A Complete Guide to Programming in C++ part 85 potx

sample program, 350, 352

subtracting, 355

typeless, 351

use of, instead of indices, 359

Pointers to pointers, 682, 683

Pointer types, 231

Pointer variables, 231, 235, 683

addressing with, 353

and arrays, 351

Polymorphic interfaces, 571

Polymorphic objects

persistence of, 648, 650

storing, 649

Polymorphism, 3, 543-564

concept of, 544, 545

destroying dynamically allocated objects, 548, 549

dynamic casts, 552, 553

virtual methods, 546, 547

virtual method table, 550, 551

pop_back()method

for deleting objects in container classes, 765

popFront()method, 465, 467

pop()method, 765

Positioning flags, 641

Positioning methods, 643

Positive numbers

converting to, 142

Postfix increment, 430

Postfix notation, 85

effects of, 84

Precedence

of arithmetic operators, 84

and arithmetic type conversions, 707

of Boolean operators, 91

for cast operator (type), 147

for comma operator, 101

for indirection operator, 233

operator, 85

for operators with pointer variables, 355

of relational operators, 88, 89

precision()method, 65

Prefixes, 31

Prefix increment, 430

Prefix notation, 85

effects of, 84

Preprocessor, 9 Preprocessor directives, 11 Primary file, within index file, 653, 655

printf()function, 685 Priority queues, 753

testing, 764

priority_queuetemplate, 753 Private data members

accessing, 275 Private members, 245, 247, 249, 503, 507 Procedures, 5

Program scope object defined with, 199 Projects, 249

Properties, 5 protected constructors, 569 Protected declarations, 515 Protected members, 515 Prototype, 175, 177

publicbase classes

is relationship established by, 589 Public interface, of class, 247 Public members, 245, 247 access to, in base class, 503 Public methods, 51

Pure virtual methods, 566, 567

pushBack()method, 465, 467

push_back()method, 759

push_front()method, 759

push()method, 759

put()method, 75, 391

Q

qsort()function, 689, 696, 697

QuadMatrixtemplate, 734, 735

Quadratic matrices

class template representing, 734, 735

Queues

as sequential containers, 751 Quick sort algorithm, 187, 689 Quotient

of Fibonacci number, 325

R

rand(), 45

Random access iterators, 755

Random file access, 381, 639

positioning for, 640, 641, 642, 643

Random number generator

initializing, 44, 45

Random positioning statements, 643

Random read and write access, 639

Range checking, 427

Range operator, 305

base class method accessed by, 509

range_errorclass, 620

Raster images

representing with bitmaps, 774, 775

rdstate()method, 645

Readability

and complex expressions, 109

and empty statements, 99

and loop body, 97

and macros, 121

andtypedef, 693

Read access

open mode for, 638

read_at()method, 642

Reading

blocks of records, 390

characters, 75

records, 381

read()method

of classes DepAccandSavAcc, 648, 649

implementing, 392, 393

Read-only methods, 277

Read-only pointers, 360

for non-constant objects, 361

Read-only references, 223, 225

Records, 257

inserting and retrieving, 655

position of, in files, 643

reading, 381

reading/writing blocks, 390

Recursive data structures, 465

Recursive functions, 186, 187

Redefined methods

calling, 513

Redefinition, 509

References, 3, 729

to abstract classes, 570, 571

conversions in, to base classes, 535

defining, 222

as parameters, 224

and pointers, 231 read-only, 223, 225 returning, 285

as return value, 226, 227 sample program, 222

Reference type function calling, 227

registerkeyword, 205 Registers

CPU, 205 Register variables, 205

sample function with, 204 Relational operators, 50, 412 precedence of, 88, 89

remove()method, 481, 485

replace()method, 163

reset()method and manipulating bits, 777 Resistant mistakes

program with, 76

resize()method and container classes, 763

Resultclass, 303, 424, 425 constructors for, 298, 299 new version of, 302 with static members, 304 with static methods, 306

retrieve()method, 651

ofIndexFileSystemclass, 654, 655

Return address, 181

returnstatement, 9, 177 Return values, 41, 285 Reusability, 5, 501

reverse()function, 357

reverse()method, 767

rfind()method, 163

Right shift operators, 708, 709

Round brackets, 33 Routers, 779

defining, 694, 695

RTTI See Run Time Type Information

Runtime behavior

of container classes, 759

runtime_error, 621

Run time errors, 621

avoiding, 43, 267

exception classes derived from, 620, 621

Run Time Type Information, 552

R-values, 233

S

Safeclass, 514, 515

SavAccclass

defining, 648, 649

scientificmanipulator, 65

Scope, 199

Scope resolution operator, 209, 211, 249

Screen control macros, 123, 125

Scrolling string output, 334

search()method, 655

seekg()method, 641

seekp()method, 641

SelectionSort()function, 697

Semicolon, 9, 103

Sequences

and header files, 752

operations for, 752

representing, 753

Sequential containers (or sequences), 750, 751

Sequential file access, 381

setcontainer class, 771

setfill()manipulator, 66

setfill()method, 67

setf()method, 60, 61, 69

set()method, 777

setprecision()manipulator, 65

Sets

associative containers within, 751

declaring, 771

representing, 769

sample, 770

setTime()method, 282

setw()manipulator, 66 Shape type, 309

Sheltered members access to, 515

Shift operators, 708

shorttype, 19

showposmanipulator

calling, 60

Side effects avoiding, 87

of macros, 125

Sieve of Eratosthenes, 334

signal.hheader file, 48 Signatures

constructor, 267, 269 function, 185

signed chartype, 19, 142 Signed integers

converting, 142

signedkeyword, 19 Signed type

conversion of, to larger integral type, 143 Sign extension, 143

Sign operators, 85 Simple assignments, 87 Single characters

meaning of, 26

Single quotes character constants within, 25

size()method and length of container, 763 and maps/multimaps, 773 and number of objects in container, 771

sizeofoperator, 21

sort()method list container sorted by call to, 767

SortVeccontainer class

merge()method of, 762

search()method of, 760 using, 756

Source code, 7 Source files, 7, 249 layout of, 11 name, 7

Spaces, 11

Special characters, 28

Special objects, of base class, 531

splice()function, 466, 467

Splice operations, 767

sqrt()function, 40, 53

srand()function, 45

sstreamclass, 48

Stackclass template, 724

explicit instantiation for, 737

with two template parameters, 728

Stack content

after calling function, 178

Stacks, 179

fixed/varying arguments on, 684

and recursive functions, 187

as sequential containers, 751

testing, 726

Standard copy constructor, 487

Standard exception classes

hierarchy of, 621

using, 620

Standard exception handling

for streams, 647

Standard input, 59

Standard methods, 279

sample program, 278

Standard output, 59

Standard settings, 65

Star character, 233

State flags, 645, 647

Statements, 9

Static arrays, 325

Static binding, 551

Static data members, 304, 305

accessing, 306

declaring, 305

definition and initialization, 305

and encapsulation, 307

Static data structures, 463

Static functions, 207

statickeyword, 305

static_cast, 537

Static lifetime, 199, 203

Static member functions, 307

Static objects, 203

staticstorage class, 202, 203, 207

stdstandard namespace, 9, 209 Storage classes, 199

of functions, 206

Storage class specifiers, 198

strcat()function and return pointers, 363

strcmp()function, 327

index version of, 368

strcpy()function, 327 pointer versions of, 358 and return pointers, 363 Stream access errors, 651 Stream class

shift operators, 229

streambufclass, 48 Streams, 9

discovering/changing status of, 645 standard, 59

standard exception handling for, 647 String assignments, 155, 157

stringclass, 153, 251, 413

C strings and, 327 defining, 155 objects of, 51

sample assignments of, 228 sample program, 50, 154

String constants, 23, 25 String literal

internal representation of, 24

Strings

characters accessed in, 164 comparing, 158

concatenating, 156, 157

escape sequences used in, 29

initializing, 154, 155 inserting and erasing in, 160, 161 numbers converted to, 288 output of, 68, 69

searching and replacing in, 162, 163

stringstreamclass, 288

strlen()function, 327, 359 Stroustrup, Bjarne, 3

strstr()function sample program, 362, 363

structkeyword, 257

structs sample program, 256

Style, 11

Sub-object lattice, 595

Subroutines, 5, 181

Subscript, 323

Subscript operators, 165, 427

and access via indices, 761

bits referenced by, 777

in Matrix class, 695

overloading, 426, 427

read and write access using, 485

Substrings

erasing, 160

replacing, 162

Subtraction, 355, 417

swap()

implementing as method, 282

swap()function, 235

Swapping, 455

switchstatement, 111

else-ifchains contrasted with, 111

structogram for, 110

Symbolic constants, 121

sync()method, 70

Syntax, 249

brackets in descriptions, 612

for defining variables, 33

errors, 7

T

Tabs, 11

tan()function, 40

tellg()method, 641

TelListclass, 332, 333

methods implemented for, 336, 337

tellp()method, 641

Template arguments

restrictions on, 731

Template function definition, 733

Template functions

motivation for, 733

Template parameters

multiple, 729

restrictions on, 729

Templates, 3, 721-748

advantages of, 723

arguments, 730, 731

in C++ standard library, 723

default arguments of, 734, 735 defining, 724, 725

defining with multiple parameters, 729 function and class, 723

instantiating, 726, 727, 736, 737 parameters, 728, 729

specialization, 732-733

terminate()function, 613 Testing characters, 129 Text

mode, 386 and nesting loops, 103 Text editor, 7

thispointer sample class DayTime, 280

using, 281

Throwing exceptions, 614

throwstatement, 611

using, 610

timediff()function, 207

time()function, 167

time_ttype, 261

tmstruct, 260 Tokens, 11 Tone and nesting loops, 103

top()method, 761

toupper()macro, 129

Traditional procedural programming, 4, 5

Translation unit, 199

truekeyword, 23

truncopen mode, 386 Truth table

for logical operators, 90

tryblock, 615

nested, 616, 617 syntax of, 612, 613

Two-dimensional arrays initialization list of, 331 parameter declaration for, 359 Type casting, 351

Type conversion for classes, 441-452 ambiguities of type conversions, 446-447 conversion constructors, 442-443 conversion functions, 444-445

Type conversions, 43, 146

ambiguities of, 446, 447

in assignments, 145, 532, 533

explicit, 147, 536, 537

failure, 447

implicit, 140, 144, 147, 531

standard, 445

usual arithmetic, 141, 142

typedefkeyword, 693

Type hierarchy, 140

Typeless pointers, 351

Typenames

defining, 692

Types, 611

platform dependent, 693

pointer, 231

U

Unary arithmetic operators, 84, 85

Unary operators, 83, 233

underflow_errorclass, 620

#undefdirective, 127

Underscores

and internal names, 31

Unicode, 17

Union, 258, 259

defined, 259

Unique keys, 769

usetf()method, 60, 61

unsigned chartype, 19

unsignedkeyword, 19

unsigned short, 19

Unsigned types, 143

Unsigned value, 45

Unwinding the stack, 615

Upcasting, 536, 537, 553

User Network Interface, 715

usingdeclaration, 211

usingdirective, 211

usingkeyword, 9, 49, 210

Usual arithmetic type conversions, 141, 145

performing, 142

V

va_arg()macro arguments of, 687

valarrayclass, 48 Variables

defining, 33 defining in if statements, 105 names of, 31

pointer, 683

sample program, 32

Variable type, 77 Vector, 323

vectorcontainer class, 755 constructors of, 757 methods for deleting objects in, 765 Vectors

iterating, 754

Virtual assignments using, 573

Virtual base classes, 592, 593

constructor calls in, 597

initializing, 596, 597

Virtual destructors declaring, 549

virtualkeyword, 593

Virtual methods, 546, 547 calling, 544, 545

declaring, 547

pure, 566, 567

redefining, 547

Virtual method tables, 550, 551

Virtual operator functions, 573

VMT See Virtual method tables

voidtype, 21

for functions, 44, 45

void*type pointer, 351

volatilekeyword, 34, 36

W

Warnings, 7

wchar_ttype, 17, 19

what()method, 621

what()virtual method, 647

whilestatement

structogram for, 96

structogram for break within, 112

syntax for, 97

Whitespace characters, 11

Width

bit-fields, 715

width()method, 67, 491

Wordbyte union

defining/using, 258

Write access

open mode for, 638

write_at()method, 642

WriteErrortype exception, 651

write()method, 391, 392, 393

of classes DepAccandSavAcc, 648, 649

Write operation, 381 Writing

blocks of records, 390

characters, 75

X

XORoperator, 707

Z

Zero extension, 143