Tài liệu Assignment on intercultural communication_giao thoa văn hoá pptx

TABLE OF CONTENTIntroduction Title Non-verbal communication and some differences in Non-verbal communication of Viet Nam and America Reasonable Definition of Intercultural Communicatio

TABLE OF CONTENT

Introduction

Title

Non-verbal communication and some differences in Non-verbal communication of

Viet Nam and America

Reasonable

Definition of Intercultural Communication

Development

1, Definition of Intercultural Communication

2, Definition of non-verbal communication

3, Some differences in Non-verbal communication of Viet Nam and America

Conclusion

References

Introduction

1, Title

Non-verbal and some differences in Non-verbal communication of Viet Namese and American

2, Reasonable

Being a studentof English falcuty, so I always desire to learn other countries' culture as much as

I can Through Intercultural communication, one of my favourite subject at university, I have known custom, communication ways, viewpoint of many countries, many group of people In this subject I concern most is non-verbal communication It is a kind of language that people use to communicate , transfer information… This kind of language is as effectively as words- maybe even more effectively We use it in daily life, almost instinctively, from beckoning to a waiter, or punctuating a business presentation with visual signals to airport ground attendants guiding an airline pilot into the jetway or a parent using a whole dictionary of gestures to teach (or preach to) a child

From these things above, I found that non-verbal commnunication is indispensable way to communicate among people and people in the world And each country has its non-verbal communication with their own meanings So I make this study in oder to understand much more about the differences between non-verbal of Viet Namese and American, to know how people of two countries express their information, emotion,… through non-verbal language

Development

1, Definition of Intercultural Communication

Culture

• Shared background (Eg: national, ethnic, religious…) reflection a common language and communication style Shared customs, belief, attitudes, and values

• Culture mentioned here does not refer to art, music, literature, food, clothing style…

• Culture refers to the informal and often hidden patterns of human interactions,

expressions, and view points that people in one culture share

• The hidden nature has been compared to iceberg, most of which is hidden under water

• Like the iceberg, most of the influence of culture on an individual cannot be seen

• The hidden aspects of culture have significan effects on behaviour and on interactions with others

Communication

• The process of sharing meaning through verbal and non-verbal communication/

behaviour

• Intercultural communication is communication between people from different cultures Communication is influenced by cultural values, attitude, and behaviour The influence

of culture on people's reaction and response to teach other

 Intercultural communication is

• Communication between people from different cultures

• Communication which is influenced by cultural values, attitudes, and behaviour

• The influence of culture on people's reactions and responses to each other

2, Definition of non-verbal communication

Non-verbal communication express meaning or feeling without words Universal

emotions, such as happiness, fear, and sadness, are expressed in a similar non-verbal way throughout the world There are, however, non-verbal differences across cultures that may be a source of confusion for foreigners

Nonverbal communication involves those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source [speaker] and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver [listener] (Samovar et al)

Basically it is sending and receiving messages in a variety of ways without the use of verbal codes (words) It is both intentional and unintentional Most speakers / listeners are not conscious of this It includes — but is not limited to:

• touch

• eye contact (gaze)

• volume

• vocal nuance

• proximity

• gestures

• facial expression, pause (silence)

• intonation

• dress

• posture

• smell

• word choice and syntax

• sounds (paralanguage)

Broadly speaking, there are two basic categories of non-verbal language:

nonverbal messages produced by the body;

nonverbal messages produced by the broad setting (time, space, silence)

Why is non-verbal communication important?

Basically, it is one of the key aspects of communication (and especially important in a high-context culture) It has multiple functions:

• Used to repeat the verbal message (e.g point in a direction while stating

directions

• Often used to accent a verbal message (e.g verbal tone indicates the actual

meaning of the specific words)

• Often complement the verbal message but also may contradict E.g.: a nod

reinforces a positive message (among Americans); a “wink” may contradict a stated positive message

• Regulate interactions (non-verbal cues covey when the other person should

speak or not speak)

• May substitute for the verbal message (especially if it is blocked by noise,

interruption, etc) — i.e gestures (finger to lips to indicate need for quiet), facial expressions (i.e a nod instead of a yes)

Note the implications of the proverb: “Actions speak louder than words.” In essence, this underscores the importance of non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication is especially significant in intercultural situations Probably non-verbal differences account for typical difficulties in communicating

3, Some differences in Non-verbal communication of Viet Nam and America

Gestures

Impossible to catalog them all But need to recognize: 1) incredible possibility and variety and 2) that an acceptable in one’s own culture may be offensive in another In addition, amount of gesturing varies from culture to culture Some cultures are animated; other restrained Restrained cultures often feel animated cultures lack manners and overall restraint Animated cultures often feel restrained cultures lack emotion or

interest

Even simple things like using hands to point and count differ

In US:

Americans will often wave to another person and then turn to make hand scoop inward;

or raise the index finger ) palm toward one's face, and make a "curling " motion with that finger means to beckon or summon another person

Arm raised and the open hand "waggles" back and forth means Signaling "hello" or

"good-bye." Or trying to get someone's attention

Palm facing out with the index and middle fingers displayed in the shape of a "V."-

"Victory" or "peace."

Thumb and forefinger form a circle with the other three fingers splayed upward; it is used frequently and enthusiastically "O.K." meaning "fine" or "yes."

Thumb up with a close fist means support or approval, "O.K." or "Good Going!" or

"Good job!"

Fist raised with index finger and little finger extended Texas rallying call "hook 'em horns." Baseball meaning "two outs."

Extend the forefinger and make a circular motion near the temple or ear Something or someone is "crazy."

In Viet Nam:

Custom of shaking hands is the customary form of greeting, but often nod of the head or slight bow is sufficient

Waving hands is not really common with old people in Viet Nam, but opposite to young people , wave hands is very common and friendly way when say goodbye to their friends

Thumb and forefinger form a circle with the other three fingers splayed upward also used

by Vietnamese people to give signal or it mean "good", "great"…

"V" showed by forefinger and middle finger mean "victory" or "hi", "hello"

General Appearance and Dress

All cultures are concerned for how they look and make judgements based on looks and dress

America:

Americans appear almost obsessed with dress and personal attractiveness Consider differing cultural standards on what is attractive in dress and on what constitutes modesty Attending to a wedding, Women like to wear bright or colourful dress Popularly, Men choose comple

America often wear dark or black stuffs when they take part in an one's funeral

Viet Nam:

There are 54 ethnic groups in Viet Nam Each of them have their own dress style, for instance, women of Gia Rai group usually wear nothing but a small skirt, and men would take just a loin-cloth to go on any occasion On special times like tet days, The H'Mông girls wear a shirt, undergarments, leggings and put on a coiled scarf on their head Their skirts are usually in cone shape with lots of folds that enhance their gentleness.People of the subgroups

in the Dao minority share many similarities while at the same time are a little bit distinct from each other Girls in the Dao Đỏ (Red Dao) keep their hair long and fold them around their heads covered with a red cloth They wear indigo dress embroiled with decorations in red…

In wedding Kinh ethnic (Viet people) wear bright clothes and bless bride and groom happily In contrast, Vietnameses often clothe dark or black stuffs in one's funeral to show their respectation to the death and sympathy with dead's family members Dead's

son/daughter wear a weeper on forehead and a small long white cloth to go into mouring their dad/mom or grand mother/ father

Posture

Consider the following actions and note cultural differences:

Bowing : American people do not make their bow to their partner because in American

culture bowing is a sign of submission, the admission that another person is superior to you

But incontrast Vietnamese young people usually make their bow to older people when

greeting expressing respect to old people

Sitting with legs crossed : in Viet Nam, it is acceptable to sit with you legs crossed when

you meet your friends or peer people Eventually, in a meal including young and old

persons, guys can sit with legs crossed, it's acceptable To Americans, male sit crosses at the

ankles; rest ankle of one leg on top of the knee of the other leg; some cross the legs at the knees

female sit crosses the legs at the knees; crosses the legs at the knees and curls the upper foot around the calf of the lower leg

Facial Expressions

While some say that facial expressions are identical, meaning attached to them differs Majority opinion is that these do have similar meanings world-wide with respect to smiling, crying, or showing anger, sorrow, or disgust However, the intensity varies from culture to culture Note the following:

Viet Nam:

People exaggerate grief or sadness

U.S:

Most American men hide grief or sorrow

Eye Contact and Gaze

In USA:

Eye contact indicates: degree of attention or interest, influences attitude change or

persuasion, regulates interaction, communicates emotion, defines power and status, and has a central role in managing impressions of others

American children are taught to look others directly in the eyes meaning when greeting and conversing If not, means shyness or weakness African-Americans use more eye contact when talking and less when listening with reverse true for Anglo Americans This is a

possible cause for some sense of unease between races in US A prolonged gaze is often seen as a sign of sexual interest

In Viet Nam:

Direct eye contact and staring is uncommon in those areas accustomed to foreign visitors However, in smaller communities, visitors may be the subject of much curiosity and

therefore you may notice some stares But when speaking face to face to a person, you

should use derect eyes to show your respect and truthfulness

Touch

Question: Why do we touch, where do we touch, and what meanings do we assign when someone else touches us?

Basic answer: Touch is culturally determined! But each culture has a clear concept of what parts of the body one may not touch Basic message of touch is to affect or control

— protect, support, disapprove (i.e hug, kiss, hit, kick)

In U.S:

Handshake is common (even for strangers) in U.S Shake hands is a polite way to

greeting At early age they are taught to do so with a firm, solid grip When greeting one another

Giving hugs, kisses for members of family or relative or friends is on an

increasingly more intimate basis

Native Hawaiians hug and exchange breaths in a custom called "aha."

Most African Americans touch on greeting but are annoyed if touched on the head (good boy, good girl overtones)

Americans see that is very weird if people of the same sex hold hands in public places

Personal space becomes much larger; people are not as comfortable when others stand close to them, especially if they are not very well acquainted

In Viet Nam:

Touching one's head means impolite but with children that action express encourage them But a special reason is Asians' thought Head houses the soul and a touch puts it in jeopardy

Hugging and kissing when greeting are uncommon Especially, in public it's

unacceptable to display of affection like kiss or hug or any action that too affectionate

People of the same sex may be seen holding hands in public places, which is simply a gesture of friendship

If 2 people meet the first time they keep the distain not too far but not so closely But when 2 people are friends or relative , they stand close or touch to each other

Cultures (English , German, Scandinavian, Chinese, Japanese) with high emotional restraint concepts have little public touch; those which encourage emotion (Latino, Middle-East, Jewish) accept frequent touches

To sum up, As the global village continues to shrink and cultures collide, it is essential for all of

us to become more sensitive, more aware, and more observant to the myriad motions, gestures, and body language that surround us each day And as many of us cross over cultural borders, it would be fitting for us to respect, learn, and understand more about the effective, yet powerful

"silent language" of body language

1,http://www.csupomona.edu/~tassi/gestures.htm

2, http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/22546/the_culture_of_body_language.html?cat=4

3, http://anthro.palomar.edu/language/language_6.htm

4, http://www.bodylanguageexpert.co.uk/BodyLanguageAcrossCultures.html

5, http://www.andrews.edu/~tidwell/lead689/NonVerbal.html

6,http://www.natively.com/_sys/EN/NativelyAcademy_ussen_v6a_en.asp?

lp=usen&af=VEL_en_7236827_1783619

7, http://www.medhunters.com/articles/bodyLanguageAcrossCultures.html

8, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language#Language_and_Culture