlier, a good rate of growth for weaning to breeding is over two pounds per day for the holstein or similarly sized breeds Let's look at some opportunities on the farm that will help make the transition better for the heifer after weaning The following practices can really help reduce the stress placed on these heifers during and after the weaning period A small-group housing facility for three to five calves should be used for at least a month immediately after the postweaning period This postweaning area should be similar in housing type and environment compared to the grow out facility and located in a similar area This allows for regular feeding and observation of the two to three month old group, while feeding those younger calves Large super hutches, located adjacent to the calf hutch area, or an open-front shed with an outside yard adjacent to the calf hutch area, can be used in conjunction with small hutches Building with inside individual pens should also provide for a group pen at least 12 by 12 feet for three to five calves Pens should always have a continuous supply of frost-free water At least 18 inches of bunk space should be provided for each calf, with stanchions or dividers to define the eating positions When weaning time arrives the liquid feed portion of the young calves' diet is reduced It is necessary to provide them a free choice grain mixture and an ample supply of high quality forage To reduce the stress associated with weaning, calf starter is generally fed for two to three weeks after weaning After weaning, we should see calves with starter intakes between five to six pounds per day And this is the time we begin to feed a good quality forage Feed free choice high quality second or third cutting mixed hay that is fine stemmed and mold free This can be a good quality grass or alfalfa or a mixture of these two Silage and pasture have generally not been recommended for calves less than 400 pounds because it has been thought that the calf cannot readily consume enough dry matter, in the form of wet forage High quality forage can comprise a significant amount of the energy needed by the young heifer Grasses containing 14 to 16% crude protein, and no more than 60% neutral detergent fiber can make up a significant part of the heifer's diet before breeding, so long as that fiber is fairly digestible Corn silage can also make a portion of the heifer's diet, but the amount of grain fed will depend very much upon the age of the animal and the forage quality Total mixed rations can also be fed to heifers after two months of age Feeding complete rations encourages the heifers to consume several small meals during the day, and leads to better digestion of feed and utilization of that feed The advantages of total mixed rations for these heifers are that all the needed ingredients are in the desired proportions Time and labor are reduced And competition among animals is minimized The young heifer from weaning to six months of age is not capable of consuming and fermenting large quantities of feed and forage, and therefore does not produce large amounts of rumen microbial protein Therefore, at this age, protein is a nutrient that limits growth Heifers requires specific amount of protein daily And for heifers, total protein has been shown to the equally as important as the various protein fractions So we want to balance primarily for crude and soluble protein 14 to 15% crude protein for heifers before puberty based on a 2.15% body weight dry matter intake per day About 13 to 14% crude protein after puberty for heifers based on 1.65% body weight dry matter intake per day Maintain the ration at least at 30 to 35% soluble protein Rumen undegradable crude protein levels in excess of 25 to 30% are not required Use feed sources based on price and availability And not feed specifically designed for high bypass protein Young heifers with small rumen will respond with lean tissue growth when they are fed a blend of high-quality protein sources Protein sources could be a blend of processed soybeans, canola, corn proteins, and animal proteins It should be noted that large amounts of high-protein grasses or legumes containing a lot of soluble protein and degradable protein are not recommended If such forages make up a large portion of the diets, the heifer will not utilize all this protein And it will be wasted, and growth rates will not be optimal Heifers should be supplemented for vitamins and minerals according to their needs based on the National Research Committee requirements Examples of diets for heifers from weaning to post-breeding age are provided in the supplemental reading for this video From six months to breeding, forages usually make up the majority of the ration Grain is supplemented to balance the ration for the desired amount of daily gain Corn silage should be limited to no more than 50% of forage intake Excess energy during this period can hinder mammary development and ultimately decrease the potential for milk production From breeding to calving forages should be maximized in the ration Feeding only enough concentrates to meet the animal's requirements Heifers should be started on the dry cow diet approximately 60 days prior to freshening Specific information on feeding heifers prior to calving is provided in the second dry cow video The energy requirement of the heifer will be influenced by the size, growth rate and environment of the heifer There are two feeding strategies to meet the energy requirements of growing dairy heifers First, diets can be formulated at variable energy densities and fed free choice to allow the heifer to select her energy consumption In the second strategy, heifers' diets can be formulated at a fixed, generally higher energy content and precision-fed to specifically meet the heifers' energy requirement Regardless of feeding strategy, heifers should be fed to allow for 1.75 to pounds of average daily gain or approximately 130 kilocalories of metabolizable energy per pound of metabolic weight During the time around puberty between 550 and 650 pounds for large breeds, it is critical that heifers are not over fed energy The growth rate of the mammary system before puberty is much faster than the growth rate of the body and the size of the mammary gland and the ducts in the gland actually increase in size at this time Therefore, excessive energy intake prior to puberty can have a negative effect on the mammary system and decreased subsequent milk production For large breed heifers, the optimum calving age is 22 to 24 months Smaller breeds that mature faster such as Jerseys, Airsures, and Guranses can successfully calve at 22 to 23 months of age Production data research suggests calving heifers at 23 to 24 months of age is optimal for first lactation milk yields Dairy replacement heifers have the potential to calf at 19 to 20 months of age, which can lower raising costs However, heifers calving at young ages may experience calving difficulties, metabolic disorder, and have inconsistent lactation performance, which can really limit lifetime profit Calving dairy heifers at ages younger than 22 to 24 months is possible but requires intensive management programs Hitting target body weights at calving is important, as it helps reduce calving difficulties and supports high levels of feed intake and milk production after calving For Holsteins, a post-calving weight of 1,250 pounds is ideal This table shows target body weights for various breeds at different ages at first calving So in conclusion, in this video we discussed the critical phases of the growth of the heifer, the importance of good facilities and how nutrition plays an important role in getting a healthy well-grown heifer ready to be bred and prepare to have her first calf Hello, my name is Gabriella Varga, and I'm a professor of animal science from Pennsylvania State University We will be discussing feeding and management of the dairy cow prior to calving In this first video, we will focus on the management and general needs of the pregnant, non-lactating cow prior to calving Proper management and nutrition of the dairy cow transitioning into lactation is very important for obtaining a healthy calf, increased reproductive efficiency and optimal milk production in the following lactation These can be achieved by feeding balanced diets, providing good cow comfort and insuring the cow is in good body condition before and after she calves We'll spend more time later discussing the importance of good body condition During the last six weeks before she stops lactating and gets ready to have her calf, it is very important that the dairy cow is fed to meet her nutrient needs for the level of milk produced The producer does not want the cow to gain body condition during the end of her lactation that will get her too fat Bò khác biệt nhu cầu dinh dưỡng không cho bú mang thai, so với cô cho bú? Vì bị khơng tạo sữa, phải trì nhu cầu dinh dưỡng bình thường Trong 60 ngày trước đẻ, nhu cầu dinh dưỡng tăng lên mang bê Do cần phải có đầy đủ lượng để cung cấp glucose cho bê, chức thể cô Protein quan trọng thời điểm chất dinh dưỡng cần thiết cho bê phát triển cách tử cung, bò để chuẩn bị cho tuyến vú bắt đầu tạo sữa Vitamin khoáng chất quan trọng tất giai đoạn đời bò Tuy nhiên, trước đẻ, có nhu cầu sinh lý lớn thể, đặc biệt cung cấp canxi để tạo sữa, săn cơ, giúp tống thai Bây thảo luận chi tiết hơn, nhu cầu dinh dưỡng bị vài tháng trước sinh Điều quan trọng đảm bảo bị thoải mái, có đủ không gian giường tầng phép chúng ăn chất dinh dưỡng cần thiết hàng ngày Bò giảm ăn từ đến 10 ngày trước đẻ, quan trọng để họ ăn tất chất dinh dưỡng mà họ nhận phần ăn hàng ngày Lý cho chán nản ăn vào bao gồm thay đổi tình trạng nội tiết tố, xeton máu tăng lên bò bắt đầu sử dụng chất béo thể, ức chế miễn dịch, có lẽ, bê lớn bên bò Các chất dinh dưỡng quan trọng thời kỳ khô hạn mà thảo luận bao gồm lượng, protein vitamin khoáng chất Chúng ta bắt đầu thảo luận nhu cầu dinh dưỡng bị khơ với lượng Trong thời kỳ khô hạn, nhu cầu lượng bò khác với nhu cầu lượng thời kỳ cho bú Con bị khơng cịn cần lượng để sản xuất sữa, nhiên cần lượng để bảo dưỡng, mang thai, bộ, để trì tình trạng thể Có nhu cầu dinh dưỡng cao cho phát triển thai nhi 60% phát triển thai nhi xảy hai tháng cuối thai kỳ Nếu không cung cấp đủ chất dinh dưỡng lượng chế độ ăn với lượng vừa đủ, chúng rút từ thể bị Vì vậy, chúng tơi muốn đảm bảo có đầy đủ tiền chất glucose chế độ ăn uống, chẳng hạn tinh bột đường Khi bị khơng tiết sữa, ăn khoảng nửa lượng chất khơ mà cô thường tiêu thụ cho bú, thực cần đảm bảo mật độ lượng chế độ ăn uống đủ để đáp ứng nhu cầu vi sinh vật phát triển để tạo protein vi sinh vật Ngoài ra, chất dinh dưỡng cần thiết để trì tăng trưởng tốt, cho khả hấp thụ chúng sẵn sàng đáp ứng nhu cầu tăng lượng chất khô sau đẻ Chúng ta phải nhớ mô ruột gan không hoạt động mạnh thời kỳ khơ hạn Vì vậy, chúng tơi cần đảm bảo chúng chuẩn bị để tăng kích thước khối lượng cơng việc, trước đẻ với nguồn lượng đầy đủ phần ăn Do đó, bao gồm nhiều thành phần thức ăn chăn ni phân bổ trước phần, nhận sau đẻ tạo điều kiện cho vi khuẩn cỏ, [KHÔNG NGHE ĐƯỢC], phải trải qua q trình thích ứng trước có nhu cầu sản xuất sữa Điều đạt hai chương trình cho ăn mà thảo luận trước Năng lượng tập trung cần cao bắp chân bò tơ lượng hấp thụ thấp cần thêm lượng để tăng trưởng Chất lượng protein phần số lượng quan trọng thành cơng chương trình cho bị ăn khơ Cho ăn protein dẫn đến chức miễn dịch bị ức chế, giảm sẵn có protein mang cần thiết cho q trình trao đổi chất hiệu Khi bò gần đến ngày đẻ, bê cần glucose axit amin tăng lên Nếu bị thiếu protein, bắt đầu huy động mô không muốn làm cạn kiệt nguồn dự trữ protein mẹ mà cô cần pha sữa Protein quan trọng tình trạng nội tiết tố tốt Tổng số protein máu giảm bò đẻ Điều bê lấy nhiều protein hơn, đồng thời bò giảm ăn Nhu cầu cao glucose bắt đầu tiết sữa gây nếp nhăn khác tình trạng protein bị Do đó, protein thể cô dạng xương, huy động cho sản xuất glucose Do đó, nguồn protein chất lượng tốt cung cấp axit amin thiết yếu nhu cầu bị, quan trọng chương trình cho bị ăn khơ Bị tơ địi hỏi nhiều protein thơ phần bị trưởng thành Điều lượng thức ăn nạp vào thấp hơn, yêu cầu protein cao để thích ứng với phát triển chúng Mặc dù bị cho ăn phần có 12% protein thô, phần lớn giai đoạn chuyển tiếp trước làm Điều không khuyến khích người ta tin 12% protein thơ mức tối thiểu cần thiết để tối đa hóa q trình tiêu hóa chất xơ tổng hợp protein vi sinh vật cỏ Bởi sụt giảm lượng thức ăn ăn vào tăng nhanh lứa đẻ đến gần, nhu cầu tỷ lệ phần trăm protein thô lớn phần tăng nhanh Vì vậy, nhu cầu protein thơ cho phát triển động vật có vú khơng phải nhỏ, tăng nhu cầu protein thô phần lên đến đơn vị phần trăm Nếu bò bị tơ ni xen kẽ cho ăn chế độ ăn trước sinh, chế độ ăn nên xây dựng để đáp ứng nhu cầu bị tơ Nếu chúng ni riêng biệt, chế độ ăn uống riêng biệt xây dựng cho nhóm Xem xét yêu cầu bổ sung để tăng trưởng nhanh, bò tơ cần khoảng 1000 gam protein chuyển hóa ngày Đây loại protein thực hấp thụ ruột bò Điều tương đương với 1400 gram protein thơ Bị cần khoảng 860 gam protein chuyển hóa ngày Tốt thực phép đo lượng chất khô trang trại để tỷ lệ phần trăm protein thô phần tính tốn Cung cấp đủ lượng khống vitamin cho bị khơ cần thiết để giảm thiểu vấn đề sức khỏe xung quanh thời gian làm tươi Canxi, kali, magiê quan trọng việc ngăn ngừa nhiều trình trao đổi chất vấn đề xảy sau đẻ Đủ lượng canxi, selen, vitamin a e, iốt, đồng cần thiết để ngăn ngừa vấn đề việc bò giữ lại thai tử cung cô sau cô sinh Đồng, kẽm, selen vitamin A Tất đóng vai trị cải thiện phản ứng miễn dịch bò Cho ăn đầy đủ chất khống vitamin thời kỳ khơ hạn cần thiết để cung cấp cho bò hội tốt để chống lại nhiều bệnh tật Trong video tới, bác sĩ Van Saun thảo luận bệnh chuyển hóa bị sữa Và chất dinh dưỡng, chẳng hạn vitamin khoáng chất, giúp ngăn ngừa bệnh Kết luận, để bò khơ cận huyết dinh dưỡng tối ưu, có lợi cho sức khỏe bị bê ấy, điều quan trọng phải tối đa hóa lượng chất khơ, giảm thiểu di chuyển bị tình trạng đông đúc, cung cấp đầy đủ lượng, protein, vitamin khống chất cho bị chuyển tiếp loại thức ăn mà cô nhận phần cho bú Cảm ơn bạn video tiếp theo, thảo luận việc nuôi dưỡng quản lý bê Tuần Lớp đệ trình 86,66% Câu hỏi Kích thước cỏ phát triển nhú lớn trước cai sữa bê cho ăn: 1/1 điểm Chỉ sữa Cỏ khô Sữa ngũ cốc Tất điều Chính xác Câu hỏi Nên cho trẻ bú sữa non vòng sau sinh: 1/1 điểm sáu mười hai Chính xác Câu hỏi Chất lượng sữa non xác định bởi: 1/1 điểm Định lượng Thời gian khơ hạn Giống Tuổi bị Tất điều Chính xác Câu hỏi Sau cai sữa bị tơ nên phân nhóm theo: 1/1 điểm Chiều cao cân nặng tình trạng thể khơng có Chính xác Câu hỏi Đối với bò giống lớn, tuổi làm tươi phải nằm khoảng: 1/1 điểm 19-20 tháng 22-24 tháng Trên 25 tháng khơng có Chính xác Câu hỏi Bị khơ cần có tối thiểu khơng gian tầng chứa thức ăn giai đoạn khô hạn: 1/1 điểm 24 inch (60 cm) 30 inch (76 cm) Khơng có Chính xác Câu hỏi Hệ thống cho ăn hai nhóm cho bị cạn bao gồm: 0/1 điểm Thời gian khơ 60 ngày Nhóm xa nhóm gần Một phần ăn cho tất bò Khoảng thời gian khơ hạn 60 ngày nhóm xa gần Sai số Câu hỏi Ưu điểm hệ thống cho ăn bị khơ nhóm bao gồm: 1/1 điểm Bò di chuyển nhiều lần Tăng số lần thay đổi phần Tăng tỷ lệ đẻ sớm Cung cấp chất đầy cỏ suốt thời gian đẻ Chính xác Câu hỏi Bị khơ giảm lượng ăn vào trước đẻ: 1/1 điểm Do không đủ diện tích giường tầng Đơng Thức ăn thơ xanh chất lượng phần Họ béo Tất điều Chính xác 10 Câu 10 So với bò trưởng thành bò hậu bị đẻ đầu tiên, nồng độ lượng protein phần cần phải: 1/1 điểm Cao Thấp Chính xác 11 Câu 11 Tổng lượng protein máu giảm bị đẻ vì: 0/1 điểm Bê ăn nhiều protein đồng thời bị ăn Nhu cầu glucose thấp bắt đầu tiết sữa Cơ xương huy động từ đập để sản xuất glucose Bê ăn nhiều protein đồng thời bò ăn xương huy động từ đập để sản xuất glucose Sai 12 Câu hỏi 12 Xem xét yêu cầu bổ sung cho phát triển tuyến vú, bò tơ cần khoảng gam protein chuyển hóa: 1/1 điểm 500 gam 700 gam 1000 gam Chính xác 13 Câu 13 Lượng đạm cho ăn thời kỳ khô hạn: 1/1 điểm Sẽ dẫn đến tăng chức miễn dịch Tỷ lệ mắc bệnh chuyển hóa cao sau đẻ Giảm lượng axit amin cần thiết cho thai nhi tuyến vú Tỷ lệ mắc bệnh chuyển hóa cao sau đẻ giảm lượng axit amin cần thiết cho thai nhi tuyến vú Chính xác 14 Câu 14 Một chương trình bị khơ thành cơng bao gồm: 1/1 điểm Đảm bảo bò ăn ngon Giảm thiểu di chuyển bị tình trạng q đơng đúc Cung cấp đầy đủ lượng, protein vitamin khống chất Cho bị tiếp xúc với loại ngun liệu thức ăn có phần bị cho bú Tất điều Chính xác 15 Câu hỏi 15 Bò béo giai đoạn cạn sữa: 1/1 điểm Sẽ nhiều thể trạng sau đẻ Tiết sữa sau đẻ Nguy nhiễm ceton cao sau đẻ Ăn bị gầy Tất điều Chính xác ... and management of the dairy cow prior to calving In this first video, we will focus on the management and general needs of the pregnant, non-lactating cow prior to calving Proper management and. .. 55 0 and 650 pounds for large breeds, it is critical that heifers are not over fed energy The growth rate of the mammary system before puberty is much faster than the growth rate of the body and. .. immunoglobulins, and helps identify and destroy invading pathogens Immunoglobulin M comprises 10 to 15% of immunoglobulins, and serves as the first line of defense against infection And then finally,