- Tin ngudng MAu vdi nhirng bieu hien phuc tap ciia nd da, dang va se cdn cd nhiJng each nhln nhAn, danh gia khac nhau DAy cung la didu
thuc tidn eiia vAn di dugc nghien eiJu.
KET LUAN
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1. Tfn ngudng MAu la mgl trong nimng loai blnh tfn ngudng tieu bieu ciia ngudi Viet bdi vl nd la loai hinh ra ddi tdn lai va phat tridn d Viet Nam; nd cd mat d nhidu edng ddng cae dAn tgc Viet Nam vdi nhiing bieu hien
khac nhau; nd la nin cho eac tdn giao dugc truyen ba vao Viet Nam, bdi vay nd cdn ton tai dan xen vdi cae tdn giAo do. Vdi tfnh pbire tap ciia hien
tugng nay, vd mat khoa hgc chiing ta ciing cd the phAn djnh dugc nd ihdng
qua viec xac djnh dac trung va nhirng bieu hien chung ciia nd. Di tai da cd
gAng thuc hien theo hudng di nay, qua dd da chi ra su khu biel ciia tfn
ngudng MAu trong ht Ihdng tfn ngirdng ciia ngirdi Viet. Tren ca sd ciia sir khu biet nay, di tai da chi ra mgl sd ccy sd cho sir ra ddi. Ion tai va sir i")liAl
Irien ciia Ifn ngirdng MAu. Trong dd vdi viec bd sung Tluinli MAu Lidu Hanh vao nira cudi the ky XVI da gdp phAn lao nen mot he ihdng eac Thanh (eiing vdi cAc MAu da cd, vdi Cong Ddng, cae Quan, eac Cd, eac Cau) dc blnh thanh nen dao MAu. Ggi la dao MAu vl nd cd cae yeu td ciia tdn giao hien dai, song d dAy yeu id tin ngudng vAn la yeu id irgi bdi vl sir thd Cling vAn mang ifnh nhdm, mAc dii cd mdt sd nghi Id chung song vAn chua cd su thong nhat mang tfnh chat che.
2. Trong giai doan hien nay vific thd ciing MAu ed sir gia lang vdi nhirng bieu hien phong pbii da dang, phirc tap. Sir tdn lai, gia lAng ciia tfn ngudng MAu cd ca sd khach quan trong chfnh ddi sdng xa hdi ciia con ngudi Vidl Nam hdm nay, nhA't la nbiJng thay ddi vd kinh te quan he xa bdi va vai trd ciia phu nfr. Sinh boat tin ngirdng MAu hicn nay mot mal nd gdp phAn vao lam phong phii ddi sdng vAn hda tinh than ciia con ngudi, nd bao luu truydn thong coi trgng phu nu, mat khac sinh boat nay eung kem theo nhfmg yeu td mc tfn hii tuc cAn phai ban chc, ngan chan va loai bd. Tuy nhien sir phAn djnh giA trj va ban che ciia tfn ngudng MAu ndi ricng va tfn
dat nd trong tuang quan xa hdi, ma cu the la trong sir licii bd cluing ciia ddi sdng vat chA't, vAn hda tinh thAn de phAn djnh yeu id tfch cue cung nhu ban che eiia tfn ngudng MAu. Khi thira nhan nguyen tAc chung nay cung cAn luu y rAng bien nay d Viet Nam cd su phAt trien chua ddng ddu gifra cae tgc ngirdi, cd sir khac nhau ve vAn hda idc ngudi, do vay can phai cd cai nhln lieh sir cu the de IrAnh su nhln nhAn, danh gia, ung xir cd tfnh ap dat ddi vdi tfn ngudng Nir ThAn ndi chung vA tfn ngudng MAu ndi rieng.
3. Vdi vice xac djnh gidi ban ciia de lai nhu da neu d phAn md dAu
cung nhu kha nAng ban che eiia tac gia, di lai cdn bd ngd mdt sd vAii dd ciia
tfn ngudng MAu, nhu: Tfn ngudng MAu ed the coi la mgl dao bay tdn giAo hay khdng? Tfn ngirdng MAu ciia cae tgc ft ngudi d Viet Nam trong lich sir vA hien nay? Xu hudng phat trien ciia tfn ngudng MAu? v.v. Tuy nhien vdi
nhung gl di lai da khAo ciiru dugc cd the ndi rAng tfn ngudng MAu chua
dung giA Irj vd mat the gidi quan va nhAn sinh quan ciia ngirdi Vict, didu nay dugc the hien qua ca sir ling xir ciia con ngudi ddi vdi tu nhien va ddi vdi con ngudi. Ddi vdi blnh tugng MAu Lidu, chiing tdi thfiy rAng dAy la ket tinh ciia nhirng gl tot dep nhat ciia ngudi phu nir Viet Nam. Ddng thdi cung la blnh anh ngirdi phu nfr ndi loan, chd'ng phu quydn, chong phan biel nam nir, chdng nha nude phong kien. Ngay ca cAc Con Cdng khi da nliAp ddng till sir thang hoa ciia hg ciing dat hg vd mat xa bdi ngang bAng, tham chf la ban nam gidi. Nhung gia tri nay cd the gdp phan vao vice giiJ gin va lao dimg ndn vAn hda mdi cho con ngudi Viet Nam hien nay trudc bdi canh toan cfiu hda, qudc tc hda.
PHU LUC
(Khong gian vd nghi li tha cung Mdu)
Vice nghien cuu khdng gian va nghi Id thd ciing ciia mgl tfn ngudng, tdn giao ndi chung, tfn ngudng MAu ndi rieng khdng chi giiip chiing ta hieu rd yeu td "thieng", vd miJc do ciia "nidm tin ton giao" trong mdi tin dd ciia tfn ngudng tdn giao dd. Ngoai ra, nd cdn giiip cho nhirng nha nghien cuu IhA'y dugc sir cu the boa nhifng ndi dung, tfnh chfit; nhirng quan niem vd the
gidi, vd con ngudi trong he tu tudng ciia tfn ngudng, ton giao do. Dong thai,
ban thAn khdng gian thd ciing va nghi Id thd ciing cung gdp phan lam lAng su gAn ket giira cAc tfn dd ddng dao.
L Khong gian thd cung eiia tin ngudng Man
Cho tdi hien nay, ngudi la vAn chua the biel cbfnh xac dugc rAng ifn ngudng MAu ra ddi tir bao gid, chi biel rAng loai blnh Ifn ngudng nay ra ddi
lir rfil sdm vdi blnh thirc thd nir than - gAn lidn vdi nin ndng nghiep liia nude
ciia ngirdi Viet. Su phAt trien cao ciia tfn ngudng thd nfr thAn la tfn ngirdng Tam phii, Tu plui hien nay.
Mac dii ra ddi tir rat sdm nhung tfn ngirdng Mau vAn tiep tiic ton tai va phat trien trong xa hdi hien dai. Didu nay da lao nen sir da dang va phong phii trong be Ihdng dien thd ciia tfn ngudng MAu.
Dien thd MAu co mat d khAp nai tren dat nude ta, tir BAc dcii Nam, lir
ddng bAng len mien niii vdi nhirng kieu dang kien triic, each lluic bai trf khac nhau. Ngay ca eac MAu, cAc nghi Id thd ciing va nhfrng Id hdi quanh nhung dien thd MAu dd cung khac nhau. Do vay, rfil khd de cd the dua ra mdt md blnh chung cho tfit ca eac dien thd MAu cd mat d Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, trong sir da dang, phong phii vd kiS'n true va nghi Id thd ciing dd vAn
Do tin ngudng Tam phii, Tur phii la sir phat trien cao ciia ifn ngudng thd nir thAn nen trong pham vi dd tai nay chi xin dugc trinh bay nhiing dac diem chung nhA't trong khdng gian thd ciing va tfn ngudng thd cung ciia tfn ngirdng Tam phii, TiJ phii.
U. Ve khong gian ben ngoai cua dien Mdu
Khdng gian thd ciing eiia tfn ngudng MAu (xin dugc diing de chi tfn ngudng Tam phu, TiJ phii) ed the la phii, dien, mieu, ddn, thAm chf la nhung am thd nhd ben canh mgl ngdi ddn hay ngdi chiia theo kieu tidn Phat liAu MAu hoac lidn MAu hau Phat. Cung cd khi nd dugc xAy dimg thanh nhiJng khu thd tu rieng biet vdi kieu kien triic nguy nga trang le nhu phii GiAy, phii TAy Hd, ddn Sdng, v.v, Trude bet chiing ta xem xet khdng gian ben ngoai ciia dien MAu (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
Neu nhu nha thd eiia Kilo giAo dugc dd dang nhan ra bdi nhiJng gae chuong nha thd cao viit vdi cay IhAnh giA d tren dinh; ThAnh dudng ciia Hdi giao dugc nhan ra bdi nhfrng ndc vdm cudn blnh bat lip, thl dien thd MAu
lai dugc nhan ra bdi nhirng yeu td mang tfnh nir nhu: nude, d^, cAy cdi, v.v. Sd dl Irong tfn ngudng MAu, yeu id nir ludn the bien va dugc di cao bdi vl trong lAm thiJc ciia cu dAn ndng nghiep Me (NiJ) la bieu tugng ciia sir
sinh sdi nay nd khdng ngimg, dac biet la ddi vdi Me Liia. Vdi vai trd dac biet quan trgng cho sir sinh sdi va phat trien eiia cAy liia, nude dugc ngudi dAn rA't coi trgng va tham chf cdn dugc thd ciing nhu nhfmg yeu td mang tfnh thieng lieng. Didu nay the bien rat rd trong tfn ngudng MAu. Cae dien thd MAu thudng dugc xAy dung ben canh cae ngudn nude nhu: Sdng, sudi, hd hoac cira bien (dAn gian cho rAng neu biet kel hap hai yeu td nude va da (hoac dfil) trong viec xAy dung cAc dien thd thl se dem lai rfil nhidu ciia cai, yen blnh va hanh pbiic cho cu dAn nai dd; Ben canh dd, trong tu duy ciia ngudi Viet, nude tugng trung cho yeu id Am nen rat dugc chii y den trong cae dien MAu. ChAng ban nhu: Dien Hdn Chen xAy dung tren niii Nggc
Tran canh sdng Huang; Ddn BAc Le - Lang San canh mgl con sudi; Plui 1 ay Hd - Ha Ndi canh Hd TAy, v.v.
Trong trudng hgp dja ly nai dat dien MAu khdng cd ngudn nude tu nhien (sdng sudi, v.v) thl ngudi ta se xAy dung nbiJng diem ^^tu thuy" nhu: hd, ao, be, gieng, v.v, trudc cira dien thd.
Ben canh cAc diem lu thuy thl nhfrng hdn gia son cung dugc dung
Icn. Chiing cd the dugc dung len tir dfit, cung co the dugc dinig trong hd
nude, be nude hoac tham chf neu dien thd MAu khdng tao dung dugc hdn
gia son vl mgl ly do nao dd thl thay vao do la mdt ban thd Sctn Trang vdi
canh niii non, rirng, cAy, sudi, v.v, nhu thii plui ciia ba Chiia Thugng ngan. Trong tAm thuc dan gian thl nude, dat dA, cAy ed, v.v, mang yeu id Am vl
iheo hg la do cbiing mgc lir dudi dat len, lai co the sinh sdi nay nd dugc, vl
vay hdn gia son hoac bAn Scm Trang dugc thicl Ifip trong cae dien thd MAu. Ngoai ra, vice xAy dung eac hon gia son cdn cd y nghia nhd ve coi ngudn, nhd vd quA Irlnh blnh thanh va phat trien ciia ngirdi Viet - dd la qua trinh di dan lir midn niii xudng trung du, ddng bAng va ra bien.
1.2. Ve khong gian ben trong ciia dien thd Man
Khdng giong nhu khdng gian ben trong ciia nha llid, thanh dudng ciia dao Ki td, dao Hdi thudng tao cho tfn dd mgl cam giac clioang nggp, kfnh
sg vl quy md va sir uy nghi ciia nd, dien MAu thudng dem lai cho tfn do cam
giac gAn gui, than thien va am eiing nhung vAn khdng mfit di ve tdn nghicm. Dien MAu dirge ket cfiu theo ba lang ; Tang tren khdng, lAiig ngang Iren ban Ihd va Ifing dudi gAm ban thd (ban ha).
Tfing tren khdng dugc the hien bAng mdt ddi mang xa (cdn ggi la dng Lot hay RAn Than) mdt con mau IrAng, mgl con mau sam qufin quanh xa, ngang phfa Irudc ben trcn ban thd. Con man IrAng la mot hicn than ciia Quan Ldn Ba, con mau sAm la hien IhAn ciia Quan Ldn NAm. Tlieo luang
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