introduction to programming in c lecture notes

... Inputting Integers You can use the hex, oct, and dec manipulators to stipulate that any character sequence input is to processed as a hexadecimal, octal, or decimal number. Example: int n; cin ... getline(), which was introduced earlier in this chapter. Example: getline(cin, text); This statement reads characters from cin and stores them in the string variable text until a new line character ... white space character, such as a newline, it will still be stored in the ch variable. To prevent this from happening you can use cin >> ch; to read the first non-white space character. The

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... a decimal character code: "; cin >> code; c = code; // Save for output cout << "\nThe corresponding character: " << c << endl; code = c; // Character code. ... Corrections are commented. // #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> // Manipulator setw() #include <string> // Class string using namespace std; int main() { string word; // To ... return 0; } Exercise 4 #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> // Manipulator setw() using namespace std; int main() { unsigned char c = 0; unsigned int code = 0; cout << "\nPlease

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... switch, and the conditional operator ■ jumps with goto, continue, and break. chapter 6 96 ■ CHAPTER 6 CONTROL FLOW // average.cpp // Computing the average of numbers #include <iostream> using ... following the while loop. It is common practice to place the loop body in a new line of the source code and to indent the statement to improve the readability of the program. Example: int count ... precedence. Refer to the table of precedence in the Appendix for further details. exercises 92 ■ CHAPTER 5 OPERATORS FOR FUNDAMENTAL TYPES // Evaluating operands in logical expressions. #include

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... body is executed as long as the test expression is true. ᮀ The Comma Operator You can use the comma operator to include several expressions where a single expression is syntactically correct. For ... 102 ■ CHAPTER 6 CONTROL FLOW As long as the expression is true statement // tone.cpp #include <iostream> using namespace std; const long delay = 10000000L; int main() { int tic; cout << ... speed.cpp // Output the fine for driving too fast. #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { float limit, speed, toofast; cout << "\nSpeed limit: "; cin >>

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... which follows the loop. // ascii.cpp : To output an ASCII Code Table #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> using namespace std; int main() { int ac = 32; // To begin with ASCII Code ... remaining lines of the table: for( factor1 = 1 ; factor1 <= 10 ; ++factor1 ) { cout << setw(6) << factor1 << " |"; for( factor2 = 1 ; factor2 <= 10 ; ++factor2 ... NumGame.cpp : A numerical game against the computer #include <cstdlib> // Prototypes of srand() and rand() #include <ctime> // Prototype of time() #include <iostream> using namespace

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... SYMBOLIC CONSTANTS AND MACROS // toupper.cpp: A filter that converts to capitals. // #include <iostream> #include <cctype> using namespace std; int main() { char c; long nChar = 0, // Counts ... all characters nConv = 0; // and converted characters while ( cin.get (c) ) // As long as a character { ++nChar; // can be read, to increment. if( islower (c) ) // Lowercase letter? { c = toupper (c) ; ... handling are introduced. chapter 7 120 ■ CHAPTER 7 SYMBOLIC CONSTANTS AND MACROS // sintab.cpp // Creates a sine function table #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include <cmath>

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... MACROS FOR CHARACTER MANIPULATION ■ 129 The following section introduces macros that classify or convert single characters. The macros are defined in the header files ctype.h and cctype. ᮀ Case ... lines. #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { string line; int number = 0; while( getline( cin, line)) // As long as a line ... character sets such as ASCII and EBCDIC. The opposite page contains an overview of macros commonly used to classify char- acters. 130 ■ CHAPTER 7 SYMBOLIC CONSTANTS AND MACROS // lines.cpp //

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... operators, which are described in later chapters, are required for special circumstances, for example, to perform type checking at runtime when converting classes. exercises 148 ■ CHAPTER 8 CONVERTING ... explicit type conversion is introduced. chapter 8 140 ■ CHAPTER 8 CONVERTING ARITHMETIC TYPES ■ IMPLICIT TYPE CONVERSIONS Integer promotions bool short char, signed char, unsigned char int int ... compiler issues a warning, since some data loss may occur. You can use explicit type conversion to avoid warnings during type con- version. ᮀ Explicit Type Conversion It is possible to convert the type

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... strings. Besides defining strings we will also look at the various methods of string manipulation.These include inserting and erasing, searching and replacing, comparing, and concatenating strings. ... such as insertion, erasing, searching, and replacing are available. ᮀ Initializing Strings A string, that is, an object belonging to the string class, can be initialized when you define it using ... program Objects of class string do not necessarily contain the string terminating character '\0', as is the case with C strings. ✓ NOTE DEFINING AND ASSIGNING STRINGS ■ 155 C+ + uses the

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... sequence of characters // containing no white space characters.) // #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <cctype> // Macro isspace() using namespace std; int main() ... lexicographically, that is character by character, beginning at the first character. To decide whether a single character is smaller, greater, or identical to another character, the character codes ... '?' SEARCHING AND REPLACING IN STRINGS ■ 163 ᮀ Searching You can search strings to find the first or last instance of a substring. If the string con- tains the required substring, the position

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... identifying objects you will need to define classes that describe these objects. You can use available classes and functions to do so. In addi- tion, you can make use of inheritance to create specialized ... The following section describes how to program global functions. Chapter 13, Defining Classes, describes the steps for defining member functions. ᮀ Definition Functions can be defined in any order, ... and classes of the standard library Self-defined functions and classes and other libraries ■ SIGNIFICANCE OF FUNCTIONS IN C+ + Elements of a C+ + program SIGNIFICANCE OF FUNCTIONS IN C+ + ■ 173 C+ +

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... ✓ HINT ■ INLINE FUNCTIONS Call to a function not defined as inline Call to an inline function INLINE FUNCTIONS ■ 181 ᮀ Jumping to Sub-Routines When a function is called, the program jumps to ... always necessary to avoid having the function call itself infinitely. The concept of local objects makes it possible to define recursive functions in C+ +. Recursion requires local objects to be created ... CHAPTER 10 FUNCTIONS Program Function Branching // 1 st Call // 2 nd Call func(); void func() func(); { } Program Inline function // 1 st Call // 2 nd Call func(); inline void func() func();

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... identifiers. chapter 11 198 ■ CHAPTER 11 ST0RAGE CLASSES AND NAMESPACES file scope block scope program scope Function Module 1 Module 2 file scope block scope Function block scope Function ■ STORAGE CLASSES ... else cout << "Invalid input!" << endl; cin.sync(); cin.clear(); // Invalid input // was entered. SOLUTIONS ■ 193 cout << line << "And once more with characters!" ... Which // function Max()? return 0; } Exercise 3 // // factorial.cpp // Computes the factorial of an integer iteratively, // i.e. using a loop, and recursively. // #include <iostream> #include

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... line. } return 0; } // Cutline2.cpp // Containing the function cutline(), which removes // tabulator characters at the end of the string line. // The string line has to be globally defined in ... static. Functions with block scope are invalid: you cannot define a function within another function. The storage class of a function defines access to the function, as it does for an object. ... ST0RAGE CLASSES AND NAMESPACES // Cutline1.cpp // A filter to remove white-space characters // at the ends of lines. // #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; void cutline(

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... of string manipulation. These include inserting and erasing, searching and replacing, com- paring, and concatenating strings. Chapter 10 describes how to write functions of your own. The basic rules ... unions are introduced as examples of special classes. Chapter 14 describes how constructors and destructors are defined to create and destroy objects. Also discussed are how inline methods, access ... 246 Defining Methods 248 Defining Objects 250 Using Objects 252 Pointers to Objects 254 Structs 256 Unions 258 Exercise 260 Solution 262 Chapter 14 Methods 265 Constructors 266 Constructor Calls...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 17:20

... means— graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and ... program.  e computer solutions you create in this chapter will contain the sequence control structure only, in which each instruction is processed in order from beginning to end. Computer solutions ... to be followed when 2 CHAPTER 1 An Introduction to Programming Programming a Computer In essence, the word programming means giving a mechanism the directions to accomplish a task. If you...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 14:07

... polymorphic classes. In addition to defining virtual functions, dynamic downcasting in polymorphic class hierarchies is introduced. Chapter 26 describes how defining pure virtual methods can create ... of string manipulation. These include inserting and erasing, searching and replacing, com- paring, and concatenating strings. Chapter 10 describes how to write functions of your own. The basic rules ... 734 Explicit Instantiation 736 Exercises 738 Solutions 742 Chapter 33 Containers 749 Container Types 750 Sequences 752 Iterators 754 Declaring Sequences 756 Inserting in Sequences 758 Accessing Objects...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 14:10

... reading this in Info inside of GNU Emacs, you can do this by putting the cursor after the symbol and typing C- x C- e: fill-column After I typ ed C- x C- e, Emacs printed the number 72 in my echo ... the first line a complete sentence since some commands, such as apropos, print only the first line of a multi-line documentation string. Also, you should not indent the second line of a documentation ... symbol can have any value attached to it or, to use the jargon, we can bind the variable to a value: to a number, such as 72; to a string, "such as this"; to a list, such as (spruce pine...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 09:20

... string 153 Defining and Assigning Strings 154 Concatenating Strings 156 Comparing Strings 158 Inserting and Erasing in Strings 160 Searching and Replacing in Strings 162 Accessing Characters in ... introduces comments. Strings enclosed in /* . . . */ or start- ing with // are interpreted as comments. EXAMPLES: /* I can cover several lines */ // I can cover just one line In single-line comments ... The character set defines which code represents a certain character. When displaying characters on screen, the applicable character codes are transmitted and the “receiver,” that is the screen,...

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 12:20

... polymorphic classes. In addition to defining virtual functions, dynamic downcasting in polymorphic class hierarchies is introduced. Chapter 26 describes how defining pure virtual methods can create abstract classes and ... and how access control to base classes can be realized. Chapter 24 discusses implicit type conversion within class hierarchies, which occurs in the context of assignments and function calls. Explicit ... contain several case studies to help students review the subject. Chapter 22 explains how to implement classes containing pointers to dynamically allocated memory. These include your own copy constructor...

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21