© 2002 by CRC Press LLC© 2002 by CRC Press LLC© 2002 by CRC Press LLC © 2003 by CRC Press LLC The Electrical Engineering Handbook Series Series Editor Richard C. Dorf University of California, Davis Titles Included in the Series The Handbook of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Mohammad Ilyas The Avionics Handbook, Cary R. Spitzer The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Joseph D. Bronzino The Circuits and Filters Handbook, Second Edition, Wai-Kai Chen The Communications Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry Gibson The Computer Engineering Handbook, Vojin G. Oklobdzija The Control Handbook, William S. Levine The Digital Signal Processing Handbook, Vijay K. Madisetti and Douglas Williams The Electrical Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Richard C. Dorf The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, Leo L. Grigsby The Electronics Handbook, Jerry C. Whitaker The Engineering Handbook, Richard C. Dorf The Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing, Alexander D. Poularikas The Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology, William A. Goddard, III, Donald W. Brenner, Sergey E. Lyshevski, and Gerald J. Iafrate The Handbook of Optical Communication Networks, Mohammad Ilyas and Hussein T. Mouftah The Industrial Electronics Handbook, J. David Irwin The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, John G. Webster The Mechanical Systems Design Handbook, Osita D.I. Nwokah and Yidirim Hurmuzlu The Mechatronics Handbook, Robert H. Bishop The Mobile Communications Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry D. Gibson The Ocean Engineering Handbook, Ferial El-Hawary The RF and Microwave Handbook, Mike Golio The Technology Management Handbook, Richard C. Dorf The Transforms and Applications Handbook, Second Edition, Alexander D. Poularikas The VLSI Handbook, Wai-Kai Chen Forthcoming Titles The CRC Handbook of Engineering Tables, Richard C. Dorf The Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Richard C. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identiÞcation and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2003 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1333-3 Library of Congress Card Number 2002041927 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The handbook of optical communication networks / Mohammad Ilyas, Hussein T. Mouftah [editors]. p. cm. (Electrical engineering handbook series ; 30) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-1333-3 (alk. paper) 1. Optical communications. I. Ilyas, Mohammad, 1953 - II. Mouftah, Hussein T. III. Series. TK5103.59 .H365 2003 621.382’7—dc21 2002041927 1333_Frame_00.fm Page iv Wednesday, March 5, 2003 12:28 PM © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Preface During the last 3 decades, the field of telecommunications has witnessed tremendous growth. Proliferation of the Internet has started a true revolution that is expected to continue through the foreseeable future. Three factors have played major roles in the unprecedented growth of this field: • Users’ incessant demand for high-speed communication facilities for heavy-duty applications such as rich-content video •Availability of high-speed transmission media such as optical fibers •Availability of high-speed hardware such as high-resolution video cameras and high-speed processors These factors are leading towards an integrated high-speed (and high-bandwidth) communication environment where all communication needs will be supported by a single communication network. The latest trends indicate that bandwidth needs double every 100 days. The volume of data traffic has surpassed the volume of voice traffic. Such a monumental demand for bandwidth can only be met by using optical fiber as transmission media. Other bottlenecks such as bringing fiber to the desktop, or to the home, still exist. However, eventually these obstacles will be overcome. Emerging optical communication networks represent a step in that direction. The Handbook of Optical Communication Networks is a source of compre- hensive reference material for such networks. The material presented here is intended for professionals in the communications industry who are designers and/or planners for emerging telecommunication networks, researchers (faculty members and graduate students), and those who would like to learn about this field. The handbook is organized in the following seven parts: • Introduction and optical networks architectures •Protocols for optical network architectures • Resource management in optical networks • Routing and wavelength assignment in WDM networks • Connection management in optical networks • Survivability in optical networks • Enabling technologies for optical networks 1333_Frame_00.fm Page v Wednesday, March 5, 2003 12:28 PM © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Each part consists of 2 to 5 chapters dealing with the topic, and the handbook contains a total of 21 chapters. Although this is not precisely a textbook, it can certainly be used as one for graduate and research-oriented courses that deal with optical communication networks. Any comments from readers will be highly appreciated. Many people have contributed to this handbook in their unique ways. The first and the foremost group that deserves immense gratitude are the highly talented and skilled researchers who have contributed the 21 chapters to this handbook. All have been extremely cooperative and professional. It has also been a pleasure to work with Nora Konopka, Helena Redshaw, and Amy Rodriguez of CRC Press, and we are extremely grateful for their sup- port and professionalism. Our families have extended their unconditional love and strong support throughout this project, and they all deserve very special thanks. Mohammad Ilyas Boca Raton, Florida Hussein T. Mouftah Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 1333_Frame_00.fm Page vi Wednesday, March 5, 2003 12:28 PM © 2003 by CRC Press LLC About the Editors Dr. Mohammad Ilyas earned his B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, in 1976. From March 1977 to September 1978, he worked for the Water and Power Development Authority, Pakistan. In 1978, Dr. Ilyas was awarded a scholar- ship for his graduate studies, and he completed his M.S. degree in electrical and electronic engineering in June 1980 at Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. In September 1980, he joined the doctoral program at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. He earned his Ph.D. degree in 1983. His doctoral research was about switching and flow control techniques in computer com- munication networks. Since September 1983, Dr. Ilyas has been with the College of Engineering at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, where he is currently Associate Dean for Graduate Studies and Research. From 1994 to 2000, he was Chair of the department. During the 1993–94 academic year, he was on his sabbatical leave with the Department of Computer Engineer- ing, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Ilyas has conducted successful research in various areas including traffic management and congestion control in broadband/high-speed com- munication networks, traffic characterization, wireless communication net- works, performance modeling, and simulation. He has published one book and over 130 research articles. He has supervised 10 Ph.D. dissertations and 32 M.S. theses to completion and has been a consultant to several national and international organizations. Dr. Ilyas is a senior member of IEEE and an active participant in several IEEE technical committees and activities. Hussein Mouftah joined the School of Information Technology and Engi- neering (SITE) of the University of Ottawa in September 2002 as a Canada research chair (Tier 1) professor in optical networks. He was previously full professor and department associate head of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Queen’s University (1979–2002). He has three years of industrial experience, mainly at Bell Northern Research of Ottawa (now Nortel Networks) (1977–1979). He also spent three sabbatical years at Nortel Networks (1986–1987, 1993–1994, and 2000–2001), conducting research in the areas of broadband packet switching networks, mobile wireless networks, and quality of service over the optical Internet. He served as editor-in-chief 1333_Frame_00.fm Page vii Wednesday, March 5, 2003 12:28 PM © 2003 by CRC Press LLC of the IEEE Communications Magazine (1995–1997) IEEE Communications Soci- ety director of magazines (1998–1999), and chair of the Awards Committee (2002–2003). Dr. Mouftah is the author or co-author of 4 books, 17 book chapters, and more than 650 technical papers and 8 patents in this area. He is the recipient of the Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario (PEO) 1989 Engineering Medal for Research and Development, and the Ontario Distinguished Researcher Award of the Ontario Innovation Trust. He is the joint holder of the Best Paper Award for a paper presented at SPECTS’2002, and the Outstanding Paper Award for papers presented at the IEEE HPSR’2002 and the IEEE ISMVL’1985. He is also a joint holder of an honor- able mention for the Frederick W. Ellersick Price Paper Award for best paper in the IEEE Communications Magazine in 1993. He is the recipient of the IEEE Canada (Region 7) Outstanding Service Award (1995). Dr. Mouftah is a Fellow of the IEEE (1990). 1333_Frame_00.fm Page viii Wednesday, March 5, 2003 12:28 PM © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Contributors Mohammed A. Alhaider Electrical Engineering Department King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Mohamed A. Ali Department of Electrical Engineering City College of the City University of New York New York, New York Toshit Antani Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California, Davis Davis, California Chadi Assi Department of Electrical Engineering City College of the City University of New York New York, New York David Benjamin Nortel Networks St. Laurent Quebec, Canada Imrich Chlamtac Department of Electrical Engineering University of Texas at Dallas Dallas, Texas Shirshanka Das Department of Computer Science University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California W.R. Franta GATX Capital San Francisco, California Aysegül Gençata Department of Computer Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey Mario Gerla Department of Computer Science University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Peter Green Nortel Networks Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 1333_Frame_00.fm Page ix Wednesday, March 5, 2003 12:28 PM © 2003 by CRC Press LLC Mounir Hamdi Department of Computer Science Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon, Hong Kong Pin-Han Ho Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Mohammad Ilyas Department of Computer Science and Engineering Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida Tariq Iqbal City of Riviera Beach West Palm Beach, Florida Jason P. Jue Department of Computer Science University of Texas at Dallas Dallas, Texas Hussein T. Mouftah School of Information Technology and Engineering University of Ottawa Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Biswanath Mukherjee Department of Computer Science University of California, Davis Davis, California C. Siva Ram Murthy Department of Coputer Science and Engineering India Institute of Technology Madras, India Kanna Potharlanka Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California, Davis Davis, California M. Yasin Akhtar Raja Physics and Optical Science Department University of North Carolina, Charlotte Charlotte, North Carolina Byrav Ramamurthy Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Nebraska, Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska Matthew N.O. Sadiku Department of Electrical Engineering Prairie View A&M University Prairie View, Texas Laxman Sahasrabuddhe Department of Computer Science University of California, Davis Davis, California Chava Vijaya Saradhi Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India Abdallah Shami Department of Electrical Engineering Lakehead University Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada 1333_Frame_00.fm Page x Wednesday, March 5, 2003 12:28 PM © 2003 by CRC Press LLC [...]... considered where the number of SONET ADMs is minimized.9 In Gerstel et al (2000), the authors address the problem of designing WADM rings for cost-effective traffic grooming.10 They propose and analyze a collection of WADM ring networks considering that the network cost includes the number of wavelengths, transceiver cost, and the maximum number of hops Another work on cost-effective design of WDM/SONET... providers; in other words, it serves as the “last mile” (as well as the “first mile”) of the information flow To meet the growing traffic demand, service providers expend most of their effort on increasing the bandwidth on their backbone network But little has changed in the access network It is now the general opinion that the last mile has become a bottleneck in today’s network infrastructure.6 Optical technology... splitting of an optical signal) Wavelength converters are useful in such switches to reduce the probability of blocking of multicast sessions In the © 2003 by CRC Press LLC 1333_FrameBook.book Page 18 Tuesday, February 25, 2003 11:33 AM 18 The handbook of optical communication networks 1 Incoming Fibers 2 MUX Optical Switch DEMUX 1 Outcoming Fibers 2 λa D D X Splitter Bank Amplifier Bank Coverter Bank Optical. .. if the connections (1,3) and (2,3) in (a) are interchanged © 2003 by CRC Press LLC 1333_FrameBook.book Page 10 Tuesday, February 25, 2003 11:33 AM 10 The handbook of optical communication networks rings In Berry and Modiano (2000), the dynamic traffic case is considered, where the traffic is given as a set of matrices.12 The authors formulate the problem as a bipartite graph-matching problem and they... to restore the failed link, or the failed paths, or sub-paths (see Figure 1.10) In link restoration, the end nodes of the failed link dynamically discover a route around the link, for each connection (or “live” wavelength) that traverses the link In the event of a failure, the end nodes of the failed link participate in a distributed algorithm to dynamically discover a new route around the link, for... Tuesday, February 25, 2003 11:33 AM 6 The handbook of optical communication networks The EDFAs with gain spectrum of 30 to 40 nm each (typically in the 1530 to 1560 nm range; see Figure 1.4) can be interconnected to broaden their gain bandwidth This “amplifier circuit” is referred to as an ultrawide-band EDFA, which can fully exploit the expanded low-attenuation region of the new “all-wave fiber” (see Figure... re-timing The optical signal is converted to an electronic signal Added to 2R-regeneration, it is also re-timed (or re-clocked) The time between bits at the receiver is not rigid, as it is at the source; re-timing adjusts the 1s and 0s so that they are equally spaced and match the bit rate of the system © 2003 by CRC Press LLC 1333_FrameBook.book Page 22 Tuesday, February 25, 2003 11:33 AM 22 The handbook of. .. Overview of optical communication networks 23 IP Router Network Management System (NMS) 2 ADM 3 1 4 Proprietary NNI 6 5 Standardized NNI UNI Figure 1.15 Network management system for IP-over-WDM networks 1.5.8 Optical packet switching WDM and optical- switching technology can provide the necessary bandwidth for the growing traffic demand As data traffic starts to dominate the communication networks, the traffic... routing, each node in the network maintains a routing table containing an ordered list of a number of fixed routes to each destination node For example, these routes may include the shortest-path route, the second shortest-path route, the third shortest-path route, etc When a connection request arrives, the source node attempts to establish the connection on each of the routes from the routing table in... wavelengths are reserved around each link on the primary path In the event of a link failure, all the connections traversing the failed link will be rerouted around that link and the source and destination nodes of the connections traversing the failed link would be oblivious to the link failure In path protection, during connection setup, the source and destination nodes of each connection statically reserve . Iafrate The Handbook of Optical Communication Networks, Mohammad Ilyas and Hussein T. Mouftah The Industrial Electronics Handbook, J. David Irwin The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, . the desktop, or to the home, still exist. However, eventually these obstacles will be overcome. Emerging optical communication networks represent a step in that direction. The Handbook of Optical. 2002041927 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The handbook of optical communication networks /