optical transport networks a physical layer perspective

... criteria in all -optical wavelength-routed WDM networks Bin Zhou and Hussein T Mouftah Chapter 19 Optical transport networks: A physical layer perspective M Yasin Akhtar Raja and Mohammad Ilyas Chapter ... Design aspects of optical communication networks Kanna Potharlanka, Toshit Antani, Byrav Ramamurthy, Laxman Sahasrabuddhe, and Biswanath Mukherjee Chapter Evolution to an optical broadband services ... restoration in WDM mesh networks Chava Vijaya Saradhi and C Siva Ram Murthy Chapter 17 Restoration in optical WDM mesh networks Shirshanka Das and Mario Gerla Chapter 18 Shared alternate-path protection...

Ngày tải lên: 24/08/2014, 17:52

... mapping table 70 Abbreviation AES Advanced Encryption Standard APON ATM Passive Optical Network ALM Adaptive Logic Module ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit APD Avalanche Photodiode ASIC Application ... Programmable Gate Arrays are called this because rather than having a structure similar to a PAL (Programmable Array Logic) or other programmable device, they are structured very much like a gate array ... PAL Programmable Array Logic PCS Physical Coding Sublayer PHY Gigabit Physical Layer PIN Positive-Intrinsic-Negative PLLs Phase-Locked Loops PMA Physical Medium Attachment PMD Physical Medium...

Ngày tải lên: 22/11/2015, 23:35

... and Vendors Monique Morrow and Kateel Vijayananda Telecommunications Law in the Internet Age Sharon K Black Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, 3e Rajiv Ramaswami, Kumar N Sivarajan, and ... Printed in the United States of America 09 10 11 12 13 To Our Parents Optical Networks A Practical Perspective Third Edition Rajiv Ramaswami Kumar N Sivarajan Galen H Sasaki AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG ... spanning at most a few kilometers are called local-area networks (LANs); those that span a campus or metropolitan area, typically tens to a few hundred kilometers, are called metropolitan-area networks...

Ngày tải lên: 25/04/2014, 12:45

... 161 variable optical attenuator (VOA), 213 Vernier effect, 231 vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), 173-174 advantages, 173 drawbacks, 173 tunable, 180-181 two-dimensional array, ... reliability, 22 path layer, 370, 543 physical layer, 370 pointers, 367-368, 369 protection schemes, 544 rings, 454 scrambling, 274 signal rate, 367 825 standard optical interface, 366 standards, ... 324-325 scrambling, 241 advantage of, 241 SONET standard, 274 SDH networks, 12, 278, 364 basic signal rate, 367 channel layer, 543 extra traffic support, 546 high-reliability services, 366 management...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... see that Ramaswami and Sivarajan have reorganized and updated their outstanding 1998 traversal of this fascinating and important field and have done so in a way that accurately portrays what is ... products are often claimed as trademarks or registered trademarks In all instances in which Morgan Kaufmann Publishers is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital ... Programming, and Applications Ralph Wittmann and Martina Zitterbart MPLS: Technology and Applications Bruce Davie and Yakov Rekhter High-Performance Communication Networks, 2e Jean Walrand and Pravin...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... fascinating in itself based on a medium with thousands of gigabits of capacity yet so small as to be almost invisible, transmitters no larger than a grain of salt, amplifiers that amplify vast ... 1.3.2 Second-Generation Optical Networks The Optical Layer Transparency and All -Optical Networks Optical Packet Switching ... optical networking would be a roaring success or disappear into the annals of "whatever happened to " stories of technology that had once sounded great on paper, but that had somehow never panned...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... a large amount of new material, and removed some material that is not as relevant to practical optical networks We have also updated the references and added some new problems The major changes ... also computing the detailed mesh network design example, Tapan Kumar Nayak for computing the lightpath topology design example, Parthasarathi Palai for simulating the EDFA gain curves, and Rajeev ... Johnstone, Alan Repech, George Stewart, Suresh Subramaniam, Eric Verillow, and Martin Zirngibl In addition, we would like to acknowledge Bijan Raahemi, Jim Refi, Krishna Thyagarajan, and Mark R Wilson...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... provides a "pipe" with a certain amount of bandwidth to the layer above it The physical layer may be optical, wireless, or coaxial or twisted-pair cable The next layer above is the data link layer, ... other layers There are many possible implementations and standards for each layer A given layer may work together with a variety of lower or higher layers Each of the different types of optical networks ... 1980s Imagine the layers as being vertically stacked up Each layer performs a certain set of functions 1.4 The Optical Layer 17 Figure 1.6 Layered hierarchy of a network showing the layers at each...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... several parameters of the physical layer, such as bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratios For example, analog signals require much higher signal-to-noise ratios than digital signals The actual requirements ... is a practical network that handles digital signals at a range of bit rates up to a specified maximum Most optical networks being deployed today fall into this category Although we talk about optical ... It may also be able to carry analog data Transparency in the network provides several advantages An operator can provide a variety of different services using a single infrastructure We can think...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... transmission has been all about how to transmit data at the highest capacity over the longest possible distance and is remarkable for its rapid progress What is equally remarkable is the fact that researchers ... commercially viable EDFAs spurred the deployment of a completely new generation of systems A major advantage of EDFAs is that they are capable of amplifying signals at many wavelengths simultaneously ... These early experiments proved that optical transmission over fiber was feasible An optical fiber is a very thin cylindrical glass waveguide consisting of two parts: an inner core material and an...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... [HSS98] A. M Hill, A A M Saleh, and K Sato, editors IEEE JSAC" Special Issue on High-Capacity Optical Transport Networks, volume 16, Sept 1998 [Ish83] H Ishio Japanese field trials and applications ... Dixit and R J Lin, editors IEEE Communications Magazine: Optical Networks Come of Age, volume 38, Feb 2000 [DYJ00] S.S Dixit and A Yla-Jaaski, editors IEEE Communications Magazine: WDM Optical Networks: ... of optical networks in this chapter: first-generation networks and second-generation networks First-generation networks use optical fiber as a replacement for copper cable to get higher capacities...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... wave theory approach The wave theory is more general and is applicable for all values of the fiber radius The ray theory is an approximation that holds when the optical wavelength is much smaller ... different propagation speeds for different modes has an analog in the geometrical optics approach We can think of a "mode" as one possible path that a guided ray can take Since the path lengths are different, ... Optical Fiber 53 How large can ~T be before it begins to matter? That depends on the bit rate used A rough measure of the delay variation 8T that can be tolerated at a bit rate of B b/s is half...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... main loss mechanisms in an optical fiber are material absorption and Rayleigh scattering Material absorption includes absorption by silica as well as the impurities in the fiber The material absorption ... orthogonally polarized Since the wave equations are linear, any linear combination of these two linearly polarized fields is also a solution and thus a fundamental mode The state of polarization (SOP) ... optical fiber is its core, which has a circular cross section The propagation of light in waveguides can be analyzed in a fashion similar to that of propagation in optical fiber In the ray theory...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... have a chromatic dispersion of at most 3.3 ps/nm-km in the 1.55 #m wavelength range and typically zero dispersion at 1550 nm A large fraction of the installed base in Japan is DSE Recall that ... systems 74 PROPAGATION SIGNALS IN OPTICAL FIBER OF A careful observation of Figure 2.9(b) shows that the unchirped Gaussian pulse acquires chirp when it has propagated some distance along the fiber ... shows the same pulse after it has propagated a distance of only 0.4T2/j,821 along the fiber The amount of broadening can be seen to be about the same as that of the unchirped Gaussian pulse, but...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... numerical examples we compute Pulses used in optical communication systems have finite temporal widths, and hence are not monochromatic They are also not plane waves~that is, they have a transverse ... point in understanding three important nonlinear phenomena affecting the propagation of signals in optical fiber" self-phase modulation (SPM), cross-phase modulation (CPM), and four-wave mixing (FWM) ... ~ | , , -0"5 r a d / ~ , (c) Figure 2.19 The phase (a) , instantaneous frequency (b), and chirp (c) of an initially unchirped Gaussian pulse after it has propagated a distance L = L NL 2L o)(r)...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... numerical example We assume that each of the optical signals at coi, coj, and co~ has a power of mW and the effective cross-sectional area of the fiber is Ae = 50 # m We also assume coi ~ coj so that ... Chapter 5, in addition to having a small value, it is important to have a small slope (versus wavelength) for the chromatic dispersion Having a small slope reduces the spread in the accumulated ... fiber Another trade-off is that a large effective area also reduces the efficiency of distributed Raman amplification (see Sections 2.4.3 and 5.8.3) A typical refractive index profile of LEAF is...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... with initial width To after it has propagated a distance z 2.9 Show that an unchirped Gaussian pulse launched at z - remains Gaussian for all z but acquires a distance-dependent chirp factor K(z) ... to play off dispersion and nonlinearities against each other to achieve high-bit-rate, ultra-long-haul transmission 102 PROPAGATION OF SIGNALS IN OPTICAL FIBER Further Reading The propagation ... S.D Miller and I P Kaminow, editors Optical Fiber Telecommunications II Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1988 [Nak00] M Nakazawa et al Ultrahigh-speed long-distance TDM and WDM soliton transmission...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... signals propagating from right to left Therefore, the combination of the Faraday rotator and the half-wave plate converts the horizontal polarization into a vertical polarization and vice versa, ... for a particular state of polarization of the input signal which have the property of selectively absorbing light with one SOP The polarizer is followed by a Faraday rotator A Faraday rotator ... filters are cascaded in a WDM system, the passband becomes progressively narrower To ensure reasonably broad passbands at the end of the cascade, the individual filters should have very flat passbands,...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... assumed to be far away from the grating plane compared to the grating pitch We also assume that the slits are small compared to the wavelength so that the phase change across a slit is negligible ... operation of a transmission grating The reflection grating works in an analogous manner The path length difference between rays diffracted at angle Oa from adjacent slits is A B - C D = a[ sin(Oi) ... 27r A' where A is the period of the grating In a Bragg grating, energy from the forward propagating mode of a wave at the right wavelength is coupled into a backward propagating mode Consider a...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21

... features that make it attractive for system applications It is possible to have a very flat top on the passband and very sharp skirts The device is extremely stable with regard to temperature variations, ... COMPONENTS tag0 Stage Stage Stage All stages cascaded _ _ _ _ ~ ~0/~ Figure 3.22 ~ Transfer functions of each stage of a multistage MZI Assume that the difference between these path lengths is AL and ... ~m bands Narrow band MZI filters are fabricated by cascading a number of stages, as we will see, and this leads to larger losses In principle, very good crosstalk performance can be achieved using...

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 12:21