L NHUMG DOIM 6I TRONG CHINH SACH QUAN V D.AT NONG NGHlfiP VA CHUYEN DOI CO CAU CAY TRONG.
Phuong an tra lo
Cd Khdng Khdng Phan xan Tong Tan sd 126 51 23 1 200 i 1 Tan suat [ 63 ! 1 25.5 IỊ5 1 100 1 ss
Cd tdi gan 63% cac hd ndng dan cd quan diem ve thu nhap tir cay an qua cao han so vdi thu nhap cay luang thuc. "Cay an qua hien nay thu nhap tuang đi cao vdi dieu kien cua cac hd gia dinh lam ndng nghiep. Manh dat nay may nam trudc trdng ngd chi duac cd 5 ta, bay gid gia dinh tdi trdng quyt neu quy đi ra ngd phai dugc 3 tan (Nam, xa Quang Thuan. 48 tudi). Chi cd 25,5 cac hd ndng dan cho rang thu nhap lir cay an qua khdng the cao han so vdi cay luong thuc. a c hd ndng dan cd suy nghi nhu vay bdi vi cay luong thuc la cay da quen trdng uen manh dai naỵ Qua trinh san xuat da trd thanh thdi quen. Phong luc tap quan chi phdi quan diem, đng suy nghi cua eae hd ndng dan. Sd hd ndng dan cdn laị 23%. cdn phan van khdng biet thu nhap cay hoa qud cd cao hon so vdi cay luong thuc khdng?
Nhirng con sd tren day hoan loan chinh xiic. La nhung quan diein eiia cac hd ndng dan mien nuị Quan diem vc thu nhap tren phat sinh ra 2 hudng Siin xuaị
Thu" nhal: Phat trien quy md siin xuai cay hoa qua ngay cimg duoc mo rdng hon, xu hudng chuyen đi co cau cay trdng. tir cay ndng nghiep sang cay hoa quii dien ra manh mẹ
Thir hai: Khdng phat Irien quy md san xuai ca> hoa quạ Vi khdng cho rang neu siin xual cay hoa qua da dem liii thu nhap cao hon so vdi cay luong thue, tham chi khi gia ea thap cay hoa quii kem hon so vdi cay luong thuẹ
Xu hudng thu hai niiy liio nen md hinh san xuai tu ciip. tu uic khdng diiu tu hang nam cho vudn hoa quiị Trdng ca\ hoa qua theo hudng truyen thdng khong mang tinh kinh doanh. muc dich khdng phiii de ban ma de gia dinh dung khdng phiii mua, neu thira mdi ban.
Nhirng sd lieu ma chiing ta thu nhiip duoc cho ihiiy:
Quan diem thu nhap cay hoa quii cd vi tri cao hon ciiy lucmg thuc la nhirng con sd hoan loiin chinh xac, de cd dugc mot ket qua ehinh xac hem
ve quan diem cua cac hd ndng dan chiing tdi dua them cau hdi "thu nhap binh quan đu ngudi cua cac hg gia dinh nam 2006 de so sanh đi chieu vdi quan diém tren.
Bang 7: Thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi nam
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thu nhap (trieu dong) Tir 30 -> 40 Tir 25 -> 30 Tir 20 ^ 25 TCr 10 -^ 20 T i i d - ^ 10 Dudi 6 trieu Cay h So luang 3 5 31 34 77 0 ua qua % 1,6 3,25 20,8 20,8 50,18 0
Ca> lirang thuc So lirorng % 0 0 0 0 26 7 0 0 0 0 76,05 23.85
So lieu binh quan thu nhap dau nguai trong cac ho nong dan 2 xa Quang Thuan va Don Phong cho chiing ta kiem tra hu nhung thong tin ma chiing ta da thu ducrc. Cau tra loi va suy nghi thuc co the ton tai mot khoang each chua chinh xac. So lieu thu nhap thuc le mot lan nua khang dinh quan diem cua cac ho nong dan hoan toan la chinh xac.
Thu nhap ciia cac ho nong dan trong ca\' hoa qua khoang each chenh lech rat lan. Moi nam cac ho nong dan co thu nhap tir 30 trieu dong - 40 trieu dong la l,6^f, tu 25 - 30 trieu dong la 3,25*^r. Tu 20 - 25 trieu dong la 20,8%, tu 1 0 - 2 0 trieu dong la 20,8%. Trong khi do so ho nong dan trong
cay luong thuc khong co gia dinh nao co thu nhap binh quan tren 10 trieu
dong/l nam. Xet ve ty le chiing la thay su chenh lech xe muc thu nhap la rat Ion.
Tliu nhap ciia cac ho nong dan tu 6 - 1 0 trieu dong. Da so cac ho nong dan trong cay hoa qua deu dat duoc voi 50,1 S^V. Muc thu nhap na\ la
muc loi thieu cua cac ho nong dan trong cay hoa quạ Trong khi do nhung
ngudi chuyen san xuat cay luong thuc tdi da mdi dat dugc. Mire thu nhap tiir 6 - 10 trieu đng tham cd dudi 6 trieu đng.
Miic thu nhap ciia cac hd ndng dan tir viec trdng cay hoa qua cd ty le khoang each rat Idn giija ngudi thu nhap cao nhat la 30 - 40 (trieu đng) mdi ngudi trong hd va tir 6 - 10 trieu đng mdi ngudi trong hd, muc thu nhap nay khac la do cac hd ndng dan td chiife lao đng san xuat khac nhau "KarlMarx nhan manh nguyen nhan cua su ngheo khd d trong each td chúc đi sdng san xuat cua con ngudị Do sir phan edng lao đng. su phan chia giai cap, sir ap bu^c va bdc lot ngudi nen trong xa hdi ed su bai binh dang vdi mot thieu sd ngudi thdng tri da sd ngudi khac, trong đ cd nhieu ngudi rai vao hoan ciinh ngheo khd. Quan niem cua Karlmarx md ra mdt hudng nghien curu mdi ve iinh hudng cua phuong thiic siin xuat. su phan cong lao đng va cau true xa hdi đi vdi su ngheo khd. Van de diit ra la phai biei đi phuong thire siin xuai va cau true xa hdi theo hudng tao ra su cong bang, binh đng va tu do cho mgi ngudị
3.4 Kha nang tiep can thj trudng cua cac hg nong dan mien nuị Tiep can thi trudng la viec cac ea nhan. nhdm xa hdi nim bat cac thdng tin tren thi Irudng nhirng sir thay đị bien đng giira cung \a caụ Nhirng van de quan trgng cd the anh hudng tdi qua trinh san xuat cua ca nhan hay nhdm xa hdị Trong nen kinh le ihi irudng đi hoi mdi cii nhan hay nhdm xa hdi phiii thudng xuyen tim hieu phan tich. danh gia, nhan dinh dung cac thdng tin tren thi irudng.
Cac hd ndng dan mien niii hien naỵ Trong edng cude chuyén dich co cau cay trdng, lirng bude hien diii hoa siin xuiii nong nghiep, cac hd ndng dan khdng cdn siin xuiii tu tiic. tu ciip. Ma san xuai tren qu> md Idn. Dae
biet Siin xual cay hoa quii a đng bao diin toe mien nuị Cd xu hudng phat
trien trang liaị Vice thuc hicn quii trinh Siin xuat dac bict san xuat ca\ hoa quil ciia cac hd ndng dan đi hdi ciie hd ndng dan pluii nhan thiic. danh giii
thdng tin tren thi tnrcmg cac hd n6ng dan nam bat duoc qua rat nhieu phircmg thirc.
34 J Phuang tien thong tin dai chung.
Thi trircmg tieu thu hoa qua vai tir each la khach hang thuc te va khach hang tiem nang, va cung la yeu to co tinh chat quyet dinh tai sir thanh bai cua qua trinh trong cay hoa qua ciia cac ho nong dan mien niii: Nhu c^u, sure mua cua thj truang luon thay d6i, do vay cac ho nong dan can nam bat de co the phat trien cac loai cay co the dap umg nhu cdu maị Viec tim kiem va tiep can thi truang de nam bat duac cac thong tin la mot trong nhimg yeu cau quan trong de cac ho nong dan dat hieu qua caọ
Phuang tien truydn thong dai chiing co vai tro het sue quan trong giiip nguai nong dan danh gia, nhan thuc duac cac loai giong cay tr6ng dem lai hieu qua cao, phii hcprp vcri the manh dat duac.
Trong qua trinh chuyen doi ca cáu cay lr6ng. Cac ho nong dan mien nui da tiep can duac vai phuang tien thong tin dai chiing chuả Ho lira chon quyei dinh trong cay bai yeu td naỏ
Bieu d63: ly do cac ho nong dan chon lira trong cay hoa qua
CD clt> t n r » n ^ • p l i ii Mt.yp c t a « • p l i ii Mt.yp c t a « • k l » O M > z i i » a i i J n * i iJriiin O tKKrc,tc- plK"* H i c ' i i . ^ l l i l i i i l l y i p e ị»0 H I m p ^*.i i l i i e It • l a i i ( l i i r t t z s i f t - lit*> 59
Vdi con sd thu nhap dugc la 34,6% sd hd ndng dan d 2 xa Ddn Phong - Quang Thuan dugc phd bien tuyen truyen qua cac phuong lien thdng tin dai chung. Cdn lai cac hg ndng dan lira chgn theo hudng truyen thdng 100% chgn ly do de trdng, 96% cho rang "de ban". Nhu vay ly le sd hg ndng dan dugc phd bien tuyen truyen qua cac phuong nen thdng tin dai Chung chi bang xap xi 1/3. Cdn lai 2/3 sd ngudi chua dugc phd bien hoac khdng thay tam quan trgng qua phd bien, tuyen truyen...
Nhin vao bieu đ chung ta thay neu cac hd ndng dan chi trdng cay hoa qua theo phuang phap truyen thdng "de trdng. de ban" thi siin pham hoa qua ciia hg lam ra khd cd the canh tranh tren thi irudng.
San pham hoa qua cua cac hd ndng dan khdng phai chi la khdi lugng tren mdi ha, ma la gia tri (linh bang lien tren mdi ha).
Nam bat dugc cac thdng tin tren phuong lien truyen thdng dai chiing giup cac hd ndng dan xay dung dugc quy md siin xuiii hop lỵ Kha nang tiep can thi trudng qua cac phuong lien truyen thdng cdn han chẹ Do do tir nam 1998 - 2005, klioang thdi gian niiy mdt sd hd ndng dan 2 xa Quang Thuan va Ddn Phong da rai vao linh trang đ cudị đ mcụ
"Cach day 3 nam gia mo caọ Tdi thay may nha ben giiiu len trong thaỵ Tdi dan hei vdn lieng de irdng mọ Nhung khi ihu hoiich thi mo do di khdng cd ngudi laỵ Tdi thiiy budn va chat hei mo de trdng cay khac nudi sdng gia dinh. Nhung bay gid giii ma liii binh dn ihi tdi khdng cdn mo nuạ mudn trdng quyl nhu cac hd xung quanh nhung lai sg sd minh dem dugc thu quyt thi liii niiii giiị
3.4.2 Mice dr) sd dung phuong ticn tntxcn thdng
Nguyen nhan lo sg cua ciie hd ndng dan khi gia ea thay đi la \ i hg sg thieu thdng tin. Khdng nam bat duoc cac qu> luat kinh tc. Khdng nam dugc sir bien đng eiia tin irudng. Muc do su dung phuong licn thdng tin cua hai xa cdn nhieu han chẹ
Bang8: Miic đ sir dung phuang lien thdng tin TT 1 2 3 Mure do Thudng xuyen Thinh thoang Khdng nghe (xem) Dai 20% 63% 17% Tivi 30% 70% 0 ' • -i — Internet 5% 10% 85%
Nhu vay, chiing ta thay cac thanh vien trong hd ndng dan tiep can vdi cac phuang tien thdng tin dai chung cdn nhieu dieu phai ban. Chi cd 20% sd hg nong dan thudng xuyen nghe dai cap nhat cac thdng tin. Nhung chii yeu la vao nhimg ngudi ndng dan tudi da caọ Cdn lai cd nghe nhung thinh thoang nghe d loa cong edng la chiem 63%. Trong đ cd 17% khdng bao gid nghe dai, nhu vay cac thdng tin ve ky thual trdng cay, sir thay đi ve gia ca, cac chinh sach khuyen ndng se khdng dugc cac hd ndng dan trdng cay hoa qua cap nhat mdt each day diị
Mure do xem ti vi cung vay, chi cd 30% xem ti vi thudng xuyen, nhung chii yeu la xem phim truyen (linh cam. vd lam, phim trung qudc) cdn 70% thinh thoang nhung cung chi dirng lai d mire do xem phim va cac chuang trinh giai tri tren truyen hinh. Nhung chuang trinh phat song ve khuyen ndng hau nhu khdng may hd ndng dan xem de hgc hoi kinh nghiem tham gia vao lao đng san xual cay hoa quạ
Dac biet bao chi chi cd 10% thudng xuyen dgc. nhung chu yeu la doc
bao phuc nir, bao hoa hgc trd. Sd' ngudi dgc bao nhan dan. lao dong... rai khiem tdn. d tdi 30% thinh thoiing dgc baọ Nhung chi dinh mua bao dgc hay tim kiem bao de dgc cac ihdng tin vc irdng ca> hoa quii hoac tiep nhan cac thdng tin ve thi irudng la rai it. Cd idi 60''( khdng dgc bao chị
Trong nen kinh te thi trudng. Thdng tin hei sue quan trong dugc truyen tai qua cac phuctng lien li vi, dai, sach bao, in lernet... kha nang tiep can ciia cac hg ndng dan đi vdi cac phuang lien cdn riii thap do đ kha nang nam bat thi trudng chua idt. Cac hd ndng dan trdng cay hoa qui
c6n do du, chua biẹ d, huang „ao yen ,an, dau ,u x.y dung quy mo san xuat cay hoa quạ
* Trao d6i, phan phoi san pham
-n,eo thuyet cau true ehfc nang thi trao d6i, phan phoi san pham njm trong he the-ng kinh te, co ehfc nang nhat djnh trong qua trinh sdn xuạ Dọ vo, cac ho nong dan mien nui viec trao d6i, phan phoi san pham hoa qua chu yeu duoc trao đi, tieu (hu .hong qua 'cho" hoac cac chu thu mua hoa quạ
Cho dugc coi nhu thi trudng, d đ cd ngudi mua va ngudi ban. nhung thdng tin ve gia ca, thdng tin ve tieu thu s^n pham hoa quii do cac hd ndng dan lam rạ Chi duoc thdng qua he thdng thi trudng, chg d xa hoac ih. xa Bac Kan, khdng phai liie nao eae hd ndng dan cung nam bat duoc nhung thdng tin ve tieu Ihu san phám hoa qua, eae hd ndng dan khdng phai ngay nao cung cd the tiep can chg - Ihi irudng. Hang luiin cac hd ndng dan mdi cd dieu kien di chg I lan, nhieu hd ndng dan cd nam mdi di chg may lan.
Viec tieu thu hoa quii do cac chu budn hoa quii thi xa tim den. phiin bdn, thude kich thich cho hoa qua đi khi dugc trao đi tin nhạ Chinh vi vay viec tiep can nhung thdng tin va bien đng cua gia cii anh hudng tdi qua trinh siin xuat cay hoa quii cdn nhieu hd ndng dan chua tiep can dugc voi thi truang. " 0 day rat ft khi gia dinh di cho ngoai thi xa, cho coc quanh
xa thi ciang khong ca hang hoa nhieu, di cho mat ca nga\ nen thi thoang gia dinh toi mdi di khi co dip ngay gi6, ngay let" (Nam 48 luoi xa Don
Phong).
Nhu vay thi truong tac dong toi cac ho nong dan thanh hai xu huc^ng: Xu huong thii nhat: Cac ho nong dan co dieu kien thuong xuyen tiep xuc voi thi truong tieu thu thong qua trao doi, cac ho nong dan co co hoi nilm biit duoc cac nguon thong tin de kich thich san xuat, trong dan xen hoac quy mo Ion cac loai ca> hoa qua, dem lai thu nhap cao \a tro thanh ho nong dan giau co trong cong dong lang ban.
xuc Xu hudmg thii hai: Mdt sd hd ndng dan khdng thudng xuyen tiep vdi thi trudng, cac hg ndng dan nay khdng nam bat dugc cac thdng tin thi tnrcmg do vay cac hg ndng dan khdng yen tam san xuat, hoac khdng tham gia san xuat cay hoa quạ Cung nhu nam bat dugc khoa hgc ky thual, edng nghe nham tang nang suat lao đng xa hdị Day la mdt yeu td canh tranh tren thj trudng ma cac hg ndng dan can nam bat.
3.5 Cach thurc to chtrc san xuait ciia cong dong lang ban.
Hien nay d dia ban 2 xa Quang Thuan va Ddn Phong viec trdng cay hoa qua cua cac hg ndng dan nay da trd thanh loai hinh san xual kha phd bien trong cong đng lang ban. Cach thufc td chuc san xual ciia cac hd nong dan 2 xa da cd nhieu thay đị Xu hudng phai trien kinh le trang irai, trdng cay hoa qua ciia cac hd gia dinh ndng dan mien nui da dan hinh thanh va phat trien.
5.5.7 Tinh hinh su dung dat dai
Dát dai la phuang lien lao đng vd cung quy gia đi vdi cac hd dan. Mudn san xuat dugc cac hd ndng dan phai cd mdt quy dat nhal dinh.
- Sir dung dat ndng nghiep:
- Quang Thuan va Ddn Phong la hai xa mien nui cd dien tich dat ndng nghiep khdng Idn. Nhung tiem nang cua diit chua sir dung va cd kha nang khai pha de phat trien ndng nghiep la rat Idn.
Biing9: dien lich cac loai dat
TT 1 2 3 4
Phan loai dat Dát ndng nghiep D a t a
Dai chua sir dung Chuyen diing Dien tich (ha) 1.149.73 34.506 12.519.348 534.22 % 4,55 .. ._, 0.22 41,03 1.7 63
Xet ve ty le chung ta thay: Dat chua su dung chiem qua Idn, giiia mdt nua tdng dien tich dat cua hai xạ Day la tiem nang de phat trien kinh le