2.1.1. Thuc trang viec xdy dung Nhd nudc ta trong thdi gian qua.
Quan tridt tU tudng eiia cac nha kinh didn va Chu tjch Hd Chf Minh, tir khi gianh dupe chfnh quydn dd'n nay. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam ludn coi vA'n dd nha nude va vide xAy dung nha nude la mot nhidm vu quan trpng hang ddu nhAm muc dfeh lam cho Nha nudc ta thue su la tru cot cua he thdng chfnh trj, la cdng cu chii yd'u eiia nhAn dAn trong sir nghidp xAy dung va bao vd To qudc, trong cdng eude xAy dung CNXH. Ngay lir Dai hdi dai bidu loan qudc Idn VIII Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da dua ra quan didm ea ban vd Nha nude ta la xay dung mot Nha nude thue su cua dAn, do dAn, vl dAn. Vd mat ly luan, Nha nude cua dAn, do dAn dupe bieu hidn cu the d nhu'ng didm sau:
Nha nudc ciia dAn la mdt nha nude do chfnh nhAn dAn tu td ehii'c, nhAn dAn la chii thd duy nhat va tdi cao cua quydn lue nha nude. Nha nudc dd phai thuc sir trd thanh td chii'c chfnh trj ciia chfnh qudn chiing nhAn dAn, la cdng cu de nhAn dAn thuc hidn quydn lam chii eiia ho ddi vdi quydn lire cua minh. Nhu vay nha nude vii'a la cai bidu hidn quydn lire cua nhAn dAn, vira la cdng cu dd nhAn dAn thuc hidn quydn lire cua minh. Ban chAi nliAn dAn ciia Nha nudc XHCN the hidn d chd, nha nu'dc cita dAn dupe thanh lap va xAy dung khdng phai VI ban thAn nha nudc hay vl Ipi fch nha nude ma lai fch nha nu'dc chfnh la Ipi fch ciia nliAn dAn.
Nha nirdc do dAn, la nha nudc ma trong td chuc va boat ddng ciia nd, nhAn dAn la ngudi chii ddng thuc hidn quydn chii the cua ho ddi vdi quydn lue
nha nirdc. Quydn tu quydi ciia nhAn dAn ddi vdi cac cdng vide nha nudc phai dupe thue hien mdt each nhA't quan d mpi phuang didn eiia boat ddng nha nude, tir each thiic id chiic quydn lu'c, td chirc bd may nha nude, quydi djnh cac van dd quan trpng cua qudc gia; xAy dung, thi hanh va bao vd phap luat; kidm tra, giam sat boat ddng eiia cac ca quan va can bd nha nUde.
Nha nudc vl dAn la nha nudc ma thuc chat ciia nd la cdng cu dd phuc vu nhAn dAn, loan bd to ehiie va boat ddng ciia bp may nha nude ddu hudng tdi muc tidu cao nhA't la phuc vu xa hdi va cac gia trj cao ea cua eon ngudi; la cai dd nhAn dAn thd hidn va thue hidn y chf ciia minh, dem lai lai fch cho ehinh ban thAn minh.
Vide quan tridt cac quan diem tu tirdng vd nha nude ciia dAn, do dAn, vl dAn trdn phuang didn ly luan la hdi su'c quan trpng va cdn thid't, nhung vide thie't lap, xAy du'ng va dam bao cho mdt nha nu'dc thue sir trd thanh la nha nude eiia dAn, do dAn, vl dAn trong thuc te edn la dieu quan trpng, cap thidi va cd y nghia thue tidn ban nhidu. Nha nudc cua dAn, do dAn, vl dAn khdng phai la mot nha nude ed san hay cii cd ly luan vd nd la ed thd cd ngay dupe. Nha nude dd phai dupe xAy dUng va dan "hidn hinh" ra, qua mot qua trinh lAu dai, khd khan. Chinh vl vAy vide xAy dung nha nudc eiia dAn, do dAn, vl dAn d nude ta la mot qiia trinh lAu dai, phirc tap, trong dd cd sir dan xen ciia nhu'ng vide da lam du'pc va ca nhiing vide chua lam dupe, bao gdm ca nhiing thanh tuu va thuan Ipi, ca nhung ban chd' va khd khan. Dd la mdt tat yd'u khach quan va nhidm vu cua chiing ta la phat buy nhirng thanh tuu va thuan Ipi; khAc phuc ddn nhirng ban chd'va khd khan.
Trong qua trinh thuc tidn lanh dao nhAn dAn thuc hidn cong cupc ddi mdi Dang ta cang dac bidt quan tAm vA'n dd xAy dung Nha nu'dc. Van kidn Hdi nghj Ian thii ba Ban chap hanh Trung uang khoa VIII da dat trpng tAm vao vide phat buy quydn lam chii ciia nhAn dAn, lid'p tuc xAy du'ng Nha nu'dc Cdng hoa Xa hdi chii nghia Viet Nam trong sach, vu'ng manh, boat ddng cd hidu lue.
hidu qua, thuc hidn dAn chu XHCN, lam Iron chii'c nang, nhidm vu la mdt cdng cu tru cot, chu yeu ciia nhAn dAn trong thdi ky dat nudc ta tid'n hanh day manh cdng nghidp hoa, hidn dai hoa.
Kd tii sau Cach mang Thang Tam nAm 1945, Nha nude ta da ea ban hoan thanh tdt nhung nhidm vu to Idn trong giai doan each mang dAn Idc dAn chii nhAn dAn va bude ddu cua thdi ky qua dp Idn CNXH. Trong nhung thanh tuu to Idn rA't quan trpng ciia loan Dang, loan quan va loan dAn ta, cd nhu'ng thanh tiru to Idn ndi bat ciia Nha nude Vidt Nam dAn cbii cdng boa va nay la Nha nudc Cong boa XHCN Viet Nam, nhAi la tii' thdi ky ddi nidi dd'n nay. Dd la vide Nha nude ta ngay cang dupe ciing ed va ddi mdi loan didn, da va dang dat dupenhiing tid'n bd rd ret trong quan ly xa hdi trdn tAi ea cac ITnh vue ca ban: lAp phap, hanh phap , tu phap, cung nhu trong cac boat ddng eu the nhu: kinh te, chfnh trj, vAn hoa, xa hdi , ddi npi, ddi ngoai... trong nhu'ng bude ddu tidn ddi mdi, cai each, Nha nude ta da the hidn dupe kha rd cac ndi dung cAn ban ciia chd' dd dan chu XHCN: cac quydn dAn ehii true tid'p eiia cdng dAn trong cac llnh vuc kinh te', chfnh trj nhu ddi sdng, bau eir, khid'u kidn, giam sat...
Tirng budc phat trien cac quan didm, nguydn tac ca ban vd xay dung nha nudc cdng hoa XHCN Viet Nam eiia dAn, do dAn, vl dAn theo tu tudng Hd Chf Minh, trong cdng cupc doi mdi dAi nudc tir Dai hdi Dang Ian VI dd'n nay, qua boat ddng thue tidn. Dang ta da tirng budc nhan thiie dupe rd rang, ddy du vd ban chat, ndi dung, bude di cua cdng cupc ddi nidi, dam bao giir vu'ng nguydn lac ca ban ciia chii nghia Mac - Ld nin, tu tirdng Hd Chf Minh, van dung mdt each sang tao phii hpp vdi didu kidn eu the eiia dat nirdc va nhiing didn bid'n mdi ciia thdi dai. Thuc hidn dudng Idi doi indi loan didn, lay doi mdi kinh td' lam trpng lAm, kdi hpp ddi mdi he thdng chfnh tri lung bude vCrng chae va phii hpp vdi ddi mdi kinh Id', gifr vung on dinh chfnh trj, tao dieu kidn cho ddi mdi kinh te. Dam bao dinh hudng XHCN trong xAy dung
va phat tridn dat nude. Ddi mdi he thdng ehinh trj dupe tid'n hanh gAn vdi vide doi mdi, ciing ed, phat tridn Nha nude va cac doan the, cac td chu-c chfnh trj xa hdi.
Trong qua trinh ddi mdi he thdng chfnh trj de xAy dung va hoan thien Nha nude XHCN eiia dAn, do dAn, vi dAn d nudc ta giai doan hidn nay, ehiing la da xac djnh rd, ndi dung ea ban va quan trpng nhat dd la phat buy dan ehii XHCN. DAn chu xa hdi chii nghia tid'p tue dupe phat buy d nhidu llnh vue va tirng bude dupe thd che boa bang cac vAn ban phap luat, dac bidt la trong llnh VU'C kinh td', tao didu kidn dd giai phdng sii'c san xuAi, phat buy tidm nAng cua mpi thanh phan kinh te trong xa hdi, dd la quydn dupe tu do san xuAi, kinh doanh cua tA't ca cac thanh phdn, quydn sd huu hpp phap eiia kinh te tu nhAn, quydn sir dung rudng dA't lAu dai eiia hd ndng dAn dupe nha nu'dc dam bao tao didu kidn cho mpi thanh phdn kinh te, mpi lang Idp xa hdi phai buy dupe tiem nang va kha nAng trong san xuai, kinh doanh. DAn ehii vd chinh trj ed nhung bude tid'n quan trpng the hidn d vide bdu cac ea quan dAn eir; d chA't lupng sinh boat va lam vide ciia Qudc hdi, Hdi ddng nhAn dAn cac cap; trong cac cupc thao luan, gdp y, nhan dAn sdi ndi ifch cue tham gia y kidii xAy dung cac du an luAt. Tao dupe khdng khi sinh boat dAn ehii trong cac ea quan dAn eir, trong cac to chiic xa hdi, trdn cac phuang tidn thdng tin dai chiing, dam bao thuc hidn ngay cang tdt ban ca che dAn bid't, dan ban, dAn lam, dAn kidm tra. Da ed nhu'ng chfnh sach diing dan vd Idn giao, dAn I p c . g d p phdn tao ndn bdu khdng khf dAn chii, cdi nid, doan kdi.
To ehiic va boat ddng ciia bd may Nha nude dupe ddi nidi va cd lien bp dang ke. Vj trf, chirc nAng, vai trd, quydn ban eiia cac ea quan trong bd may nha nudc dupe xac dinh, phAn cdng rd net, da budc dau khAc phuc dupe llnh trang chdng cheo vd chii'c nAng, nhidni vu cua cac ca quan nha nudc. Hien phcip nAm 1992 va mdt sd bd luat, phap Idnh da tao khudn khd phap ly dd nha nudc quan ly bang phap luat trdn cac llnh vuc chfnh trj, kinh te, xa hdi, van
boa, qude phdng, cin ninh, trAt tu an loan xii hdi. Da cd nhidu quydi djnh cai each ed y ngliTa quan trpng trong vide xAy dung nha nude va phap luat lam ca sd cho ddi mdi he thdng chfnh trj, doi mdi td chiie boat ddng eiia bd may nha nude. Hoat ddng cua Qude hdi, Hdi ddng nhAn dAn cac cap ngay cang phat buy dAn ehii, khac phuc dan bdnh hinh thii'c; chAi lupng cac ky hop ciia Qude hdi va Hdi ddng nhAn dAn cac cap cung ngay cang dupe nAng cao, thiet thue nham viio nhung muc tidu hdi siie eu the, nhiing van dd bii'c xiic ciia ddi sdng va Ccie llnh vue khac. Tfnh ddc lap eiia ca quan lap phap ddi vdi cac thid't che chfnh trj khac ciing dupe Ccai thien dang kd. To ehiic, boat ddng va didu hanh cua chfnh phu tii'ng bude dupe doi mdi tap trungvao cdng vide quan ly vl md nhung vAn ehi dao thue hidn rAi sAu sal, kjp thdi. PhAn bidt rd ehiic nang quan ly nha nude vdi ehiie nAng quan ly san xuAi kinh doanh.
Nhung cai lien budc ddu trdn dAy ve the che, ddng thdi vdi vide day manh cai each thii tue hanh ehinh, tAng eudng dao tao dpi ngu can bd, cdng ehiic nha nudc da tao dupe nhu'ng thay ddi theo hudng tfeh cue trong hoat ddng hanh phap. Cdng tac cai each tu phap cung rat dupe quan lAm va dat dupe nhidu tid'n bd.
To chu'c bd may, nhidm vu, chii'c nAng ciia nha nu'dc dupe didu chinh mot bude ea ban theo ydu cau ciia qua trinh chuydn tii co* chd' ke hoach hoa tap trung quan lidu bao cap sang qua trinh quan ly nen kinh Id' hang hoa nhidu thanh phdn, van hanh theo ea chd' thj trudng, ed sir quan ly eiia nha nu'dc, theo djnh hudng xa hdi ehii nghia. Nhung tid'n bp trong llnh vu'c nay dupe the hidn rd net d nhung mat cu the nhu: Bd may hanh chfnh du'pc didu chinh mot budc du'a trdn su thay ddi mot sd chiic nAng, giam dan vide true tid'p quan ly san xuA't, kinh doanh, hudng tap trung vao ehiic nang quan ly Nha nudc; Chfnh phu va cac ca quan hanh chfnh cac cap da cd nhu'ng ddi mdi ve Id chuc va phuang thiic didu hanh, quan ly cac llnh vu'c ddi sdng xa hdi bAng phap luat, tap trung vao vide ddi mdi va sii' dung cd hidu qua cac cdng eu quan ly vl md.
bao dam su ehi dao thdng nhAi eiia Trung uang; quyd't djnh diing dAn va kjp thdi mdt so ehinh sach tinh thd'dd ddy liii lam phat, khAc phuc suy thoai, vupt qua khiing hoang kinh le. Chii y nhidu ban dd'n van dd hoach djnh chid'n lupc Vc^ quy hoach phat tridn, hoan thien the che cua ndn kinh te thj trudng nhidu thanh phdn ed sir quan ly eiia Nha nude, xAp xd'p lai khu vuc kinh Id' nha nUde, xAy dung ca sd ha tdng kinh te - xa hdi, md rdng boat ddng ngoai giao va kinh te ddi ngoai; chain lo an ninh, qudc phdng, vAn boa, xa hdi, cai thien ddi sdng nhAn dAn, thuc hidn tdt cac chfnh sach xa hdi.
Ndi dung va phuang thiic kTnh dao ciia Dang ddi vdi nhii nudc ed bude doi mdi va cai tien, ed ehai lupng va hidu qua ban, tao didu kidn cho vide cung cd va phat buy vai trd, hidu lu'c quan ly ciia Nha nu'dc. Didu dd bieu hidn eu thd d mot sd didm ea ban sau:
Thd nhat, vAn dam bao vai trd lanh clao tuydt ddi cua Dang ddi vdi
toan bp hd thdng ehinh trj. Dang dac bidt coi trpng vide dd ra dudng ldi xAy dung va hoan thien nha nudc trong didu kien mdi. Tu tudng vd Nha nu'dc cua dAn, do dAn, vl dan da ddn phat Iridn Ihcinh cac quan didm, nguydn lAc ea ban, dupe thd che hoa trong Hien phap 1992 va cac luat vd to chuc, boat ddng eiia bp may nha nude.
Thu hai, phat buy tinh ehii ddng sang tao, che dp trach nhidm rd rang
eiia cac ca quan nha nirdc. Tirng budc ddi mdi phuang thiic knnh dao Nha nudc ciia Dang theo phuang chAni: Dang lanh dao Nha nude nhung khdng lam thay Nha nudc.
Nhu'ng tidii bd ndi trdn trong cdng cupc xAy dung Nhci nu'dc la nhung nAm qua ciing vdi nhu'ng kd't qua ciia ddi mdi he thdng chfnh trj, tir ddi mdi tu duy, chfnh sach, phap luat ddii td eluic va boat ddng ciia bp may nha nUde da tao ndn tang vu'ng chAc va bude ddu cho phep ddi mdi ed kd't qua trong cac llnh vu'c: phat tridn kinh te - xa hdi va cd budc tAng trudng dang kd, ddi sdng nhAn dAn ndi chung dupe cai thien, giu vung
qudc phdng an ninh. Ban ehrfl giai cap cong nhAn, tfnh dan tpc, tfnh nhAn dAn ciia nha nudc la dupe giir vung, eiing cd va lidn luc hoan thien. DAy la mat manh ea ban eiia Nha nude ta. Nha nude Cdng boa Xa hdi chii nghia Viet Nam trong qua trinh lidn tue xAy dung va ddi mdi da thd hidn rd tfnh dAn Ide va tfnh nhAn dAn Irong sir ihdng nhAi vdi ban chcAi giai Cc^'p cdng nhAn. Chi ed nha nudc mang ban chat giai cap cdng nhAn mdi ed the giii dupe vai trd la dai bidu cho Ipi fch chAn chfnh ciia dAn tde va nhan dAn lao ddng, ngupe lai vide xAy dung nha nude dam bao tfnh dAn tde va tfnh nhAn dAn sAu sac chinh la sir the hidn rd net nhA't ban chat giai cA'p cdng nhAn cua nha nude. Nhan thii'e sAu sAc van dd. Dang va Nha nudc ta da cd nhieu ed gAng trong vide ddi mdi td chu'c va boat ddng ciia nha nude nhAm bao dam su thdng nhA't dd. VAn kidn hdi nghj Idn thii ba BCHTU' khoa VIII da khai quat nhung thanh tu'u quan trpng trong vide xAy dung Nha nude ta:
Da tirng bude phat tridn he thdng quan diem, nguyen tac ca ban vd Nha nude phap quydn eiia dan, do dAn, vl dAn... To chiie bp may, chu'c nang, nhidm vu ciia Nha nudc, trudc hdi la eiia ca quan hanh chinh nha nude da ed mdi budc didu ehinh theo ydu cau eiia qua trinh chuydn tir ea che ke hoach boa lap trung quan lidu bao cA'p sang quan ly nen kinh le nhidu thanh phan, van hanh theo ca chd' thj trudng ed su quan ly eiia Nha nu'dc theo djnh hudng xa hdi ehii nghia... phat trien kinh le - xa hdi, giu virng qude phdng an ninh. Ban chAi giai cap cdng nhAn, tfnh dan tpc, tinh nhAn dAn ciia Nha nirdc dupe giu viing va ciing ed. Day la mat manh ca ban ciia Nha nu'dc la | 8 , tr.36-381
Giai doan tir 1986 den 1991, Nha nude ta da cd dupe mot sd thanh tuu quan trpng, dd la giQ' vu'ng an ninh chfnh tri va IrAl tu an tocin xa hdi, budc ddu lam dju tinh trang khiing hoang kinh te - xa hdi ciia dAi nude, dat
ca sd cho qua trinh cai td va ddi mdi trdn mpi knb vu'c eiia ddi sdng xa hdi, trudc hd't va quan trpng ban ea la trong llnh vue kinh te. Giai doan tir 1991 den 1996, dAy la mdt giai doan cue ky khd khan khdng ehi ddi vdi nude ta ma la vdi tA't ea cac nude XHCN. Mae dii CNXH hidn thue d Lidn xd va cac
nirdc Ddng Au khimg hoang va sup d6 hang loal, Nha nudc ta vdn diing