Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 11 ppsx
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 86 pdf
... signal formats, 24 0-2 42 DC balance and, 241 non-return-to-zero (NRZ), 24 0-2 42 return-to-zero (RZ), 24 0-2 42 See also on-off keying (OOK) modulation signaling interface, 503 signal-spontaneous ... user-to-network interface (UNI), 382, 385, 523 valence band, 161 variable optical attenuator (VOA), 213 Vernier effect, 231 vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), 17 3-1 74 advantages, ... Spanke-Bene~ architecture, 207 spatial dilation, 305 drawbacks, 305 illustrated, 306 spatial reuse, 551,555 spatial walk-off polarizer (SWP), 114 spectral efficiency, 30, 24 5-2 50 capacity...
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Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 1 ppsx
... The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking Series Editor, David Clark, MIT Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, 2e Rajiv Ramaswami and Kumar N. Sivarajan Telecommunications Law in the ... Technology and Applications Bruce Davie and Yakov Rekhter High-Performance Communication Networks, 2e Jean Walrand and Pravin Varaiya Computer Networks: A Systems Approach, 2e Larry L. Peterson and ... theory and practice of optical networking. Its up-to-date coverage makes it an invaluable reference for both practitioners and researchers. mSuresh Subramaniam, Assistant Professor, Department...
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Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 2 doc
... 12 1.3 .2 Second-Generation Optical Networks 14 1.4 The Optical Layer 16 1.5 Transparency and All -Optical Networks 24 1.6 Optical Packet Switching 26 1.7 Transmission Basics 28 1.7.1 Wavelengths, ... 2 Propagation of Signals in Optical Fiber 49 2. 1 Light Propagation in Optical Fiber 50 2. 1.1 Geometrical Optics Approach 50 2. 1 .2 Wave Theory Approach 55 2. 2 Loss and Bandwidth 65 2. 2.1 Bending ... Modulation 23 9 4.1.1 Signal Formats 24 0 4 .2 Subcarrier Modulation and Multiplexing 24 2 4 .2. 1 Clipping and Intermodulation Products 24 3 4 .2. 2 Applications of SCM 24 5 4.3 Spectral Efficiency 24 5...
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Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 3 pptx
... Functions of ATM 38 2 6.2.2 Adaptation Layers 38 5 6.2 .3 Quality of Service 38 6 6.2.4 Flow Control 38 7 6.2.5 Signaling and Routing 38 7 6 .3 IP 38 8 6 .3. 1 Routing and Forwarding 39 0 6 .3. 2 Quality ... Service 39 2 6 .3. 3 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 39 2 6 .3. 4 Whither ATM? 39 4 6.4 Storage-Area Networks 39 5 6.4.1 ESCON 39 6 6.4.2 Fibre Channel 39 7 6.4 .3 HIPPI 39 7 6.5 Gigabit and 10-Gigabit ... added a large amount of new material, and removed some material that is not as relevant to practical optical networks. We have also updated the references and added some new problems. The major...
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Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 5 potx
... (virtual circuits) and is capable of providing a variety of quality-of-service guarantees. Packets in ATM are called cells and are of fixed length (53 bytes). ATM is being used by many carriers ... layer. A virtual circuit (VC) represents an end-to-end connection with a certain set of quality-of-service parameters associated with it, such as bandwidth and error rate. Data transmitted by ... recent years, people have realized that optical networks are capable of providing more functions than just point-to-point transmission. Major advantages are to be gained by incorporating some...
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Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 6 pdf
... may accept data at any bit rate and any protocol format within these limits. It may also be able to carry analog data. Transparency in the network provides several advantages. An operator can ... islands of all -optical subnetworks with optical- to-electrical-to -optical conversion at their boundaries for the purposes of adaptation, regeneration, or wavelength conversion. 1 .6 Optical Packet ... network. Transparency type Parameter Fully transparent Practical Nontransparent Analog/digital Both Digital Digital Bit rate Arbitrary Predetermined maximum Fixed Framing protocol Arbitrary Selected...
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Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 7 pdf
... generation of systems. A major advantage of EDFAs is that they are capable of amplifying signals at many wavelengths simultaneously. This provided another way of increasing the system capacity: ... of amplification (such as Raman amplification, a topic that we will cover in Chapter 3) that complement EDFAs and hold the promise to open up other fiber bands such as the S-band and the U-band ... systems used the C-band, primarily because that was where EDFAs existed. Today we have EDFAs that work in the L-band, which allow WDM systems to use both the C- and L-bands. We are also seeing the...
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Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 8 potx
... optical packet-switched networks and local-area optical networks continues today. Meanwhile, wavelength-routing networks became a major focus area for several researchers in the early 1990s as ... has focused on (1) transmitting terabits-per-second aggregate traffic across transoceanic distances with individual channel data rates at 10 or 20 Gb/s [Cai01, Bak01, VPM01], or 40 Gb/s channel ... High-Capacity Optical Transport Networks, volume 16, Sept. 19 98. [Ish83] H. Ishio. Japanese field trials and applications in telephony. IEEE JSAC, 1:40 4-4 12, 1 983 . [KH66] K.C. Kao and G. A. ...
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Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 9 ppt
... the propagation constant is knl, and for a wave propagating only in the cladding, the propagation constant is kn2. The fiber modes propagate partly 54 PROPAGATION OF SIGNALS IN OPTICAL FIBER ... incident at an angle 00 < 0~ nax= sin -i V/n12 - n22 (2.2) no at the air-core interface will undergo total internal reflection at the Core-cladding interface and will thus propagate. Such rays ... (nl - nz)/nl by A. For small A, 0~ nax ~ sin -1 nl,/~ As an example, if A = 0.01 which is a typical n0 " value for (multimode) fiber, and nl = 1.5, a typical value for silica, assuming...
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Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 11 ppsx
... cross-sectional area. (a) A typical distribution of the signal inten- sity along the radius of optical fiber. (b) A hypothetical intensity distribution, equivalent to that in (a) for many purposes, ... a factor of C~ after it has propagated a distance equal to the dispersion length. 70 PROPAGATION OF SIGNALS IN OPTICAL FIBER I Figure 2.8 A (negatively) chirped Gaussian pulse. Here, and ... convenient to use an effective cross-sectional area Ae (see Figure 2.15), related to the actual area A and the cross-sectional distribution of the fundamental mode F(r, 0), as [ fr fo IF(r,...
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Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 19 ppsx
... reflections can convert the amplifier into a laser, making it unusable as an amplifier. A combination of several factors has made the EDFA the amplifier of choice in today's optical communication ... multiplexers and demultiplexers. 3.4 Optical Amplifiers In an optical communication system, the optical signals from the transmitter are at- tenuated by the optical fiber as they propagate through ... bandwidths, and as a consequence, a single amplifier can simultaneously amplify several WDM signals. In contrast, we would need a regenerator for each wavelength. Thus optical amplifiers have...
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Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 26 ppsx
... devices, and a variety of technologies are avail- able to build smaller-scale switches. All -optical wavelength converters are still in the research laboratories, awaiting significant cost reductions ... commercial devices. High-speed APDs and pinFET receivers are both available today. Large-scale MEMS-based optical switches for use in wavelength crossconnects are now emerging as commercial devices, ... the data coming out is the same as the input data or is complementary. The advantage of this approach over CGM is that much less signal power is required to achieve a large phase shift compared...
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Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 27 ppsx
... S. Namiki and Y. Emori. Recent advances in ultra-wideband Raman amplifiers. In OFC 2000 Technical Digest, pages FF-1-FF-2, 2000. [NE01] S. Namiki and Y. Emori. Ultra-broadband Raman amplifiers ... this case, compute the best-case and worst-case loss seen by a channel that is dropped, a channel that is added, and a channel that is passed through the device. (c) Another way to realize a four-channel ... et al. A wideband all -optical WDM network. IEEE JSAC/JLT Special Issue on Optical Networks, 14(5):78 0-7 99, June 1996. [Kas95] N. Kashima. Passive Optical Components for Optical Fiber Transmission....
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Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 33 ppsx
... that all channels are received with approximately the same signal-to-noise ratios at the receiver and fall within the receiver's dynamic range. However, the amount of equalization that ... The flatness of the EDFA passband becomes a critical issue in WDM systems with cascaded amplifiers. The amplifier gain is not exactly the same at each wavelength. Small variations in gain between ... equalization at each amplifier stage. The equalization can be done using a filter inside the amplifier as well. to equalize more than a few ( 2-4 ) channels. Both approaches introduce several...
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Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 40 ppsx
... layers in backbone networks today are SONET/SDH, IP, and ATM. SONET/SDH is particularly adept at dealing with lower-speed time divi- sion multiplexed streams, whereas IP and ATM are adept at ... signal. The optical interface corresponding to the STS-3 rate is called OC-3 (optical carrier-3), and similar optical interfaces have been defined for OC-12, OC-48, OC-192, and OC-768 corresponding ... E3, and E4 signals. Higher-bit-rate signals are defined analogous to SONET, as shown in Table 6.2. A SONET frame consists of some overhead bytes called the transport overhead and the payload...
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