a stepbystep guide to c programming pdf

... Packages Easier Create Graph Diagrams and Flowcharts Using R A Grammar of Data Manipulation Drat R Archive Template Becoming an Efficient R Programmer Format R Code Automatically R Fortunes Spherical ... instead of a local computer, to store and analyse data It is now becoming increasingly popular to rent cloud computing resources 8.7.1 Amazon EC2 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) is one of a number ... Querying a Scientific Database in Just a Few Seconds.” PVLDB Challenges and Visions Lovelace, Ada Countess 1842 “Translator’s Notes to an Article on Babbage’s Analytical Engine.” Scientific Memoirs

Ngày tải lên: 18/04/2017, 10:26

... stream classes. It contains the attributes and abilities common to all streams. Effectively, the ios class ■ manages the connection to the physical data stream that writes your program’s data to ... mentioned earlier, are instances of the istream or ostream classes. When a program is launched these objects are automati- cally created to read standard input or write to standard output. Standard ... ■ CHAPTER 4 INPUT AND OUTPUT WITH STREAMS // Enters a character and outputs its // octal, decimal, and hexadecimal code. #include <iostream> // Declaration of cin, cout #include <iomanip>

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... commercial class libraries or graphical user interfaces. Thus, a C++ program will be made up of ■ language elements of the C++ core ■ global functions and classes from the C++ standard library ... yourself. Many useful global func- tions and classes are available from the C++ standard library. In addition, you can use other libraries for special purposes. Often a compiler package will offer commercial ... functions and classes you have programmed yourself and other libraries. Classes and functions that belong together are normally compounded to form separate source files, which can be compiled and

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... is declared as a string& instead of a string? Exercise 2 Write a void type function called circle()to calculate the circumference and area of a circle.The radius and two variables are passed ... references. That is, it occupies as much space as is necessary to store an address. On a 32-bit computer, such as a PC, this is four bytes. ■ The addresses visible in a program are normally logic addresses ... quadEquation() that calculates the solutions to quadratic equations.The formula for calculating quadratic equations is shown opposite. Arguments: The coefficients a, b, c and two pointers to

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... unions are introduced as examples of special classes. chapter 13 244 ■ CHAPTER 13 DEFINING CLASSES Real World A Car Abstraction Instantiation Class CAR Objects Properties (Data Members): Date when ... using the public methods of the class and thus activat- ing its capacities. Access to object data is rarely direct, that is, object data is normally declared as pri- vate and then read or modified ... define a class, you also specify the private members, that is, the members that are not available for external access, and the public members of that class. An applica- tion program accesses objects

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... OBJECTS Sample program USING OBJECTS ■ 253 ᮀ Class Member Access Operator An application program that manipulates the objects of a class can access only the pub- lic members of those objects. To ... struct to define a class, such as the class Account. Example: struct Account { private: // . . . as before public: // . . . }; The keywords class and struct only vary with respect to data encapsulation; ... 0; } // // getAccount() reads data for a new account // and adds it into the argument. bool getAccount( Account *pAccount ) { string name, line(50,'-'); // Local variables unsigned

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... increase considerably. How- ever, special permission to access the private data members of the class can dramatically improve the function’s response. ᮀ Declaring Friend Functions A class can grant ... techniques diffuses the concept of data encapsula- tion. Allowing external functions to manipulate internal data can lead to inconsistency, especially if a class is modified or extended in a later ... “friendly” class automatically become friend functions in the class containing the friend declaration. This technique is useful if a class is used in such close conjunction with another class that all

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... and capacities of class Car Properties and capacities of class Car Properties and capacities of class Car Additional properties and capacities of class PassCar Additional properties and capacities ... objects are constructed and destroyed, and ■ how access control to base classes can be realized. chapter 23 500 ■ CHAPTER 23 INHERITANCE ■ CONCEPT OF INHERITANCE Is relation Car Properties and capacities ... class “inherits” the data and methods of the so-called base class. But you can add more characteristics and functionality to the new class. A fleet management program used by a car hire company

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... looks at sample applications, such as bitmaps for raster images, and routing techniques Additional Features Chapter Goals A concise chapter introduction, which contains a description of the chapter’s ... queues; container adapters, such as stacks, queues, and priority queues; associative containers, such as sets and maps; and bitsets In addition to discussing how to manage containers, the chapter also ... Objects 548 Virtual Method Table 550 Dynamic Casts 552 Exercises 554 Solutions 558 Chapter 26 Abstract Classes 565 Pure Virtual Methods 566 Abstract and Concrete Classes 568 Pointers and References

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... the concepts of object-oriented programming (or OOP for short), which are: ■ data abstraction, that is, the creation of classes to describe objects ■ data encapsulation for controlled access to ... limits, transfers, interest calcula- tions, and so on. An object representing an account in a program will have properties and capacities that are important for account management. OOP objects combine ... reduced susceptibility to errors: an object controls access to its own data. More specifically, an object can reject erroneous access attempts ■ easy re-use: objects maintain themselves and can therefore

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... by code 65, for example. The character set defines which code represents a certain character. When displaying characters on screen, the applicable character codes are transmitted and the “receiver,” ... the ASCII codes and additional characters such as German umlauts. The wchar_t (wide character type) type comprises at least 2 bytes (16 bits) and is thus capable of storing modern Unicode characters. ... numerical value 1 and false by a zero. ᮀ The char and wchar_t Types These types are used for saving character codes. A character code is an integer associated with each character. The letter A is represented

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... 4E-5 Constant Character Constant Value (ASCII code decimal) Capital A Lowercase a Blank Dot Digit 0 Terminating null character 65 97 32 46 48 0 'A' 'a' ' ' '.' ... (hexadecimal digits) hh (hexadecimal!) numerical value of a character \xhh ESCAPE SEQUENCES ■ 27 ᮀ Using Control and Special Characters Nongraphic characters can be expressed by means of escape ... sequences, their decimal values, and effects. You can use octal and hexadecimal escape sequences to create any character code. Thus, the letter A (decimal 65) in ASCII code can also be expressed as

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... the compiler must assume that the value of the variable has changed since it was last accessed The compiler therefore creates machine code to read the value of the variable whenever it is accessed ... variables to enable their processing by a program Variables are also referred to as objects, particularly if they belong to a class 䊐 Defining Variables A variable must be defined before you can ... under-score at the beginning of a name Under normal circumstances the linker only evaluates a set number of characters, for example, the first 8 characters of a name For this reason names of global

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... myfunc(int); HEADER FILES ■ 47 ᮀ Using Header Files Header files are text files containing declarations and macros. By using an #include directive these declarations and macros can be made available ... 39 Using Functions and Classes This chapter describes how to ■ declare and call standard functions and ■ use standard classes. This includes using standard header files. In addition, we will ... #include directive, the function can be used immediately. Example: #include <cmath> Following this directive, the mathematical standard functions, such as sin(), cos(), and pow(), are available.

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... for the C++ standard and, thus, the complete functionality of the standard C libraries is available to C++ programs Example: #include <math.h> Mathematical functions are made available by ... error conditions Each class is a type with certain properties and capacities As previously mentioned, the properties of a class are defined by its data members and the class’s capacities are defined ... this statement The identifiers declared in C header files are globally visible This can cause name conflicts in large programs For this reason each C header file, for example name.h, is accompanied

Ngày tải lên: 06/07/2014, 17:21

... to a value to scanf(). We had to pass a pointer, see, because scanf() reads from the keyboard and stores the result in a variable. The only way it can see that variable that is local to that calling ... to the coil with a banana. Now, if you're eating the cake a la mode, that means Wait. Scratch that analogy. I'll start again. What is programming, anyway? It's telling the computer ... what does a storage class declaration do? It tells the compiler where to store the data, such as on the stack or on the heap, or if variable data storage is already declared elsewhere. “What?” Let's...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 08:20

... ideas, and interactions ultimately made this book possible. Their work runs through every page, from an idea made somewhat clearer by a conversation at a conference, to a speci c concept or diagram. ... best, tournament selection does ensure that even average-quality programs have some chance of having children. Since tournament selection is easy to imple- ment and provides automatic fitness rescaling, ... construct solutions to the problem. This is analogous to the process by which an egg grows into a chicken. For example, if the goal is the automatic creation of an electronic controller for a...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 05:20

... which could be characterized as a 'cult of objectivity,' has already had an important influence on psychiatric research. It is true that in its emphasis on critical judgment and valid ... when a subject cannot seem to progress any further? He has reached a plateau and is unable to climb higher. He seems to have reached a psychological impasse or stalemate. It is easy to say that ... readily accomplished because of this conditioning process. The army doctor, when treating patients psychologically, replaces his army jacket with a regular white medical jacket to increase rapport. One...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 20:20

... provides a quantitative measure, it can’t take into account factors such as industry and government attitudes, known as X-factors, which can significantly alter the conversion equation. The average ... source formats are close to the DCI specification. Content Flow In the DCI specification, movie content is delivered to cinemas as a Digital Cinema Package (DCP). The content preparation facility ... around! City Screen & Arts Alliance are in fact sister companies - much of the research carried out by Arts Alliance prior to the successful UKFC bid was carried out on City Screen sites. As...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 10:20

... output to avoid any un- pleasant display artifacts. Process Control Taking advantage of the JPEG 2000 intra- frame coding, the decoder controller can manage the stream at the frame accuracy. When ... to store large quantities of digital data. Used in RAID arrays in digital cinema playback systems to store the digital movie file pack- ages ready for playback. Removable hard drives can also ... information about the structured training course which accompanies the UK Film Council's digital cinema installations. The aim is to establish an accurate and well- respected information database...

Ngày tải lên: 19/02/2014, 10:20