Tài liệu Assignment on historical of English language_lịch sử ngôn ngữ ppt

TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction Title “English slang” Reasonable Development  Definite of slang  Defining slang  Extent and origins of slang  Varieties of slang  Definitions Conclusion References Introduction Title “English slang” Reasonable Like other languages all over the world, English has changed greatly, albeit imperceptibly. People use english more comfortable and easier ways than before they did. In English speaking countries or others, people especially young people usally use slang. Because slang is a modern language, very changeable, which is, in the most cases, made and used by the young generations. During the past years every generation had its own slang. That was their language, their own mark. People use it in order not to be different from their society. That characteristic, being a part of the environment, is in human nature and I’m afraid that it is quite hard to resist it. Slang easily becomes a part of your life and you just become a person who can not even remember when the changing of vocabulary started. But, years will pass and they will bring a new language shape. Maybe some day “cool” will be completely expelled from modern language, or…it will be replaced with some new popular word with two “o”s. You never know… I’m a students of faculty of English, so I’m very keen on exploring English. And I think that slang is a fascinating field in English. I want to find out how people in Britain use slang, where they use it, if they change original words in to totally difference words or not, ect… This study is to help people understand slang. It applied for the people who wants to explore about how British use slang and for student who are learning English. This study concentrates on the differences of usage slang in Britain and USA. To finish this research, I collect and select information in internet. Because by internet I just sit at a place and search many useful informations from every wedsite. Development Definite of slang Slang is the use of highly informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's dialect or language. Defining slang Few linguists have endeavored to clearly define what constitutes slang. Attempting to remedy this, Bethany K. Dumas and Jonathan Lighter argue that an expression should be considered "true slang" if it meets at least two of the following criteria: • It lowers, if temporarily, "the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing"; in other words, it is likely to be seen in such contexts as a "glaring misuse of register." • Its use implies that the user is familiar with whatever is referred to, or with a group of people who are familiar with it and use the term. • "It is a taboo term in ordinary discourse with people of a higher social status or greater responsibility." • It replaces "a well-known conventional synonym." This is done primarily to avoid "the discomfort caused by the conventional item [or by] further elaboration. An example would be "getting a pop, meaning getting a haircut, or buying threads as in buying clothes." Slang should be distinguished from jargon, which is the technical vocabulary of a particular profession. Jargon, like many examples of slang, may be used to exclude non–group members from the conversation, but in general has the function of allowing its users to talk precisely about technical issues in a given field. Extent and origins of slang Slang can be regional, in that it is used only in a particular territory, but slang terms often are particular to a certain subculture, such as music. Nevertheless, slang expressions can spread outside their original areas to become commonly used, like "cool" and "jive." While some words eventually lose their status as slang (the word "mob", for example, began as a slang shortening of Latin mobile vulgus), others continue to be considered as such by most speakers. When slang spreads beyond the group or subculture that originally uses it, its original users often replace it with other, less-recognized terms to maintain group identity. One use of slang is to circumvent social taboos, as mainstream language tends to shy away from evoking certain realities. For this reason, slang vocabularies are particularly rich in certain domains, such as violence, crime, drugs, and sex. Alternatively, slang can grow out of mere familiarity with the things described. Among Californian wine connoisseurs, for example, Cabernet Sauvignon is often known as "Cab Sav," Chardonnay as "Chard" and so on; this means that naming the different wines expends less superfluous effort. Even within a single language community, slang tends to vary widely across social, ethnic, economic, and geographic strata. Slang may fall into disuse over time; sometimes, however, it grows more and more common until it becomes the dominant way of saying something, at which time it usually comes to be regarded as mainstream, acceptable language (e.g. the Spanish word caballo), although in the case of taboo words there may be no expression that is considered mainstream or acceptable. Numerous slang terms pass into informal mainstream speech, and sometimes into formal speech, though this may involve a change in meaning or usage. Slang very often involves the creation of novel meanings for existing words. It is common for such novel meanings to diverge significantly from the standard meaning. Thus, "cool" and "hot" can both mean "very good," "impressive," or "good-looking". Slang terms are often known only within a clique or ingroup. For example, Leet ("Leetspeak" or "1337") originally was popular only among certain Internet subcultures, such as crackers (malicious "hackers") and online videogamers. During the 1990s, and into the early 21st century, however, Leet became increasingly more commonplace on the Internet, and it has spread outside Internet-based communication and into spoken languages. Other types of slang include SMS language used on mobile phones, and "chatspeak," (e.g., "LOL," an acronym meaning "laughing out loud" or "laugh out loud" or ROFL, rolling on the floor laughing), which is widely used in instant messaging on the Internet. Varieties of slang  Rhyming slang Rhyming slang, chiefly associated with Cockney#Cockney speech spoken in the East End of London, replaces a word with a phrase which rhymes with the word, for example, plates of meat for "feet", or twist and twirl for "girl". Often only the first word is used, so plates and twist by themselves become the colloquialisms for "feet" and "girl".  Back slang Back slang is simply the practice of using words spelled in reverse, e.g. yob for "boy" or ecilop for "police".  Polari Polari is a variety of slang used by gay men and lesbians in Britain and the United Kingdom, which has a history going back at least a hundred years. Definitions arse bandit, bender, bent, bum bandit, fairy, marmite miner, pillow biter, poof/poofter, ring raider, shirtlifter, shit stabber, turd burglar, uphill gardner homosexual (offensive, derogatory) barney/in barney trouble/in trouble (from Barney Rubble, Cockney rhyming slang for trouble) bell/bell-end glans of the penis or fool berk idiot, irritating person (from Berkeley Hunt, Cockney rhyming slang for cunt) Billy amphetamines. (From Billy Whizz, a British comic strip character.) friendless (Billy No-Mates) Bobby, Old Bill, Plod, 5-Oh, Rozzers, Bizzie (Scouse),Dibbles (as in Officer Dibble from Top Cat), The Scum, The Filth police, police officer blagger Liar or Robber. Also 'Blag' is 'lie to' or 'rob' someone. Also somebody who boasts a lot. bloke, chap, geezer Man (informal) blooming euphemism for bloody bog toilet bog off Go away bog roll Toilet paper bird girl brown bread dead Bugger Anal sex, an exclamation of dissatisfaction ("OH BUGGER!"), in a dire situation ("Well, we're buggered now"), acute surprise Bum The Buttocks, The Anus or Both. chav, ned, bam, scally A person who dresses in a certain style, typically badly or in sports clothing. Often used as a form of derogation. Cheers Thank you or goodbye Cock An idiot Duff Doesn't work "these batteries are duff" or beat "let's duff him up" Fag Cigarette Fanny Female external genitalia Fit Sexually Attractive gaff house gash derogatory term used for females or the female genitalia gay bad e.g. "It was 'gay' being mugged" git, bell-end, knob-end incompetent, stupid, annoying, or childish person Gob Mouth; to spit Gobsmacked Flabbergasted, dumbfounded, astounded, speechless Half-Inch To Steal Helmet 'Glans of the Penis' or 'fool' handbags a harmless fight Ickle Small I('ll) say expression of surprise, amazement (quaint) Jack, Raise Steal jammy lucky. (also 'spawny') Jizz Semen Kip Sleep, Nap knackered exhausted, tired Knob head a stupid, irritating person Knob jockey homosexual (to ride the penis like a jockey rides a horse) Fruitbat, Spazmo idiot Loo Lavatory Manc someone from Manchester Manky Dirty, filthy Mashed Drunk Meat and Two Veg male external genitalia Minge Vagina Minger Ugly or filthy-minded person Minted Wealthy Munter Ugly person Nick Steal or Police Station "He's in the 'Nick'" Nicked Arrested or Stolen i.e. "He got 'Nicked' after he'd 'Nicked' that Car" Nonce Paedophile or idiot Nutter Insane person pig pen police station pikey is a pejorative slang term used, mainly in England to refer to travellers, gypsies or people of low social class Pillock Someone who is stupid Pinch Steal Pissed Drunk ponce pimp; a posh, effeminate man. Ring, ring piece Anal Sphincter Safe Good, Agreed See A Man About A Dog Attend a secret deal or meeting or to go to the toilet. Scouser Someone from Liverpool Scrote Scrotum or pestilent child or teenager. Shag Have sex with Shiner Black Eye or Erection Skint without money Skanked Ripped-off, daylight robbery, expensive Skanky vile Slag, Slapper, Tart, Scrubber Prostitute, Loose woman Slash urinate, urination snog French kiss Sod idiot, moron, or annoying person (from sodomite) Sod off go away, i.e. fuck off. Steaming Extremely Drunk Stuffed sexual intercourse (e.g. "Get Stuffed") or to have had too much to eat ("I'm stuffed") spawny lucky spunk semen, ejaculate Take the piss (out of) To mock, "Are you taking the piss?" Tosser Literally someone who masturbates (to toss off), but generally means an idiot or someone whom the speaker doesn't like twat Female genitalia or an idiot wank masturbation wanker Literally someone who masturbates (verb - to wank), but generally means an idiot or someone whom the speaker doesn't like. Whizz Amphetamines. See also 'Billy' or the need to urinate i.e "i'm just off for a quick whizz" Conclusion To sum up, slang is widespread phenomenon in english, but, despite its pervasiveness, it has been marginalized or neglected in linguistics. It exhabit the same word-formation mechannismsas the standard language. In others words, its the result of well-established grammatical rules and out side regular grammar. In slang interally organized in the terms of semantic relation anh lexical fields, it is rather disorganized, complex lexicon made up of vague words and polysemous expression. In to attemp to describe slang. There is a general tendency to streat it as a merely social concept reinfocing cohesiveness within a group ,or as a lever of usage stylistically neutral language. [...]...References http://wiki.answers.com/Q/FAQ/2581-1 http://sites.epals.com/englishwithfun/node/188 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_slang http://books.google.com/books?id=5KXdKLDym2QC&pg=PA51 #PPT1 ,M1 . TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction Title English slang” Reasonable Development  Definite of slang  Defining slang  Extent and origins of slang  Varieties of. of slang  Definitions Conclusion References Introduction Title English slang” Reasonable Like other languages all over the world, English has changed