A Complete Guide to Programming in C++ part 48 pot

... (double)numerator / (double)denominator; } Fraction operator-() const { return Fraction(-numerator, denominator); } Fraction& operator+=(const Fraction& a) { numerator = a. numerator * denominator + ... (long)x; denominator = 1000; simplify(); } Fraction operator+(const Fraction& a, const Fraction& b ) { Fraction temp; temp.denominator = a. denominator * b.denominator; te...

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... 279 sample program, 278 Standard output, 59 Standard settings, 65 Star character, 233 State flags, 645, 647 Statements, 9 Static arrays, 325 Static binding, 551 Static data members, 304, 305 accessing, ... 164 comparing, 158 concatenating, 156, 157 escape sequences used in, 29 initializing, 154, 155 inserting and erasing in, 160, 161 numbers converted to, 288 output of, 68, 69 searching an...

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... correctly interpreting the codes. The C++ language does not stipulate any particular characters set, although in gen- eral a character set that contains the ASCII code (American Standard Code for Informa- tion ... returning a value of 0 as an exit code to the calling program. It is standard practice to use the exit code 0 to indicate that a program has terminated correctly. No...

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... literal 5.19 0.519E1 0.0519e2 519.OE-2 12. 12.0 .12E+2 12e0 0.75 .75 7.5e-1 75E-2 0.00004 0.4e-4 .4E-4 4E-5 Constant Character Constant Value (ASCII code decimal) Capital A Lowercase a Blank Dot Digit 0 Terminating null character 65 97 32 46 48 0 &apos ;A& apos; &apos ;a& apos; ' ' '.' '0' '\0' FUNDAMENTAL ... ' '.' '0' &a...

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... <iostream> using namespace std; int gVar1; // Global variables, int gVar2 = 2; // explicit initialization int main() { char ch(&apos ;A& apos;); // Local variable being initialized // or: char ch = &apos ;A& apos;; cout ... records are stored in variables to enable their processing by a program. Variables are also referred to as objects, particularly if they belong to a clas...

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... This makes the string class available and allows user- friendly string manipulations in C++. The following pages contain further details on this topic. ᮀ Header Files in the C Programming Language The ... header files standardized for the C programming language were adopted for the C++ standard and, thus, the complete functionality of the standard C libraries is available to C...

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... operator has a value and belongs to a certain type. The type and value are defined by the last expression in a statement separated by commas. Example: x = (a = 3, b = 5, a * b); In this example ... can define and initialize a variable within an if statement. The expression is true if converting the variable’s value to a bool type yields true. In this case the variable i...

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... particularly applies to converting negative floating- point numbers to unsigned integers (see Example 4). c. Conversion of a floating-point type to a smaller type If the floating-point number falls ... long to float, some rounding may occur. 4. Conversion of a floating-point type to a larger floating-point type Examples: float to double, double to long double The value i...

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... copying, con- catenation, and comparison. Additionally, various methods for string manipulation such as insertion, erasing, searching, and replacing are available. ᮀ Initializing Strings A string, ... left blank DEFINING AND ASSIGNING STRINGS ■ 155 C++ uses the standard class string to represent and manipulate strings allowing for comfortable and safe string handling. During string ope...

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... always static. These objects are created when a program is launched and are available until the program is terminated. Four storage classes are available for creating objects with the scope and ... central objects defined as extern. ✓ NOTE 204 ■ CHAPTER 11 ST0RAGE CLASSES AND NAMESPACES // StrToL.cpp // The function strToLong() converts a string containing // a leading integer into an i...

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