Viết tắt của phương thuốc kampo và thuật ngữ cơ bản trong y học kampo

TRỪU TƯỢNG Các tiêu chuẩn quốc tế về y học cổ truyền đặc biệt là Tổ chức Tiêu chuẩn hóa Ủy ban Kỹ thuật Quốc tế (ISO TC) 249 hiện đang được tranh luận. loại thuốc kampo của Nhật nào có lợi thế toàn cầu. Trong khi ngày càng có nhiều bằng chứng y tế về hiệu quả của các công thức chiết xuất kampo như daikenchuto và yokukansan, một vấn đề trong việc ghi lại bằng chứng này là làm thế nào để mô tả các công thức kampo bằng cách sử dụng ký hiệu tiếng Anh. Các nhà nghiên cứu hiện đang sử dụng các chữ viết tắt cho các công thức kampo, đã dẫn đến một số nhầm lẫn. Cũng cần có một hệ thống ký hiệu tiếng Anh để hỗ trợ tìm kiếm trên PubMed và các các công cụ tìm kiếm của các nhà nghiên cứu ở các quốc gia không sử dụng ký tự Trung Quốc. Do đó, chúng tôi đã phát triển một hệ thống ký hiệu tiếng Anh viết tắt cho các công thức kampo để hỗ trợ việc mở rộng toàn cầu của thuốc kampo. Đề xuất của chúng tôi hệ thống nhắm mục tiêu đến 298 công thức kampo, bao gồm cả công thức chiết xuất kampo không kê đơn, xuất hiện trong năm 2013 Sách Hướng dẫn Mới về Công thức Kampo Không Mô tả. Khi phát triển các từ viết tắt, chúng tôi đã khảo sát ký hiệu được sử dụng để thể hiện các công thức kampo trong các bài báo học thuật về nhận dạng kampo bằng công cụ tìm kiếm PubMed. Các ký hiệu khác nhau là được sử dụng trong tài liệu cho daikenchuto, là một công thức chiết xuất kampo điển hình, và số lượng bài báo nằm ở vị trí khác nhau theo cụm từ tìm kiếm, do đó chứng tỏ sự cần thiết phải tạo ra một hệ thống các từ viết tắt. Chúng tôi đã sử dụng bốn hướng dẫn tạo các chữ viết tắt: (i) các chữ viết tắt thường được chọn bằng cách chọn ba chữ cái có trong tên ký hiệu la tinh của công thức kampo; (ii) khi nhiều công thức kampo có cùng một chữ viết tắt, trước nó được trao cho công thức có nhiều lượt truy cập tìm kiếm nhất trên PubMed; (iii) khi nhiều công thức kampo có cùng viết tắt, chúng tôi chọn cái đã được sử dụng; và (iv) đối với công thức kampo có chứa các chất phụ gia thảo mộc, cấu trúc cơ bản của tên được duy trì và tên của chất phụ gia được viết tắt và thêm vào cuối. Dựa trên bốn nguyên tắc này, chúng tôi đã đệ trình hệ thống các từ viết tắt được đề xuất để thảo luận chung bởi Hiệp hội Y khoa và Dược phẩm cho WakanYaku và Hiệp hội Y học Phương Đông Nhật Bản (JSOM) vào tháng 8 năm 2014. Sau đó, chúng tôi đã tìm kiếm bình luận của công chúng về chương trình hệ thống được đặt ra vào tháng 10 năm 2014 và, sau khi nhận được nhiều đề xuất sửa đổi và chỉnh sửa, hệ thống viết tắt Các công thức của 298 kampo này đã được thành lập. Ủy ban Từ vựng của JSOM đã giám sát các thuật ngữ tiếng Nhật trong y học kampo kể từ năm 1969. Khoảng 300 thuật ngữ cơ bản đã được chọn để dịch sang tiếng Anh. 2014–2015. Các thuật ngữ này dựa trên các thuật ngữ trong Phân loại Bệnh tật Quốc tế (ICD) 11. Các thuật ngữ này đã được được dịch sang tiếng Anh và chờ xuất bản trong tương lai (dự kiến ​​cho năm 2018).

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319624959 Abbreviation of kampo formulations and basic terminology in kampo medicine Article  in  Traditional & Kampo Medicine · September 2017 DOI: 10.1002/tkm2.1078 CITATIONS READS 635 authors, including: Keisuke Hagihara Shuji Yakubo Osaka University Nihon University 62 PUBLICATIONS   3,067 CITATIONS    63 PUBLICATIONS   263 CITATIONS    SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Abbreviation of kampo formulations and basic terminology in kampo medicine View project Kampo Medicine in Iternational Classification of Traditional Medicine Project View project All content following this page was uploaded by Keisuke Hagihara on 04 January 2018 The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file SEE PROFILE REVIEW Abbreviation of kampo formulations and basic terminology in kampo medicine Keisuke Hagihara,1* and Abbreviation of Kampo Formulations Group,† Shuji Yakubo,2* and Committee for Vocabulary in the Japan Society for Oriental Medicine‡ & Takao Namiki Department of Advanced Hybrid Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan Department of Clinical Kampo Medicine, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan Department of Japanese-Oriental (Kampo) Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan ABSTRACT International standards regarding traditional medicine – particularly the International Organization for Standardization/Technical Committee (ISO/TC) 249 – are currently being debated Kampo extract formulations of standardized quality are one area in which Japanese kampo medicines have a global advantage While there is increasing medical evidence regarding the efficacy of kampo extract formulations such as daikenchuto and yokukansan, one issue in documenting this evidence is how to describe kampo formulations using English notation Researchers currently use abbreviations for kampo formulations, which has led to some confusion There is also a need for a system of English notation to facilitate searches on PubMed and other search engines by researchers in countries that not use Chinese characters We have therefore developed a system of abbreviated English notation for kampo formulations in order to aid the global expansion of kampo medicine Our proposed system targets the 298 kampo formulations, including over-the-counter kampo extract formulations, which appear in the 2013 New Guidebook on Nonprescription Kampo Formulas When developing the abbreviations, we investigated the notation used to express kampo formulas in academic articles on kampo identified using the PubMed search engine Various notations were used in the literature for daikenchuto, which is a typical kampo extract formulation, and the number of articles located differed according to the search term, thus demonstrating the need to create a system of abbreviations We used the following four guidelines in creating the abbreviations: (i) abbreviations are generally selected by choosing three letters contained in the romanized name/notation of the kampo formulation; (ii) when multiple kampo formulations have the same abbreviation, priority is given to the formulation with the most search hits on PubMed; (iii) when multiple kampo formulations have the same abbreviation, we select the one already in use; and (iv) for kampo formulations containing herbal additives, the basic structure of the name is maintained and the name of the additive is abbreviated and added to the end Based on these four guidelines, we submitted the proposed system of abbreviations for joint discussion by the Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for Wakan-Yaku and the Japan Society for Oriental Medicine (JSOM) in August 2014 We then sought public comment on the proposed system in October 2014 and, after receiving various suggestions for revision and corrections, the system of abbreviations for these 298 kampo formulations was established The Committee for Vocabulary in JSOM has been overseeing Japanese terminology in kampo medicine since 1969 Approximately 300 basic terms were selected for English translation in 2014–2015 These terms are based on the terms in International Classification of Disease (ICD)-11 These terms have been translated into English and await future publication (planned for 2018) KEY WORDS: abbreviation, Japanese traditional herbal medicine, kampo formulation, terminology * Correspondence Keisuke Hagihara Tel: +81-6-6210-8349 Fax: +81-6-6210-8348 Email: hagihara.keisuke@gmail.com Shuji Yakubo Tel: +81-42-495-8611 Fax: +81-42-495-8740 Email: yakubo@my-pharm.ac.jp † Abbreviation of Kampo Formulations Group: Toshiaki Makino, Hideyuki Nakata, Hisanori Matsuoka, Junsuke Arimitsu, Keiko Ogawa, Hidetoshi Itakura ‡ Committee for Vocabulary in the Japan Society for Oriental Medicine: Yosuke Amano, Michiho Ito, Kenji Kobayashi, Shoji Shinohara, Megumi Sumino, Masao Togasaki, Toshihiro Togo, Yukiko Ueda, Koji Watanabe DOI:10.1002/tkm2.1078 Received 28 April 2017; revised June 2017; accepted 21 June 2017 INTRODUCTION International standards for traditional medicine, such as International Organization for Standardization/Traditional Chinese Medicine (ISO/TC)249, are currently being discussed in China and other nations [1] Within this context, the process of developing an international standard for Japan’s traditional medicine (known as kampo) has become an important issue Kampo extract formulations have a standardized quality and this standardization represents one area in which Japanese kampo medicines have a global advantage There is now an accumulated body of clinical studies on © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • 2017 Hagihara et al kampo extract formulations such as daikenchuto, yokusankan, and rikkunshito, and progress has also been made in clarifying their previously unknown basic pharmacological mechanisms [2–4] One issue in documenting this evidence in English, however, is how to describe kampo formulations using English notation The Japanese Society of Pharmacognosy has published articles on a system of English notation for kampo formulations and crude drug terminology [5,6], while the Japan Society for Oriental Medicine (JSOM) released a system of romanized notation in 2005 and a structural notation system in 2011 [7,8] Researchers studying kampo medicine in Japan, however, currently use their own arbitrary systems of abbreviations to describe kampo formulations, which have led to some confusion Given the current level of interest in the potential benefits of kampo by researchers in countries that not typically use Chinese characters, there is need for a system of abbreviated English notation to facilitate searches on PubMed and other search engines A standardized abbreviated English notation for kampo formulations is also essential for preparing figures and tables in research articles We have therefore developed a system of abbreviated English notation for kampo formulations to aid the global expansion of Japanese kampo medicine With regard to the terminology in kampo medicine, JSOM members who served on the Committee for Vocabulary from 1969 started writing textbooks for terminology in kampo medicine For persons who are not familiar with Japanese terms of kampo medicine, the English version has been under construction since 2014 BACKGROUND TO DEVELOPMENT OF THE ABBREVIATED ENGLISH NOTATION We initially targeted the 210 formulations described in the 2011 Revised Guidebook on Nonprescription Kampo Formulas, together with 18 over-the-counter (OTC) formulations [9], and developed a system of abbreviations for 144 Kampo extract formulations selected from these 228 formulations Due to the considerable level of interest shown in our proposed system, we subsequently expanded its scope to encompass the 298 kampo formulations, including OTC kampo extract formulations, which appear in the 2013 New Guidebook on Nonprescription Kampo Formulas [10] Development process In developing this system, we prepared abbreviated notation for 144 Kampo extract formulations based on discussions with various relevant individuals led by Osaka University’s Department of Kampo Medicine (endowed chair) in May 2012 Then, in January 2014, we presented our findings and sought the opinions of scientists as part of the ‘Research Program to Establish a Globally Relevant and Scientifically Valid Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • DEVELOPMENT OF THE ABBREVIATION SYSTEM Review of current usage of abbreviations We studied a number of articles using common abbreviations and various notations used to describe typical Kampo extract formulations such as daikenchuto, rikkunshito, hangeshashinto and keishibukuryogan As shown in Table 1, daikenchuto is expressed in various ways, for example using the 2005 Romanized Notation, the 2011 Structural Notation, the product name, and the abbreviation ‘DKT’ This meant that the number of articles located by database searching differed depending on the search term As shown in Table 1, rikkunshito, hangeshashinto, and keishibukuryogan have also been expressed in various ways, and therefore the number of articles located again differed according to the search term, thus reiterating the need for standardized abbreviations The number of articles in Table was current as of December 2016 Methodology for developing the abbreviations Materials Diagnostic and Prescription Classification System for Japanese Kampo Medicine and Standardized Terminology’, funded by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare at Chiba University Based on the feedback obtained regarding our research, we held a second meeting in March 2014 and developed a system of abbreviated notation for a total of 298 kampo formulations We submitted our proposed system of abbreviations for joint discussions by the Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for Wakan-Yaku and the Japan Society for Oriental Medicine in August 2014, and sought public comment in October 2014 Based on the various suggestions for revision and correction, we then finalized the abbreviation system The following three criteria were used to create the abbreviations: (i) scientific name of the plant used to make the crude drug; (ii) name of the kampo formulation translated into English based on the meaning of the kampo Japanese name; and (iii) romanized notation For criterion 1, based on the scientific name of the plant used to make the crude drug, the plant name for kamishoyosan is Angelica Bupleurum gardenia We then investigated the use of the abbreviation ABGM based on the listing of crude drugs, but we decided not to use this method due to a number of issues, such as the inherent difficulty in understanding the structure of the kampo formulation, deciding on how to select representative crude drugs, the similarities of crude drug structures, and deciding on how to deal with the presence of many additives Issues regarding the use of criterion included the question of who should decide on the translated English name of a kampo formulation The immense amount of effort required to develop the system based on this method was deemed to be unrealistic, so this method was not adopted Finally, criterion 3, the romanized and structural notations, was consistent with the Japanese © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Kampo abbreviations and terminology Table | Pubmed results as of December 2016 Key words No search hits Daikenchuto (DKT) No search hits Keishibukuyogan (KBG) DKT 159 Keishibukuryogan Daikenshuto 111 Keishi bukuryo gan 88 Dai-kenchu-to 88 Keishi-bukuryo-gan 88 DKT daikenshuto 44 TJ-25 76 TU-100 27 TJ-25 keishibukuryogan 76 TJ-100 12 KBG 95 Keishi bukuryo gan KBG 21 Rikkunshito (RKT) † Key words 76 Hangeshashinto (HST) Rikkunshito 137 Hangeshashinto 17 Rikkunshi to 97 Hange shashinto 27 RKT 73 Hange shashin to 27 Rikkunshito RKT 19 Hange-shashin-to 26 TJ-43 97 HST 1457 Rikkunshi to TJ-43 91 HST hange shashin to Liu-Jun-Zi-Tang† 89 TJ-14 29 TJ-14 hange shashin to 16 Chinese characters Pharmacopoeia and offered the potential for expansion, so this method was selected Guidelines for establishing the abbreviated notation for Kampo formulations Abbreviations are generally selected by choosing three letters contained in the romanized name/notation of the Kampo formulation When multiple Kampo formulations have the same abbreviation, priority is given to the one providing the most search hits on PubMed When multiple Kampo formulations have the same abbreviation, we select the one already in use For Kampo formulations containing herbal additives, the basic structure of the name is maintained and the name of the additive is abbreviated and added to the end To demonstrate a typical abbreviation created using these guidelines, the example of juzentaihoto is shown Three letters are selected from the romanized name ‘juzentaihoto’, in this case JTT The abbreviation generally consists of three letters, but in the case of tokishigyakukagoshuyushokyoto, which is very long when transliterated into English, the abbreviation is formed using the five letters TSGST (Table 2) As shown in Table 2, daikenchuto and daiokanzoto are examples of guideline 2, which gives priority to the kampo formulation name that appears most frequently in PubMed searches When adhering to guideline 1, the same abbreviation DKT is obtained for both formulations, but daikenchuto is clearly used more often in the literature and therefore the abbreviation DKT is assigned to this formulation while DKZT is assigned to daiokanzoto As shown in Table 2, kakkonto and kamikihito are examples of guideline 3, which gives priority to an abbreviation that is already in use Kakkonto would customarily be abbreviated as KKT, but a search of the literature showed that it is actually abbreviated as KT while kamikihito is abbreviated as KKT, therefore KKT is assigned to the latter formulation As shown in Table 2, KST (keishito) is an example of an abbreviation for numerous kampo formulations containing various herbal additives, wherein the abbreviated basic structure KST is maintained based on guideline The abbreviations for the additive-containing formulations are constructed by simply adding abbreviations for the herbal additives to KST The list of abbreviations for the 298 Kampo formulations created using the guidelines is shown in Table JSOM KAMPO MEDICINE TERMINOLOGY Recently China and other countries have started standardizing East Asian traditional medicine in various fields © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • Hagihara et al Table | Guidelines for abbreviation creation Guideline Three letters based on romanized notation Romanized notation Structural notation Abbreviated notation Juzentaihoto Juzen-taiho-to JTT Tokishigyakukaoshuyushokyoto Toki-shigyaku-kagoshuyu-shokyo-to TSGST Guideline Priority based on no search hits Romanized notation No search hits Candidate abbreviated notation Final abbreviated notation Daikenchuto 159 DKT DKT Daiokanzoto 10 DKZT Guideline Priority based on notation already being used Romanized notation No papers Candidate abbreviated notation No search hits in PubMed Final abbreviated notation Kakkonto 46† KKT or KT KKT 0† KT 1† KT Kamikihito 22† KKT 1† KKT Guideline Basic structure maintained with additives † Romanized notation Structural notation Abbreviated notation Keishito Keishi-to KST Keishikajutsubuto Keishi-ka-jutsu-bu-to KSTJB Keishikakakkonto Keishi-ka-kakkon-to KSTK Keishikakobokukyoninto Keishi-ka-koboku-kyonin-to KSTKK Keishikaryukotsuboreito Keishi-ka-ryukotsu-borei-to KSTRB Keishikaryojutsubuto Keishi-ka-ryo-jutsu-bu-to KSTRJ Keishikashakuyakuto Keishi-ka-shakuyaku-to KSTS Keishikashakuyakudaioto Keishi-ka-shakuyaku-daio-to KSTSD PubMed results as of December 2016 Because kampo and Korean medicine, like modern traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), have developed medical systems derived from ancient Chinese medicine, it is often thought that these medical systems are almost identical Kampo medicine, however, is different from TCM in many respects [11] and, indeed, differs more from TCM than Korean medicine For example, to reach a diagnosis in kampo medicine, abdominal examination is commonly performed, but this is not the case in TCM or Korean medicine In addition, these different medical systems have different ways of thinking about their medicines Kampo medical doctors think about formulae as a single unit, and it is rare for them to change the composition of a formula or the quantity of crude drugs recommended by a classical text book (e.g Shang Han Lun) In contrast, TCM doctors coordinate Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • their prescriptions by taking into consideration the effect of each of the crude drugs included Furthermore, kampo medical theory was simplified to make it easy to apply in clinical use, and is different from TCM theory in many respects Terminology in kampo is also different from that in TCM Terms in kampo began to differentiate from those in Chinese medicine once the Koho school, which primarily used the formulae in the Shen Han Lun textbook), rose to prevalence across Japan in the middle of the Edo era (18th century); and in the revival period of kampo medicine in the early 20th century, differentiation of the terms used in kampo medicine increased greatly Therefore, JSOM, which was established in 1950, recognized that a separate and original vocabulary text for kampo medicine terms was necessary in Japan To date, JSOM has © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Kampo abbreviations and terminology Table | Abbreviated notation for kampo formulations Letters Romanized notation Structural notation Chinese characters Abbreviated notation A Anchusan Anchusankabukuryo Anchu-San Anchu-San-ka-bukuryo 安中散 安中散加茯苓 ACS ACSB B Bakumondoto Bofutsushosan Boibukuryoto Boiogito Bushirichuto Bushininjinto Bukuryoin Bukuryoingohangekobokuto Bukuryoinkahange Bukuryokyoninkanzoto Bukuryoshigyakuto Bukuryotakushato Bukuryukanto Bunshoto(jippiin) Bushikobeito Byakkokakeishito Byakkokaninjinto Byakkoto Byakujutsubushito Chibakujiogan Chikujountanto Chikuyosekkoto Choijokito Chokoshiteito Choreito Choreitogoshimotsuto Chotosan Choyoto Chukenchuto Chuoko Bakumondo-To Bofu-tsusho-San Boi-bukryo-To Boi-ogi-To Bushi-richu-To (Bushi-ninjin-To) Bukuryo-In Bukuyo-In-go-Hange-koboku-To Bukuryo-In-ka-hange Bukuryo-kyonin-kanzo-To Bukuryo-shigyaku-To Bukuryo-takusha-To Bukuryukan-To Bunsho-To (Jippi-In) Bushi-kobei-To Byakko-ka-keishi-To Byakko-ka-ninjin-To Byakko-To Byakujutsu-bushi-To Chibaku-jio-Gan Chikujo-untan-To Chikuyo-sekko-To Choi-joki-To Choko-shitei-To Chorei-To Chorei-To-go-Shimotsu-To Choto-San Choyo-To Chu-kenchu-To Chuo-Ko 麦門冬湯 防風通聖散 防已茯苓湯 防已黄耆湯 附子理中湯 (附子人参湯) 茯苓飲 茯苓飲合半夏厚朴湯 茯苓飲加半夏 茯苓杏仁甘草湯 茯苓四逆湯 茯苓沢潟湯 伏竜肝湯 分消湯(実脾飲) 附子粳米湯 白虎加桂枝湯 白虎加人参湯 白虎湯 白朮附子湯 知柏地黄丸 竹茹温胆湯 竹葉石膏湯 調胃承気湯 丁香柿蔕湯 猪苓湯 猪苓湯合四物湯 釣藤散 腸癰湯 中建中湯 中黄膏 BAK BTS BBRT BOT BRT BRI BRIHK BRIH BKKT BSGT BTT BT BST BKBT BKTK BKTN BKT BBT CBJG CUT CSKT CJT CKST CRT CRTST CTS CYT CKT COK D Daibofuto Daihangeto Daijokito Daikenchuto Daiobotanpito Daiobushito Daiokanzoto Daisaikoto Daisaikotokyodaio Dokkatsukakkonto Dokkatsuto Dai-bofu-To Dai-hange-To Dai-joki-To Dai-kenchu-To Daio-botampi-To Daio-bushi-To Daio-kanzo-To Dai-saiko-To Dai-saiko-To-kyo-daio Dokkatsu-kakkon-To Dokkatsu-To 大防風湯 大半夏湯 大承気湯 大建中湯 大黄牡丹皮湯 大黄附子湯 大黄甘草湯 大柴胡湯 大柴胡湯去大黄 独活葛根湯 独活湯 DBFT DHT DJT DKT DBT DBST DKZT DST DSTKD KTD DT E En’nenhangeto Eppikajutsubuto Eppikajutsuto En’nen-hange-To Eppi-ka-jutsu-bu-To Eppi-ka-jutsu-To 延年半夏湯 越婢加朮附湯 越婢加朮湯 EHT EPTJB EPTJ F Fuhishomyakusan Fukankinshokisan Fuhi-shomyaku-San Fukankin-shoki-San 扶脾生脈散 不換金正気散 FSS FKSS C (continued overleaf ) © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • Hagihara et al Table (continued) Letters Romanized notation Structural notation Chinese characters Abbreviated notation G Gedaishimotsutokami Gokoto Gomotsugedokusan Goreisan Gorinsan Goshajinkigan Goshakusan Goshitsusan Goshuyuto Gedai-shimotsu-To-kami Goko-To Gomotsu-gedoku-San Go-rei-San Gorin-San Go-sha-jinki-Gan Goshaku-San Goshitsu-San Goshuyu-To 外台四物湯加味 五虎湯 五物解毒散 五苓散 五淋散 牛車腎気丸 五積散 牛膝散 呉茱萸湯 GSTK GT GGS GRS GS GJG GSS GSTS GSY H Hachigesan Hachimijiogan Hachimigan Hachimisenkiho Hainosan Hainosankyuto Hainoto Hangebyakujutsutemmato Hangekobokuto Hangesankyuto Hangeshashinto Heiisan Hochuekkito Hohaito Hokikenchuto Hontonto (chugoho) Hontonto (kinkiyouryaku) Hoyokangoto Hachige-San Hachimi-jio-Gan Hachimi-Gan Hachimi-senki-Ho Haino-San Haino-sankyu-To Haino-To Hange-byakujutsu-temma-To Hange-koboku-To Hange-sankyo-To Hange-shashin-To Heii-San Hochu-ekki-To Hohai-To Hoki-kenchu-To Honton-To (chugoho) Honton-To (kinkiyouryaku) Hoyo-kango-To 八解散 八味地黄丸 (八味丸) 八味疝気方 排膿散 排膿散及湯 排膿湯 半夏白朮天麻湯 半夏厚朴湯 半夏散及湯 半夏瀉心湯 平胃散 補中益気湯 補肺湯 補気健中湯(補気建中湯) 奔豚湯(肘後方) 奔豚湯(金匱要略) 補陽環五湯 HCS HJG HSH HNS HNST HNT HBT HKT HSKT HST HIS HET HHT HKCT HTC HTK HKGT I Ifuto Inchingoreisan Inchinkoto Ireito Ifu-To Inchin-go-rei-San Inchinko-To I-rei-To 胃風湯 茵蔯五苓散 茵蔯蒿湯 胃苓湯 IFT IGRS ICKT IRT J Jashosito Jidabokuippo Jiinkokato Jiinshihoto Jijinmeimokuto Jijintsujito Jiketsujunchoto Jingyokyokatsuto Jingyobofuto Jinryobyakujutsusan Jinsoin Jizusoippo Jizusoippokyodaio Jogan’ippo Jumihaidokuto Junchoto Juzentaihoto Jashoshi-To Ji-daboku-Ippo Jiin-koka-To Jiin-shiho-To Jijin-meimoku-To Jijin-tsuji-To Jiketsu-juncho-To Jingyo-kyokatsu-To Jingyo-bofu-To Jin-ryo-byakujutu-San Jin-so-In Ji-zuso-Ippo Ji-zuso-Ippo-kyo-daio Jogan-Ippo Jumi-haidoku-To Juncho-To Juzen-taiho-To 蛇床子湯 治打撲一方 滋陰降火湯 滋陰至宝湯 滋腎明目湯 滋腎通耳湯 滋血潤腸湯 秦芁羌活湯 秦芁防風湯 参苓白朮散 参蘇飲 治頭瘡一方 治頭瘡一方去大黄 蒸眼一方 十味敗毒湯 潤腸湯 十全大補湯 JSST JDI JKT JST JMT JTJT JJT JGK JGB JRBS JSI JZI JZIKD JGI JHT JCT JTT Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss ã â 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Kampo abbreviations and terminology Table (continued) Letters Romanized notation Structural notation Chinese characters Abbreviated notation K Kairosan Kagenryokakusan(asada) Kagenryokakusan(kyoteiken) Kaikyusyokusyoto Kakkonkajutsubuto Kakkonkokato Kakkon’oren’ogonto Kakkoshokisan Kakkonto Kakkontokasenkyushin’i Kamigedokuto Kamiheiisan Kamikihito Kamishimotsuto Kamishoyosan Kamishoyosankasenkyujio (kamishoyosangoshimotsuto) Kamiuntanto Kanbakutaisoto Kankyoninjinhangegan Kanroin Kanzobushito Kanzokankyoto Kanzoshashinto Kanzoto Kashokuyouhito KarogaihakuhakusHuto Karogaihakuto Keibohaidokusan Keigairengyoto Keihito Keikangan Keikyososooshinbuto Keimakakuhanto Keimeisankabukuryo Keishakuchimoto keishishakuyakuchimoto Keishibukuryogan Keishibukurogan(ryo)kayokuinin Keishieppito Keishikajutsubuto Keishikakakkonto Keishikakobokukyoninto Keishikaogito Keishikaryoujutsubuto Keishikaryukotsuboreito Keishikashakuyakudaioto Keishikashakuyakushokyouninjinto Keishikashakuyakuto Keishinieppiittokajutsuto Keishinieppiitto Keishininjinto Keishito Kairo-san Kagen-ryokaku-San(asada) Kagen-ryokaku-San(kyoteiken) Kaikyu-syoku-syo-To Kakkon-ka-jutsu-bu-To Kakkon-koka-To Kakkon-oren-ogon-To Kakko-shoki-San Kakkon-To Kakkon-To-ka-senkyu-shin’i Kami-gedoku-To Kami-heii-San Kami-kihi-To Kami-shimotsu-To Kami-shoyo-San Kami-shoyo-San-go-Shimotsu-To 解労散 加減涼膈散(浅田) 加減涼膈散(龔廷賢) 解急蜀椒湯 葛根加朮附湯 葛根紅花湯 葛根黄連黄芩湯 霍香正気散 葛根湯 葛根湯加川芎辛夷 加味解毒湯 加味平胃散 加味帰脾湯 加味四物湯 加味逍遥散 加味逍遥散加川芎地黄 (加味逍遥散合四物湯) 加味温胆湯 甘麦大棗湯 乾姜人参半夏丸 甘露飲 甘草附子湯 甘草乾姜湯 甘草瀉心湯 甘草湯 化食養脾湯 栝楼薤白白酒湯 栝楼薤白湯 荊防敗毒散 荊芥連翹湯 啓脾湯 鶏肝丸 桂姜棗草黄辛附湯 桂麻各半湯 鶏鳴散加茯苓 桂芍知母湯 (桂枝芍薬知母湯) 桂枝茯苓丸 桂枝茯苓丸(料)加薏苡仁 桂枝越婢湯 桂枝加朮附湯 桂枝加葛根湯 桂枝加厚朴杏仁湯 桂枝加黄耆湯 桂枝加苓朮附湯 桂枝加竜骨牡蛎湯 桂枝加芍薬大黄湯 桂枝加芍薬生姜人参湯 桂枝加芍薬湯 桂枝二越婢一湯加朮湯 桂枝二越婢一湯 桂枝人参湯 桂枝湯 KRS KRSA KRSK KSKT KTJB KKKT KOOT KSKS KT KTSS KGT KHSI KKT KSMT KSS KSSSJ Kami-untan-To Kanbaku-taiso-To Kankyo-ninjin-hange-Gan Kanro-In Kanzo-bushi-To Kanzo-kankyo-To Kanzo-shasin-To Kanzo-To Kashoku-youhi-To Karo-gaihaku-hakushu-To Karo-gaihaku-To Kei-bo-haidoku-San Keigai-rengyo-To Keihi-To Keikan-Gan Kei-kyo-so-so-o-shin-bu-To Kei-ma-kakuhan-To Keimei-San-ka-bukuryo Kei-shaku-chimo-To (Keishi-shakuyaku-chimo-To) Keishi-bukuryo-Gan Keishi-bukuryo-Gan-ka-yokuinin Keishi-eppi-To Keishi-ka-jutsu-bu-To Keishi-ka-kakkon-To Keishi-ka-koboku-kyonin-To Keishi-ka-ogi-To Keishi-ka-ryo-jutsu-bu-To Keishi-ka-ryukotsu-borei-To Keishi-ka-shakuyaku-daio-To Keishi-ka-shakuyaku-shokyo-ninjin-To Keishi-ka-shakuyaku-To Keishi-ni-eppi-it-To-ka-jutsu-To Keishi-ni-eppi-it-To Keishi-ninjin-To Keishi-To KUT KTT KNHG KI KBT KZKT KZST KZT KAYT KRGHT KRGT KBHS KRT KHT KKG KSOT KMK KMSB KSCT KBG KBGY KET KSTJB KSTK KSTKK KSTO KSTRJ KSTRB KSTSD KSTSN KSTS KNEIJ KNEI KNT KST (continued overleaf ) © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • Hagihara et al Table (continued) Letters Romanized notation Structural notation Chinese characters Abbreviated notation Kenchuto Kigikenchuto Kihito Kikyosekko Kikyoto Kishukunichinto Kobokushokyohangeninjinkanzoto Kojito Kokikujiogan Koshaheiisan Kosharikkunshito Koshayoito Kososan Kufugedokusan(to) Kujinto Kumibinroto Kyoseihatekigan Kyososan Kyukichoketsuin Kyukichoketsuindaiichikagen Kyukikyogaito Kenchu-To Ki-gi-kenchu-To Kihi-To Kikyo-sekko Kikyo-To Kishuku-ni-chin-To Koboku-shokyo-hange-ninjin-kanzo-To Koji-To Ko-kiku-jio-Gan Ko-sha-heii-San Ko-sha-rikkunshi-To Ko-sha-yoi-To Ko-so-San Kufu-gedoku-San Kujin-To Kumi-binro-To Kyosei-hateki-Gan Kyo-so-San Kyu-ki-choketsu-In Kyu-ki-choketsu-In-daiichi-kagen Kyu-ki-kyo-gai-To 堅中湯 帰耆建中湯 帰脾湯 桔梗石膏 桔梗湯 枳縮二陳湯 厚朴生姜半夏人参甘草湯 甲字湯 杞菊地黄丸 香砂平胃散 香砂六君子湯 香砂養胃湯 香蘇散 駆風解毒散(湯) 苦参湯 九味檳榔湯 響声破笛丸 杏蘇散 芎帰調血飲 芎帰調血飲第一加減 芎帰膠艾湯 KCT KGKT KIT KS KYT KNCT KSHNK KJT KJG KSHIS KSRKT KSYT KOSS KGS KJNT KBRT KHG KYSS KCI KCIDI KKGT M Makyokansekito Makyoyokukanto Maobushisaishinto Maoto Mashiningan Meiroin Mibakujiogan Mokuboito Ma-kyo-kan-seki-To Ma-kyo-yoku-kan-To Mao-bushi-saishin-To Mao-To Mashinin-Gan Meiro-In Mi-baku-jio-Gan Mokuboi-To 麻杏甘石湯 麻杏薏甘湯 麻黄附子細辛湯 麻黄湯 麻子仁丸 明朗飲 味麦地黄丸 木防已湯 MKKS MKYK MBST MT MNG MRT MJG MBT N Nichinto Nijutsuto Ninjinto(ricyugan) Ninjin’yoeito Nyoshinsan(an’eito) Ni-chin-To Ni-jutsu-To Ninjin-To Ninjin-yoei-To Nyoshin-San 二陳湯 二朮湯 人参湯(理中丸) 人参養栄湯 女神散(安栄湯) NCT NJT NT NYT NSS O Ogikeishigomotsuto Ogikenchuto Ogonto Oren’akyoto Orengedokuto Orento Oshosan Otsujito Otsujitokyodaio Ogi-keishi-gomotsu-To Ogi-kenchu-To Ogon-To Oren-akyo-To Oren-gedoku-To Oren-To Osho-San Otsuji-To Otsuji-To-kyo-daio 黄蓍桂枝五物湯 黄耆建中湯 黄芩湯 黄連阿膠湯 黄連解毒湯 黄連湯 応鐘散 乙字湯 乙字湯去大黄 OKGT OKT OT OAT OGT ORT OSS OJT OJTKD R Reitakutsukito Reitakutsukitokashin’i Renjuin Rikkosan Rikkunshito Rokumigan Rokumijiogan Ryokankyomishingeninto Ryokeijutsukanto Ryokeikansoto Ryokeimikanto Reitaku-tsuki-To Reitaku-tsuki-To-ka-shin’i Renju-In Rikko-San Rikkunshi-To Rokumi-Gan 麗択通気湯 麗択通気湯加辛夷 連珠飲 立効散 六君子湯 六味丸(六味地黄丸) RTT RTTS RJI RS RKT RJG Ryo-kan-kyo-mi-shin-ge-nin-To Ryo-kyo-jutsu-kan-To Ryo-kei-kan-so-To Ryo-kei-mi-kan-To 苓甘姜味辛夏仁湯 苓桂朮甘湯 苓桂甘棗湯 苓桂味甘湯 RKS RKJK RKKS RKMK Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol ã Iss ã â 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Kampo abbreviations and terminology Table (continued) Letters S Romanized notation Structural notation Chinese characters Abbreviated notation Ryokyojutsukanto Ryutanshakanto Ryo-kei-jutsu-kan-To Ryutan-shakan-To 苓姜朮甘湯 竜胆瀉肝湯 RKYJK RST Saibokuto Saikanto Saikatsugekito Saikatsutokasenkyushini Saikokaryukotsuboreito Saikokeishikankyoto Saikokeishito Saikokikitsuto Saikoseikanto Saikosokanto Saikyohangeto Saireito Saishakurikkunshito Saisoin Sammotsuogonto San’oshashinto San’osan Sansoninto Satotsuko Seihaito Seijobofuto Seijokentsuto(kufushokutsuto) Senkanmeimokuto Seikiankaito Seinetsuhoketsuto Seinetsuhokito Seishinrenshiin Seishituketanto Seishoekkito Senkinkeimeisan Senkinnaitakusan Senkyuchachosan Senshibyakujutsusan Sesshoin Shakanzoto Shakosaito Sammishakosaito Shakuyakukanzobushito Shakuyakukanzoto Shichimotsukokato Shigyakukaninjinto Shigyakusan Shigyakuto Shikonboreito Shikunshito Shimbuto Shimotsuto Shimpito Shin’iseihaito Shinsentaitsuko Shireito Shishihakuhito Sai-boku-To Sai-kan-To Sai-katsu-geki-To Sai-katsu-To-ka-senkyu-shini Saiko-ka-ryukotsu-borei-To Saiko-keishi-kankyo-To Saiko-keishi-To Saiko-ki-kitsu-To Saiko-seikan-To Saiko-sokan-To Saikyo-hange-To Sai-rei-To Sai-shaku-rikkunshi-To Sai-so-In Sammotsu-ogon-To San-o-shashin-To San-o-San Sansonin-To Satotsu-Ko Seihai-To Seijo-bofu-To Seijo-kentsu-To Senkan-meimoku-To Seiki-ankai-To Seinetsu-hoketsu-To Seinetsu-hoki-To Seishin-renshi-In Seishitsu-ketan-To Seisho-ekki-To Senkin-keimei-San Senkin-naitaku-San Senkyu-Cha-cho-San Senshi-byakujutsu-San Sessho-In Sha-kanzo-To Shakosai-To (Sammi-shakosai-To) Shakuyaku-kanzo-bushi-To Shakuyaku-kanzo-To Shichimotsu-koka-To Shigyaku-ka-ninjin-To Shigyaku-San Shigyaku-To Shikon-borei-To Shikunshi-To Shimbu-To Shimotsu-To Shimpi-To Shin’i-seihai-To Shinsen-taitsu-Ko Shi-rei-to Shishi-hakuhi-To 柴朴湯 柴陥湯 柴葛解肌湯 柴葛湯加川芎辛夷 柴胡加竜骨牡蛎湯 柴胡桂枝乾姜湯 柴胡桂枝湯 柴胡枳桔湯 柴胡清肝湯 柴胡疎肝湯 柴梗半夏湯 柴苓湯 柴芍六君子湯 柴蘇飲 三物黄芩湯 三黄瀉心湯 三黄散 酸棗仁湯 左突膏 清肺湯 清上防風湯 清上蠲痛湯(駆風触痛湯) 洗肝明目湯 清肌安蛔湯 清熱補血湯 清熱補気湯 清心蓮子飲 清湿化痰湯 清暑益気湯 千金鶏鳴散 千金内托散 川芎茶調散 銭氏白朮散 折衝飲 炙甘草湯 鷓胡菜湯(三味鷓胡菜湯) SBT SAK SKGT SKSS SRB SAKK SAKT SKKT SSET SSOT SKHT SRT SSRKT SSI SOT SOST SOS SSNT STTK SHT SJBT SJKT SKMT SAT SNKT SNHT SRI SSKT SET SKMS SNTS SCCS SBS SESI SKZT SHAT 芍薬甘草附子湯 芍薬甘草湯 七物降下湯 四逆加人参湯 四逆散 四逆湯 紫根牡蛎湯 四君子湯 真武湯 四物湯 神秘湯 辛夷清肺湯 神仙太乙膏 四苓湯 梔子柏皮湯 SKB SKT SCMKT SGTN SGS SGT SBRT SKST SIT SMT SPT SSHT STK SHRT SSHK (continued overleaf ) © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • Hagihara et al Table (continued) Letters Romanized notation Structural notation Chinese characters Abbreviated notation Shishishito Shiteito Shiunko Shobaito Shofusan Shohangekabukuryoto Shojokito Shokenchuto Shokyoshashinto Shomakakkonto Shosaikoto Shosaikotokakikyosekko Shoseiryuto Shoseiryutokakyoninsekko (shoseiryutogomakyokansekito) Shoseiryutokasekko Shoyosan(hachimishoyosan) Shozokumeito Sokeikakketsuto Soshikokito Shishi-shi-To Shitei-To Shiun-Ko Sho-bai-To Shofu-San Sho-hange-ka-bukuryo-To Sho-joki-To Sho-kenchu-To Shokyo-shashin-To Shoma-kakkon-To Sho-saiko-To Sho-saiko-To-ka-kikyo-sekko Sho-seiryu-To Sho-seiryu-To-go-Ma-kyo-kan-seki-To SSST STT SK SHBT SFS SHB SJT SHKT SHST SMKT SSK SSKKS SST SSTKS Sho-seiryu-To-ka-sekko Shoyo-San(Hachimi-shoyo-San) Sho-zokumei-To Sokei-kakketsu-To Soshi-koki-To 梔子豉湯 柿蔕湯 紫雲膏 椒梅湯 消風散 小半夏加茯苓湯 小承気湯 小建中湯 生姜瀉心湯 升麻葛根湯 小柴胡湯 小柴胡湯加桔梗石膏 小青竜湯 小青竜湯加杏仁石膏 (小青竜湯合麻杏甘石湯) 小青竜湯加石膏 逍遥散(八味逍遥散) 小続命湯 疎経活血湯 蘇子降気湯 T Takushato Teikiin Tokakujokito Tokibaimokujinganryo Tokiinshi Tokikenchuto Tokisan Tokishakuyakusan Tokishakuyakusankabushi Tokishakuyakusankaninjin Tokishakuyakusankaogichoto Tokishigyakukagoshuyushokyoto Tokishigyakuto Tokito Tsudosan Takusha-To Teiki-In Tokaku-joki-To Toki-baimo-kujin-San-Ryo Toki-Inshi Toki-kenchu-To Toki-San Toki-shakuyaku-San Toki-shakuyaku-San-ka-bushi Toki-shakuyaku-San-ka-ningin Toki-shakuyaku-San-ka-ogi-choto Toki-shigyaku-ka-goshuyu-shokyo-To Toki-shigyaku-To Toki-To Tsudo-San 沢瀉湯 定悸飲 桃核承気湯 当帰貝母苦参丸料 当帰飲子 当帰建中湯 当帰散 当帰芍薬散 当帰芍薬散加附子 当帰芍薬散加人参 当帰芍薬散加黄耆釣藤 当帰四逆加呉茱萸生姜湯 当帰四逆湯 当帰湯 通導散 TAT TEI TJT TBK TKI TKT TKS TSS TSSB TSSN TSSOC TSGST TST TOT TDS U Unkeito Unseiin Untanto Ureitsukisan Uyakujunkisan Unkei-To Unsei-In Untan-To U-rei-tsuki-San Uyaku-junki-San 温経湯 温清飲 温胆湯 烏苓通気散 烏薬順気散 UKT USI UTT UTS UJS Y Yohakusan Yokuibushihaishosan Yokuininto Yokukansan Yokukansankachimpihange Yokukansankashakuyakuoren Yo-haku-San Yokui-bushi-haisho-San Yokuinin-To Yokukan-San Yokukan-San-ka-chimpi-hange Yokukan-San-ka-shakuyaku-oren 楊柏散 薏苡附子敗醤散 薏苡仁湯 抑肝散 抑肝散加陳皮半夏 抑肝散加芍薬黄連 YHS YBHS YT YKS YKSCH YKSSO Z Zenshikunshito Zokumeito Zen-shikunshi-To Zokumei-To 喘四君子湯 続命湯 ZSKST ZMT 10 Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • SSTKS SS SZMT SOKT SSKK © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Kampo abbreviations and terminology Table | Japanese and English terms for Kampo medicine Japanese term (Chinese characters) Japanese pronunciation English term 学派など I School classification 日本漢方 [漢方医学][漢方] [日本伝統医学] にほんかんぽう: nihon-kampo [かんぽういがく] [かんぽう] [にほんでんとういがく]: [kampo-igaku] [kampo] [nihon-dentoigaku] (Japanese) Kampo medicine Japanese traditional medicine (JTM) 後世派 [後世方] ごせいは [ごせいほう]: gosei-ha [goseiho] Gosei school 古方派 [古方] こほうは [こほう]: koho-ha [koho] Koho school 折衷派 せっちゅうは: setchu-ha Setchu school 考証派 [考証学派] こうしょうは [こうしょうがくは]: kosho-ha [koshogaku-ha] Kosho school 概念 II Concepts 基本概念 (1) (2) (3) (4) Basic concepts 陰陽 [陰陽説] いんよう [いんようせつ]: in’yo[in’yo-setsu] Yin and yang (yin and yang theory) 陰 いん: in Yin 陽 よう: yo Yang 虚実 きょじつ: kyojitsu Deficiency and excess 虚 きょ: kyo Deficiency 実 じつ: jitsu Excess 虚実中間 きょじつちゅうかん: kyojitsuchukan Medium 寒熱 かんねつ: kan-netsu Cold and heat 寒 かん: kan Cold 熱 ねつ: netsu Heat 寒熱中間 かんねつちゅうかん: kan-netsu-chukan Moderate 寒熱錯雑 かんねつさくざつ: kan-netsu-sakuzatsu Tangled cold and heat 表裏(病位) ひょうり(びょうい): hyori (byo-i) Exterior and interior (location) 表 ひょう: hyo Exterior (location) 裏 り: ri Interior (location) 半表半裏 [半外半裏] はんぴょうはんり [はんがいはんり]: hampyo-hanri {hangai-hanri] Intermediate location (continued overleaf ) © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • 11 Hagihara et al Table (continued) (5) (6) (7) (8) 12 Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • Japanese term (Chinese characters) Japanese pronunciation English term 内外 ないがい: naigai Inner and outer (relative positioning ) 内 ない: nai Inner (location) 外 がい: gai Outer (location) 三陰三陽 [三陰][三陽] さんいんさんよう [さんいん][さんよう]: san’in-san’yo [san’in] [san’yo] Three yin and three yang (three yin) (three yang) 太陽 たいよう: taiyo Early yang 少陽 しょうよう: shoyo Late yang 陽明 ようめい: yomei Middle yang 太陰 たいいん: taiin Early yin 少陰 しょういん: shoin Middle yin 厥陰 けっちん{けついん}: ketchin {ketsuin} Late yin 五行 [五行説] ごぎょう [ごぎょうせつ]: gogyo[gogyo-setsu] Five elements (five elements theory) 木 もく: moku Wood (TM) 火 か: ka Fire (TM) 土 ど: Earth (TM) 金 きん: kin Metal (TM) 水 すい: sui Water (TM) 相生相克 [相生] [相剋] [相克] そうせいそうこく (そうしょうそうこく): sosei-sokoku [sosho-sokoku] [そうせい{そうしょう}] : [sosei {sosho}] [そうこく]: sokoku, [そうこく] : sokoku Engendering restrain 臓腑 臓腑説 [五臓六腑] ぞうふ: zofu ぞうふせつ: zofu-setsu [ごぞうろっぷ]: gozo-roppu Solid and hollow viscera (TM) Zang Fu theory (five viscera and six bowels) 肝 かん: kan Liver (TM) 心 しん: shin Heart (TM) 脾 ひ: hi Spleen (TM) 肺 はい: hai Lung (TM) 腎 じん: jin Kidney (TM) 心包 しんぽう: shimpo Pericardium (TM) 胆 たん: tan Gallbladder (TM) 小腸 しょうちょう: shocho Small intestine (TM) 胃 い: i Stomach (TM) © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Kampo abbreviations and terminology Table (continued) (9) Japanese term (Chinese characters) Japanese pronunciation English term 大腸 だいちょう: daicho Large intestine (TM) 膀胱 ぼうこう: boko Bladder (TM) 三焦 さんしょう: sansho Triple energizer (TM) 三焦 さんしょう: sansho The triple energizer regions 上焦 じょうしょう: jyousho Upper energizer (region) 中焦 ちゅうしょう: chusho Middle energizer (region) 下焦 げしょう:gesho Lower energizer (region) 生理的概念 (1) (2) Physiological concepts 気血水 [気血][津液] きけつすい [きけつ] [しんえき]: ki-ketsu-sui [kiketsu] [sihn’eki] Qi, blood and fluid 気 き: ki Qi 血 けつ: ketsu Blood 水[津液] すい[しんえき]: sui [shin’eki] Fluid 営衛 [栄衛] えいえ[えいえ]: eie [eie] Nutrients and defenses 営 [栄] [営気][栄気] えい[えい] [えいき][えいき] :ei [ei] [eiki] [eiki] Nutrient (nutrient qi) 衛 [衛気] え[えき]: e [eki] Defense (defense qi) 病理的概念 (1) (2) a b Pathological concepts 正邪 せいじゃ: seijya Healthy qi and pathogen 正気 せいき: seiki Healthy qi 邪 [邪気][病邪] じゃ[じゃき] [びょうじゃ]: jya [jyaki] [byojya] Pathogen 三因と外感内傷 [病因] さんいんとがいかんないしょう : san’in-to-gaikan’naisho [びょういん]: [byoin] Three factor and others [cause of disease] 外因 [六淫][六邪][外邪] がいいん: gaiin [ろくいん{りくいん}] [ろくじゃ {りくじゃ}] [がいじゃ]: [rokuin{rikuin}] [rokujya {rikujya}] [gaijya] Environmental factor [six pathogens] 風 [風邪] ふう[ふうじゃ]: fu [fujya] Wind 寒 [寒邪] かん [かんじゃ]: kan[kanjya] Cold 暑 [暑邪] しょ[しょじゃ]: sho [shojya] Summer-heat 湿 [湿邪] しつ [しつじゃ]: shitsu {shitsujya] Dampness 燥 [燥邪] そう[そうじゃ]:so[sojya] Dryness 火 [火邪] か[かじゃ]: ka [kajya] Fire heat 内因 [七情] ないいん : naiin [しちじょう]: shichijyo Emotional factor [the seven emotions] (continued overleaf ) © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • 13 Hagihara et al Table (continued) Japanese term (Chinese characters) c English term ふないがいいん: funai-gaiin Neither environmental nor emotional factor 気血水の異常 (3) a b Body constituents pattern 気の異常 きのいじょう: ki-no-ijyo Qi abnormalities 気滞 きたい: kitai Qi stagnation 気虚 ききょ: kikyo Qi deficiency 気逆 きぎゃく: kigyaku Qi counterflow 血の異常 けつのいじょう: ketsu-no-ijyo Abnormality of blood 瘀血 おけつ: oketsu Blood stasis (Oketsu) 血虚 けっきょ : kekkyo Blood deficiency 気血両虚 きけつりょうきょ: kiketsu-ryokyo Dual deficiency of qi and blood 水の異常 すいのいじょう: sui-no-ijyo Abnormality of fluid 水毒 すいどく: suidoku Fluid disturbance 水滞 [水飲][溜飲][痰飲] すいたい[すいいん] [りゅういん] [たんいん]: suitai [suiin] [ryuin] [tan’in] Fluid retension (retained fluid) 亡津液 ぼうしんえき: boshin’eki Fluid deficiency (loss of fluid) 傷寒論 しょうかんろん: shokan-ron Shang Hang Lun a 傷寒 しょうかん: shokan Cold damage b 中風 ちゅうふう: chu’fu Wind impact c 六病位 [病位] 六経病 [六経] ろくびょうい {りくびょうい} [びょうい]: rokubyoi {rikubyoi} [byoi] ろっけいびょう {りっけいびょう} [ろっけい {りっけい}]: rokkeibyo {rikkeibyo} [rokkei {rikkei}] Six stage pattern 陽病 ようびょう: yobyo Yang stage pattern 太陽病 たいようびょう: taiyo-byo Early yang stage pattern 少陽病 しょうようびょう: shoyo-byo Late yang stage pattern 陽明病 ようめいびょう: yomei-byo Middle yang stage pattern c (4) 陰病 いんびょう: in-byo Yin stages pattern 少陰病 しょういんびょう: shoin-byo Middle yin stage pattern 太陰病 たいいんびょう: taiin-byo Early yin stage pattern 厥陰病 けっちんびょう {けついんびょう}: ketchin-byo {ketsuin-byo} Late yin stage pattern d 合病 ごうびょう: go-byo Combination disease e 併病 へいびょう: hei-byo Overlap disease f 壊病 えびょう: e-byo Destructive stage 腹証 ふくしょう: fukusho Abdominal pattern III 14 不内外因 Japanese pronunciation Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol ã Iss ã â 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Kampo abbreviations and terminology Table (continued) Japanese term (Chinese characters) English term 腹診部位 Names of abdominal region 心下 しんか: shinka Epigastric region [epigastrium] 胸脇 [脇下][胸下] きょうきょう[きょうか] [きょうか]: kyokyo[kyoka] [kyoka] Hypochondrium region, hypochondrium, (subchondrial region) 臍傍 さいぼう{せいぼう}: saibo {seibo} Para-umbilical region 臍上 さいじょう{せいじょう}: saijyo {seijyo} Supra-umbilical region 臍下 さいか{せいか}: saika {seika} Infra-umbilial region 小腹 (少腹) しょうふく(しょうふく): shofuku (shofuku) Lower abdominal region 腹部 ふくぶ: fukubu Abdoment, abdominal region 腹部所見と関連症状 [腹証][腹候] (1) Japanese pronunciation Abdominal signs and related symptoms 腹力 ふくりょく: fukuryoku Abdominal strength 腹力 強 (実) ふくりょく きょう(じつ): fukuryoku kyo (jitsu) Strong (excess) 腹力 中 ふくりょく ちゅう: fukuryoku chu Intermediate 腹力 弱 (虚) ふくりょく じゃく(きょ): fukuryoku jyaku (kyo) Weak (deficiency) 腹部所見 Abdominal signs and findings 痞 ひ: hi Discomfort 鞕 (硬) こう(こう): ko Resistance 痞鞕 ひこう: hiko Discomfort and resistance 鞕満 こうまん: koman Resistance and distention 拘急 こうきゅう: kokyu Muscle tension (muscle strainning) 腹部動悸 (悸) ふくぶどうき(き): fukubudouki (ki) Brisk abdominal aortic pulsation 腹満 (満) ふくまん (まん): fukuman (man) Abdominal distension (distension) 苦満 くまん: kuman Discomfort and distension 支満 しまん: sHiman Muscle straining and distension 痞満 ひまん: himan Discomfort and distension (continued overleaf ) © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • 15 Hagihara et al Table (continued) Japanese term (Chinese characters) (1) (3) (4) 16 Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • English term 主な腹証 Main abdominal patterns 胸脇部位の所見 Signs and findings in the hypochondriac region きょうきょうくまん: kyokyokuman [きょうきょうまん]: [kyokyoman] [きょうかひこう]: [kyokahiko] 胸脇苦満 [胸脇満] [脇下痞鞕] (2) Japanese pronunciation 心下部の所見 Hypochondriac discomfort and distension (resistance) Signs and findings in the epigastric region 心下痞鞕 しんかひこう: shinkahiko Epigastric discomfort and resistance 心下痞 しんかひ: shinkahi Epigastric discomfort 心下鞕 [心下堅] しんかこう: shinkako [しんかけん] : [shinkaken] Epigastric hard resistance 心下満 しんかまん: shinkaman Epigastric fullness and distension 心下急 しんかきゅう: shinkakyu Epigastric tightness 心下軟 しんかなん: shinkanan Epigastric soft resistance 心下痞堅 しんかひけん: shinkahiken Epigastric discomfort and broad resistance 心下支結 しんかしけつ: shinkashiketsu Upper abdominal muscle strain 心下悸 しんかき: shinkaki Brisk epigastric aortic pulsation (胃部) 振水音 [胃内停水] (いぶ) しんすいおん: (ibu) shinsuion [いないていすい]: [inaiteisui] Splashing sound in epigastric region, (fluid retension in stomach) 瘀血を示す所見 Patterns indicating blood stasis (Signs and findings indicating blood stasis) 小腹鞕満 [小腹満] しょうふくこうまん [しょうふくまん]: shofukukoman [shofukuman] Lower abdominal resistance and fullness 小腹急結 しょうふくきゅうけつ: shofukukyuketsu resistance and sharp tenderness in the left iliac region 臍傍圧痛 さいぼうあっつう {せいぼうあっつう}: saiboattsu {seibouattsu} Para-umbilical tenderness and resistance 腹壁あるいは腹筋緊張の異常 Abnormalities of the abdominal wall strength or construction © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Kampo abbreviations and terminology Table (continued) Japanese term (Chinese characters) (5) Japanese pronunciation English term 腹直筋攣急 [腹皮拘急][腹裏拘急] [腹皮攣急][腹拘攣] ふくちょくきんれんきゅう: fukuchokukinrenkyu [ふくひこうきゅう] [ふくりこうきゅう] [ふくひれんきゅう] [ふくこうれん]: [fukuhikokyu] [fukurikokyu] [fukuhirenkyu] [fukukoren] Abdominal muscle tension 小腹不仁 [臍下不仁] しょうふくふじん: shoufukufujin [さいかふじん {せいかふじん}]: [saikafujin {seikafujin]] Weakness of the lower abdominal region 小腹拘急 小腹弦急 臍下拘急 しょうふくこうきゅう : sHoufukukokyu しょうふくげんきゅう : shofukugenkyu さいかこうきゅう {せいかこうきゅう}: saikakokyu {seikakokyu} Lower abdominal muscle tension 正中芯 せいちゅうしん: seichushin Palpable thin line of linia alba 腹部動悸 (悸) ふくぶどうき(き): fukubudoki (ki) Brisk abdominal aortic pulsation 臍上悸 さいじょうき {せいじょうき}: saijyoki {seijyoki} Brisk pulsation in the supra-umbilical region 臍傍悸 さいぼうき{せいぼうき}: saiboki {seiboki} Brisk pulsation in the para-umbilical region 臍下悸 さいかき{せいかき}: saikaki {seikaki} Brisk pulsation in the infra-umbilical region さいつうてん {せいつうてん}: saitsuten {seitsuten} Small resistance and tenderness just above umblicus その他 (others) (6) 臍痛点 診断 IV Diagnosis 診察 (1) a (a) Examination 四診 ししん: shishin Examinations 望診 [視診] ぼうしん[ししん]: boshin [shishin] Inspection 舌診 ぜっしん: zesshin Tongue inspection 舌の所見 [舌証][舌候] ぜつのしょけん [ぜっしょう][ぜっこう]: zetsu-no-shoken [zessho] {zekko} Tongue signs (continued overleaf ) © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • 17 Hagihara et al Table (continued) Japanese term (Chinese characters) Japanese pronunciation English term 舌色 ぜっしょく: zesshoku Tongue color 舌苔 ぜったい: zettai Tongue coating 黒苔 こくたい: kokutai Black tongue coating 白苔 はくたい:hakutai White tongue coating 黄苔 おうたい:otai Yellow tongue coating 無苔 むたい: mutai No tongue coating 鏡面舌 きょうめんぜつ: kyomen-zetsu Mirror tongue b 聞診 ぶんしん: bunshin Listening and smelling examination c 問診 もんしん: monshin Inquiry d 切診 せっしん: sesshin Palpation 脈診 みゃくしん: myakushin Pulse examination 寸関尺 寸口[寸脈], 関上[関脈], 尺中[尺脈] すんかんしゃく: sun-kan-shaku すんこう[すんみゃく], かんじょう [かんみゃく], しゃくちゅう [しゃくみゃく]: sunko[sunmyaku], kanjyo [kanmyaku], shakuchu [shakumyaku] Inch, bar, cubit 脈の所見 脈証 [脈候][脈象] みゃくのしょけん: myaku-no-shoken みゃくしょう [みゃっこう {みゃくこう}] [みゃくしょう]: myakusho [myakko {myakuko}] [myakusho] Pulse signs 虚脈 きょみゃく: kyo-myaku Deficient pulse 実脈 じつみゃく: jitsu-myaku Excessive pulse 大脈 だいみゃく: dai-myaku Large pulse 小脈 しょうみゃく:sho-myaku Small pulse 浮脈 ふみゃく: fu-myaku Floating pulse 沈脈 ちんみゃく: chin-myaku Sunken pulse 数脈 さくみゃく: saku-myaku Rapid pulse 遅脈 ちみゃく: chi-myaku Slow pulse 促脈 そくみゃく: soku-myaku Quicken pulse 結脈 けつみゃく: ketsu-myaku Moderate and skipping pulse 代脈 だいみゃく: dai-myaku Pace-changing pulse 緩脈 かんみゃく: kan-myaku Relaxed pulse 緊脈 きんみゃく: kin-myaku Tension pulse 弦脈 げんみゃく: gen-myaku String-like pulse (a) 18 Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol ã Iss ã â 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Kampo abbreviations and terminology Table (continued) (b) Japanese term (Chinese characters) Japanese pronunciation English term 滑脈 かつみゃく: katsu-myaku Smooth pulse 濇脈[渋脈] しょくみゃく[じゅうみゃく]: shoku-myaku [jyu-myaku] Rough pulse 洪脈 こうみゃく: ko-myaku Surge pulse 弱脈 じゃくみゃく: jyaku-myaku Weak pulse 細脈 さいみゃく: sai-myaku Thin pulse 微脈 びみゃく: bi-myaku Faint pulse 伏脈 ふくみゃく : fuku-myaku Impalpable pulse 軟脈 なんみゃく: nan-myaku Soft pulse 芤脈 こうみゃく: ko-myaku Hollow pulse 散脈 (散大脈) さんみゃく(さんだいみゃく): san-myaku (sandai-myaku) Paradoxical large pulse 腹診 ふくしん: fukushin Abdominal examination 証 Pattern (Sho) 陰証 いんしょう: in-sho Yin pattern 陽証 ようしょう: yo-sho Yang pattern 虚証 きょしょう: kyo-sho Deficiency pattern 実証 じつしょう: jitsu-sho Excess pattern 虚実中間証 [虚実間証] きょじつちゅうかんしょう [きょじつかんしょう]: kyojitsu-chukan-sho Medium pattern 寒証 かんしょう: kan-sho Cold pattern 熱証 ねつしょう{ねっしょう}: netsu-sho {nessho} Heat pattern 寒熱中間証 かんねつちゅうかんしょう: kannetsu-chukan-sho Moderate pattern 表証 ひょうしょう: hyo-sho Exterior pattern 裏証 りしょう: ri-sho Interior pattern 半表半裏証 はんぴょうはんりしょう: hanpyohanri-sho Intermediate pattern 真寒仮熱 しんかんかねつ: shinkan-kanetsu True cold and false heat 真熱仮寒 しんねつかかん: shinnetsu-kakan True heat and false cold 症候・病名 (1) Clinical manifestations 症状 Symptom 冷え ひえ: hie 悪寒 おかん: okan Aversion to cold 悪風 おふう: ofu Aversion to wind ほてり ほてり: hoteri Hot sensation 身熱 しんねつ: shinnetsu Whole body fever 潮熱 ちょうねつ: chonetsu Tidal fever 悪熱 おねつ: onetsu Aversion to heat Chill (continued overleaf ) © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • 19 Hagihara et al Table (continued) 20 Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • Japanese term (Chinese characters) Japanese pronunciation English term 微熱 びねつ: binetsu Mild (slight) fever 手足煩熱 [五心煩熱] しゅそくはんねつ: shusoku-hannetsu [ごしんはんねつ]: [goshin-hannetsu] (1) Heat with agitation in hands and feet (2) Heat with agitation in palms, soles and chest 煩熱 はんねつ: hannetsu Heat with agitation 発汗 はっかん: hakkan Sweating Induce (s.b.) sweating 自汗 じかん: jikan Spontaneous sweating 盗汗 とうかん: tokan Night sweating 無汗 むかん: mukan Absence of sweating, no sweating 皮膚甲錯 (肌膚甲錯) ひふこうさく (きふこうさく): hifu-kosaku (kifu-kosaku) Dry and rough skin 枯燥 こそう:koso Dry (skin) 水腫 [水気] すいしゅ[すいき]: suishu [suiki] Edema 疳 かん: kan Infantile weakness 癇 かん: kan Epilepsy (of infant) 往来寒熱 [寒熱交作] おうらいかんねつ [かんねつこうさく]: orai-kannetsu [kannetsu-kosaku] Alternating chills and fever 上逆 [上衝] じょうぎゃく [じょうしょう]: jyogyaku [jyosho] Qi counterflow 咽中炙臠 [梅核気] いんちゅうしゃれん [ばいかくき]: inchu-sharen [baikaku-ki] Foreign body sensation in the throat 咽喉不利 いんこうふり: inkofuri Discomfort in the throat 口苦 こうく: koku Bitter in the mouth 胸痺 きょうひ: kyohi Chest discomfort 心気不定 しんきふてい: shinkifutei Emotional instability 怔忡 せいちゅう: seichu Anxiety and palpitation 心煩 [心中懊憹] しんはん [しんちゅうおうのう]: shinhan[shinchu-ono] Chest agitation Chest distress 倚息 きそく: kisoku Orthopnea 短気 たんき: tanki Shortness of breath 少気 しょうき: shoki Shallow breathing 咳逆 がいぎゃく: gaigyaku Violent cough 大逆上気 たいぎゃくじょうき: taigyaku-jyoki Qi upward counterflow 胸満 きょうまん: kyoman Chest full feeling © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Kampo abbreviations and terminology Table (continued) Japanese term (Chinese characters) Japanese pronunciation English term 噎 [膈噎] いつ[かくいつ]: itsu [kakuitsu] Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) 噦 えつ: etsu Hiccup 乾嘔 かんおう:kan’o Dry retching 嘔逆 おうぎゃく: ogyaku Severe vomiting 喜嘔 きおう: kio Nausea 喜唾 きだ: kida Excessive saliva secretion 消穀 しょうこく: shokoku Good/big appetite and overeating 自下利 じげり: jigeri Spontaneus diarrhea 完穀下利 [下利清穀] かんこくげり[げりせいこく]: kankokugeri [geriseikoku ] Undigested food diarrhea 熱利 ねつり: netsuri Heat diarrhea 恊熱利 きょうねつり: kyonetsuri Diarrhea of interior cold with exterior heat 裏急後重 りきゅうこうじゅう: rikyu-kojyu Tenesmus 腹中雷鳴 ふくちゅうらいめい: fukuchu-raimei Borborigmus 大便難 だいべんなん:daiben-nan Constipation 燥屎 そうし: soshi Heated dry stool 鼓脹 [脹満] こちょう[ちょうまん]: kocho [choman] Abdominal distension 積聚 しゃくじゅ: shakujyu Abdominal mass ちょうか: choka Abdominal mass 小便自利 しょうべんじり: shoben-jiri State of normal urine volume 小便不利 [尿不利] しょうべんふり[にょうふり]: shoben-furi [nyo-furi] Oliguria 小便難 しょうべんなん:shoben-nan Difficult urination (difficulty in urination) 漏下 ろうげ:roge Uterine bleeding 小便淋瀝 しょうべんりんれき :shoben-rinreki Dripping urination 証候 (漢方的病状) (2) a Kampo medical conditions 陰陽虚実寒熱 いんようきょじつかんねつ: in’yo-kyojitsu-kannetsu Yin and yang, deficiency and excess, cold and heat 虚寒 きょかん: kyokan Deficiency and cold (pattern) Cold of the deficiency 実熱 じつねつ: jitsunetsu Excess and heat (pattern) (continued overleaf ) © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • 21 Hagihara et al Table (continued) b c d (3) Japanese pronunciation English term 虚熱 きょねつ: kyonetsu Deficiency and heat (pattern) Heat of the deficiency 上熱下寒 じょうねつげかん: jyonetsu-gekan Upper heat and lower cold 熱厥 ねつけつ{ねっけつ}: netsuketsu {nekketsu} Coldness (of extremities) with qi reversal in heat pattern 仮熱 かねつ: kanetsu Fake heat [false heat] 冷え症 ひえしょう: hiesho Be sensitive to cold 気血水 きけつすい: ki-ketsu-sui Qi, blood, fluid 瘀熱 おねつ: onetsu Stagnant heat 血熱 けつねつ: ketsunetsu Blood heat 蓄血 ちくけつ: chikuketsu Blood accumulation 風湿 ふうしつ: fushitsu Wind-dampness 湿熱 しつねつ: shitsunetsu Dampness-heat 六経 ろくけい: rokukei Six stages (of disease transformation) 三陽合病 さんようごうびょう: san’yo-gobyo Combination of three yang 直中少陰 じきちゅうしょういん: jikichu-shoin Direct middle yin stage 瞑眩 めんげん: mengen Paradoxical healing response, Mengen 厥 けつ: ketsu Qi reverse 疝 [疝気] せん[せんき]: sen[senki] Abdominal colic 悸 き: ki Palpitation その他 (others) (漢方古典の)病名 a b 22 Japanese term (Chinese characters) Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • Conditions described in Kampo Classics 傷寒論 しょうかんろん: shokan-ron Shan Hang Lun 中風 ちゅうふう: chufu (1) Wind stroke (2) Wind impact 温病 おんびょう{うんびょう}: onbyo {unbyo} Warm disease 結胸 けつきょう{けっきょう}: ketsukyo {kekkyo} Chest-binding 霍乱 かくらん: kakuran Acute episode of severe emesis and diarrhea 労復 ろうふく: rofuku Relapse after effort 金匱要略 きんきようりゃく: kinkiyoryaku Jin Gui Yao Lue 痙病 けいびょう: keibyo Convulsion © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Kampo abbreviations and terminology Table (continued) c Japanese term (Chinese characters) Japanese pronunciation English term 暍 えつ: etsu Heat stroke 瘧 ぎゃく: gyaku Malaria-like disorder 歴節風 [歴節] れきせつふう[れきせつ]: rekisetsufu [rekisetsu] Joint-running wind [polyarthritis] 溢飲 いついん: itsuin Fluid retention (at exterior) 虚労 きょろう:kyoro Consumption, weakness and fatigue 肺痿 はいい: haii Lung atrophy 肺癰 はいよう: haiyo Lung abscess 肺脹 はいちょう: haicho Lung distention 奔豚 ほんとん:honton Severe qi counterflow 寒疝 かんせん; kansen Cold abdominal colic 宿食 しゅくしょく:shukushoku Food retension 消渇 しょうかち{しょうかつ}: shokachi[shokatsu] Wasting thirst 淋 [淋病、淋証] りん[りんびょう、 りんしょう]: rin [rinbyo, rinsho] Stranguria [strangury disorders] 胃反 [反胃] いはん[はんい]: ihan [hani] Repeated vomiting 泄瀉 せっしゃ: sessha Chronic diarrhea 腸癰 ちょうよう: choyo Intestinal abscess 半産 はんさん:hansan Miscarriage 転胞 てんぽう tempo Bladder pressure その他 (others) 疾 りしつ: rishitsu Diarrhea 労 ろうさい: rosai (Pulmonary) tuberculosis [ ], synonym; ( ), prefix/termination; [ ], other pronunciation; JTM, Japanese traditional medicine; TM, traditional medicine published four kampo medicine vocabulary texts The first, published in 1969, includes Koho terms, and the second, in 1979, has terms that arose after Koho The third (1999) is a classification of the vocabulary, and the fourth (2005/ 2006) includes general kampo medicine terms JSOM members who served on the Committee for Vocabulary in 2014–2015 selected approximately 300 basic terms for English translation (Table 4) In addition, these terms are based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11 These terms have been translated into English and await future publication (planned for 2018) In conclusion, we have developed a system of abbreviations for 298 kampo formulations We found that various abbreviations were being used to denote the same kampo formulation Thus, we established a methodology for creating abbreviations that were both highly practical and easy to understand We are confident that this system will make a considerable contribution to the preparation of research articles and the collection of evidence for the efficacy of kampo formulations We also believe that this system of abbreviated English notation will facilitate searches on PubMed and other search engines by researchers in countries that not use Chinese characters Efforts to develop international standards for kampo medicine have just begun A number of issues remain to be addressed, such as how to distinguish between decocted drugs and extract formulations Although more work is needed to revise and disseminate this system of abbreviations, we believe that this report represents an important first step © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • 23 Hagihara et al ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was partially supported by a Health Labor Sciences Research Grant (ID: 1210337) We thank Miho Hongyo for excellent technical assistance in the abbreviation of kampo formulations and thank members of the Committee for Vocabulary in JSOM from 1968 CONFLICT OF INTEREST K.H holds the position of Joint Research Chair in the Department of Advanced Hybrid Medicine (2017–present) and collaborated with Tsumura & Co Department of Japanese-Oriental (Kampo) Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, is supported by Tsumura & Co REFERENCES Li ZG Issues on international standardization of traditional Chinese medical terminologies: From WHO/ICD-11 to ISO/TC249 J Chin Integr Med 2010; 8: 989–996 Yada K, Ishibashi H, Mori H et al The Kampo medicine “Daikenchuto (TU-100)” prevents bacterial translocation and hepatic fibrosis in a rat model of biliary atresia Surgery 2016; 159: 1600–1611 Iwasaki K, Satoh-Nakagawa T, Maruyama M et al A randomized, observer-blind, controlled trial of the traditional Chinese medicine Yi-Gan San for improvement of behavioral and psychological symptoms 24 Traditional & Kampo Medicine Vol • Iss • View publication stats 10 11 and activities of daily living in dementia patients J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66: 248–252 Takeda H, Sadakane C, Hattori T et al Rikkunshito, an herbal medicine, suppresses cisplatin-induced anorexia in rats via 5-HT2 receptor antagonism Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 2004–2013 Goda Y Recommended terminology for Kampo products, conventional crude drug products and crude drugs (Part 1) Shoyakugaku Zasshi 2008; 62: 80–90 Goda Y Recommended terminology for Kampo products, conventional crude drug products and crude drugs (Part 1) Shoyakugaku Zasshi 2009; 63: 11–21 Tsutani K, Satake G, Toriizuka K, Kikiami H, Yamada K [Standard Kampo Formula Nomenclature, ver 1.0.] [Cited 28 Sep 2005.] Available from URL: https://www.jsom.or jp/medical/magazine/pdf/standard/standard_kampo.pdf (in Japanese) Japan Society for Oriental Medicine Structural notation of Kampo Formula [Cited Jun 2011.] Available from URL: https://www.jsom.or.jp/medical/pdf/kouzouhyouki.xls Goda Y, Hakamazuka T (eds) Revised Guidebook on Nonprescription Kampo Formulas Tokyo: Jiho, 2011 Goda Y, Hakamazuka T (eds) New Guidebook on Nonprescription Kampo Formulas Tokyo: Jiho, 2013 The Japan Society for Oriental Medicine Introduction to Kampo Tokyo: Elsevier Japan, 2005 © 2017 Japan Society for Oriental Medicine and Medical and Pharmaceutical Society for WAKAN-YAKU ... [いんようせつ]: in’yo[in’yo-setsu] Yin and yang (yin and yang theory) 陰 いん: in Yin 陽 よう: yo Yang 虚実 きょじつ: kyojitsu Deficiency and excess 虚 きょ: kyo Deficiency 実 じつ: jitsu Excess 虚実中間 きょじつちゅうかん: kyojitsuchukan... san’in-san’yo [san’in] [san’yo] Three yin and three yang (three yin) (three yang) 太陽 たいよう: taiyo Early yang 少陽 しょうよう: shoyo Late yang 陽明 ようめい: yomei Middle yang 太陰 たいいん: taiin Early yin 少陰 しょういん:... [びょうい]: rokubyoi {rikubyoi} [byoi] ろっけいびょう {りっけいびょう} [ろっけい {りっけい}]: rokkeibyo {rikkeibyo} [rokkei {rikkei}] Six stage pattern 陽病 ようびょう: yobyo Yang stage pattern 太陽病 たいようびょう: taiyo-byo Early yang stage