- Xu the trd vd ngudn eiia tin ngudng va tdn giao: Trudc bdi canh
theo hudng ciia hitn tugng tdn giAo mdi.
Ngoai nhfrng cAn nguyen khach quan ciia sir ton tai, gia I Aug ciia tfn nguang MAu nhu da phAn tich d tren, thl yeu td chii quan nhal la mot sd ngudi Igi dung tin ngudng MAu de kiem Igi ca nhAn cung lam cho tinh blnh sinh boat tfn ngudng MAu khdng nhirng gia lang ma cdn cd xu hudng phuc tap. Hidn lugng budn thAn ban thanh didn ra d mdt sd nai ihd ciing MAu nhu: Ddn Ba Chiia Kho, Ba Chiia Xu, Phu TAy bd la nhuiig vf du.
2.7.2. Mot sdhieu hien cua sinh hoat tin ngirdng Mdu
- Xcl vd mat ljch sir, sinh boat tfn ngirdng MAu cd tir rfil sdm trong
ticii Irlnh blnh Ihanh phat trien ciia tfn ngudng, tdn giao Vict Nam. Tir ifn ngudng phdn thuc den thd nil IhAn va sau dd la thd MAu. Nhu vay, sinh boat tfn ngirdng MAu cung dan blnh thanh va cd tfnh dn djnh tuang ddi. Duofng nhien, do sir phat trien khdng ddng ddu giira cae edng ddng ngudi Viet Nam, do dac Ihii ciia van hda tgc ngudi, van hda viing ma sinh boat tfn ngudng MAu cung nhu thd Ntif IhAn cung cd sir khac biet. Neu xem xet sinh hoat tfn ngudng MAu (Me, Ba) d mdt sd ddn, phu, dien thugc eac khu vuc
BAc, Trung, Nam nhu: Ddng Dang (Lang San), TAy U6 (Ha Ndi), Plui GiAy
(Nam Djnh), Ddn Sdng (Thanh Hda), Ddn Ciii (Nglie An), I Idn Chen (Thira Thien Hue'), Linh Son Tlianh MAu (TAy Ninh), Ba Chiia Xu (An Giang), v.v, chiing ta thay sinh boat tin ngudng MAu ed mot sd dac diem chung nhu:
GAn bd chat che vdi hdi, hay nd viia la Id vira la hdi; Yeu td dung dugc the
hien kha rd, neu khdng mudn ndi la phan trdi ciia Id (nhu xin, vay, tra, xdc the, v.v); Tuy ed sir khac nhau nhat dinh trong viec sinh boat d cae den, phii tren song ve ca ban, sinh boat tfn ngudng nay d cae nai ndi tren la kha chat che, quy cii va bai ban.
- Ddi vdi tin ngudng Mfiu ciia viec thd MAu Lidu d loai blnh Tam phii hay Tii' phii thl sinh boat ciia loai hinh nay da cd tfnh chat che va dn djnh kha cao, Ndi de'n sinh boat ciia tin ngudng MAu khdng thd khdng dd cAp tdi khdng gian, bAi trf va quy djnh ciia sir thd ciing ndi rieng va Id hdi ndi cliunu. Bai Irf noi ihir MAu trong mdi mdt nc^i ihd iir Idn (pbii, den) lir irong
ra ngoai bao gdm: Hau cung, Tam Ida Tlianh MAu, eac Quan, cae Co, eac CAu. Hau cung dugc coi la nai linh thieng nhfil ciia tfn ngudng MAu, do vay khi thuc hien viec Hfiu ddng, trudc bet la thinh Phat, sau dd la thinh Tam Ida Tlianh MAu, Cdng Ddng, rdi mdi den cae Quan, cae Cd, eac Cau. Sinh boat hau ddng nay thugc vd phAn Id eiia tfn ngudng MAu (xem them phfin phu lue).
- Vd thdi gian sinh boat (tfnh theo nAm), chiing ta thay vice thd ciing
MAu khdng cd nhfrng quy djnh cu the vd vfin di nay, song ihudng ihl lir dAu
iiAm Am ljch dcii thang ba Am ljch la thdi gian cd nhidu cugc liAu ddng, hanh huang vd cae ddn cae phii. Budi Id dau nAm d mgl nai thd tu MAu
thudng ggi la / / khai phu, sau dd la eac Id nhu vao ha, ra ha, v.v, chiing tdi
chua cd didu kien de xem xel quan he giira eac Id nay vdi cAc Id thuc ndng nghiep de lam rd quan he giiJa chiing.
- Ciing vdi Id la hoi, d Ifn ngudng MAu, phAn hdi nay lieu bieu nhfil, dac sAc nhat cd le la bdi Pbii Giay (Nam Djnh) vao ngay mdng 6 thang ba Am ljch. Nhfrng net lieu bieu, dac sAc ciia Id bdi nay da dugc nhidu cdng
Irlnh di cap, d dAy - dudi khfa canh xa hdi ciia van dd hien nay, cluing tdi
cho rAng yeu td lien ket xa hdi va yeu id cau may la nhung yeu id quan trgng nhfil ciia nhfrng ngudi tham du le hdi. Lien kel xa hdi ciia hien tugng Id hdi vdn cd trong lich sir ciia eac Id hdi lang, viing, mien, sir lien ket nay la nhu cau ciia ddng dao quan chiing nhAn dAn trong didu kien lao dgng vfit va quanh nAm, trong bdi canh sdng tach biet ciia cae lang xa (do ifiih dong kfn
cua lang). De thuc hien sir lien ket nAy trudc bet la phai phd vd cae chuan
muc CO linh gd bd ma chii yeu do Nho giao dua lai, sir pha vd nay da lao ra sir blnh dAng ciia cae ihanh vien tham gia, tao ra cae trd choi vui nhgii ma moi lira ludi cho the ciing tham du. Didu nay lai dAn tdi sir tung birng, nao nhiel ciia cae Id hdi. Yeu td cau may cung hei sue quan trgng Irong eac le hdi, d dAy, sir cAu may vira mang linh tin ngudng vira mang tfnh IrAn the. Tfnh ifn ngudng ciia cAu may gAn vdi phan le (vdi boat dgng Ihanh lam ciia
sir Cciu xin), cdn tfnh tran lue cua cAu may gAn vdi cae trd choi ciia phAn hdi, tuy nhien, giai thudng cho cae trd chai nay la khdng Idn song nd lai cd
y nghia vd mat linh IhAn cho ngudi dugc nhan giai. Ngay nay, vdi ca che ihi
trudng eon ngudi bj cudn vao gudng may cua su ban bju, dudng nhu sir nghi ngai, sir vui chai giai tri cung bj thu hep lai, hoac cd tang ciing gAn vdi sir An thua, gAn vdi ky nghe hien dai, dAy lai la ca hdi cho su gia lang ciia cae
Id bdi truydn Ihdng trong do c6 Id hdi tin ngudng MAu.
- Ndi den nhfrng bieu hien ciia sinh boat tfn ngirdng MAu khdng the khdng ndi den nhung khfa canh lieu cue ciia loai blnh sinh boat nay, nhimg
thuc tc cho IhAy sir phAn dinh mat, khfa each tieu cvxc hay tfch cue trong
mdt sd trudng hgp la khdng dd dang. Mat khac nbiJng lieu cue trong sinh boat nay vdn dl ed phai la ciia ban IhAn tfn ngudng MAu hay khdng cung chua bAn cd su Ihdng nhA't trong each nhln nhan va hanh xir ciia nhidu ngudi. O phan nay chiing tdi ehi neu mgl vai suy nghi cd tfnh chfit phucyng phap luAn cho nhiJng danh gia d phAn sau.
Thd nhat: Tdn giao ihco nghia rgng, hay tfn ngudng theo nghia hep,
cung la mgl hien tugng ciia ddi sdng xa hdi, xel vd mat y thuc, nidm tin, nd cung phan anh tdn tai xa hdi theo each rieng ciia nd. Su phan anh de blnh
thanh n6n nd cung nhu cae nghi Id va sinh boat khdng tranh khdi lac hdu han so vdi sir van ddng bien ddi eiia ddi sdng xa bdi, do vay ma trong nd khdng the tranh khdi nhirng yeu to bao ihii, lac hAu, dii no quyen chat vdi
vAn hda.
Thir hai: Tin ngudng MAu, mdt mat la ndn cho cAc ton giao ngoai
nhAp, mat khac, nd bj pha Iron vdi cae tin ngudng, idn giao khac, tham chf vdi ca me tfn hii liic, do vAy cAn ed sir phfin djnh d muc do cd the cAi gl la gia trj va ban che ciia ban thAn tfn ngudng MAu va cai gl la giA tri va ban che eiia eac tfn ngudng, tdn giao khac ed trong tin ngudng MAu nhAm IrAnh sir dAnh giA chung chung vA sai lAm.
Tlurba: Hien nay ed sudanh gia khac nhau vd hien lugng tfn ngudng
MAu ngay d ten ggi ciia nd (tin ngudng MAu, dao MAu, tdn giao MAu), iheo chung tdi can coi hien tugng thd MAu la tfn ngudng MAu va qua dd danh gia nd d loai blnh tin ngudng. Ndi nhu vay khdng cd nghia la chiing tdi coi tfn ngirdng MAu la thap ban so vdi cae ton giao, ma ehi vl hien tai nd chua hdi dii cae yeu td ciia tdn giao hien dai va vl tfnh dAn da ciia nd.
Thd tir: Phai dat tin ngudng MAu trong hoan canh ljch sir cu the de
phan tfch, danh gia. Hay phai sir dung phU(rng phap ljch sir cu ihc, nhai la phai xufil phat tir thuc lidn xa hdi hien nay de dAnh giA vd tfn ngudng MAu.
2.2, Mot sd gia trj va han che cua tin ngirdng MAu
2.2.1. did tri cua tin ngirdng Mdu
Cd the thay rAng tin ngudng MAu gAn chat vdi vAn hda d ca eac linh vuc thugc van hda tinh IhAn, van hda vat chat va vAn hda giao tiep.
- O vAn hda tinh than, tfn ngudng MAu chua dung nhiJng gia trj ciia
the gidi quan va nhan sinh quan, dac biet d tfnh bdn dia ciia nd. Qua vice
llm hieu vd tfn ngudng ndi chung va tfn ngudng MAu ndi rieng chiing tdi thfiy rAng ngudi Viet khdng cd quan niem vd mot dfing sang the, mac dii cd c|uam niem vd hon, vd trdi, vd the gidi ben kia. Xet dudi gdc do triet hgc ngudi Viet quan niem su ton lai eiia the gidi nAy nhu la mot sir tdn tai tu thAn, cai tu IhAn fiy khdng chi la sir tdn tai ciia nhfrng vat vd tri vd giac va vd cam, ma la su tdn tai ciia nhirng vat dang van dgng (boat ddng) va nhu vay cai the gidi tu nhien khdng phai la cai xa la, ddi lap vdi con ngudi, tham chf nd nhu lA hda tliAn, la sir ton tai khac ciia con ngirdi, do vfiy quan be gifra con ngirdi va tu nhien la quan he ciia sir rang bude, le thugc. Sir rang bude, Ic thugc nay thong qua mgl sir trung gian, dd la cae tliAn ciia tu nhien, ma MAu la mot vi Ihan bet sire quan irgng. Dudi goc do tdn giao hgc, quan niem vd thAn nhu trcn la thugc vd cAi vAn dugc ggi la lir nhien thfin luan hay van vat hiru linh, song d dAy, nhat la loai hinh tfn ngudng MAu dudng nhu
khdng han la nhu vay bdi vl cai than, cai thieng khdng xa la vdi con ngirdi,
hay nhu mgl nhAn djnh ciia hgc gia nude ngoai la: 'Uon ngirdi Viet Nam tdm minh trong tdn gido (tin ngirdng)\ Nhu vay d dAy the gidi quan va nhAn
sinh quan cd su gAn bd chat che vdi nhau, didu nay dAn deii sir ung xir vdi tu nhien eiia con ngudi cung cd nhirng net ddc dAo. Chiing la thA'y rAng ddi vdi tAm thirc ciia ngudi Viet thl vat dfiy, song cung chfnh la ngirdi dfiy, cho nen trong lue ngir, ca dao, dan ca quan he giira con ngudi vdi tu nhien mang quan he ngudi va bet siJc tinh cam, IhAm chf la cam ddng. Vf nhu, ca dao cd cAu:
Gia an cai cdi cai chay Nira dem ga gAy ed may cd tao;
Gia an cai cgc cAu ao
Nira dem ga gay cd tao cd may.
Vdi ngudi Viet, que huang dfit nude vdi nhfrng vat, canh vAl nhu manh dfit cu the, cai cAy, ddng sdng, v.v, rfil gAn gui IhAn thucyng, nd ludn ihudng true trong tAm thuc ciia hg. Ngirdi Viet Nam chong lai ke ngoai bang khdng phai chi la dc bao ve nhfrng gl trcn manh dfil ciia hg nhu la san
vat tu nhien ban cho bg ma cdn la vl cai hon thieng eiia sdng niii dA dugc
bun diic tir ngan ddi nay. Nhfmg nghien cuu gan dAy cho thfiy mot sd nai dugc coi la Ihicng ciia mgl sd tgc ngirdi d T a y Nguyen (khu rung, con siidi, cai hd) cho IhA'y day cbfnh la nai ed vai trd bet sue quan trgng ddi vdi mdi trudng sinh thai, kbi hau, san vAl, v.v, cd anh hudng true tiep hoac gian tiep
ddi vdi ddi sdng ciia cdng ddng. Vdi yeu td am, yeu td nu, dac biet la quan
niem vd MAu (rirng, niii, dat, nude, mAy, mua, v.v.) nhu la yeu id trdi, thl chiing ta thA'y rAng, cai ggi la Am giir vai trd bet sire quan trgng. Cai Am d
day khdng phdi Id cdi chu tTnh nhu triet hgc Trung Hoa quan niem, ma trai
lai nd lai cd tfnh chii dgng, nd la su sinh sdi, la Me ciia van vat va con ngirdi. Quan niem vd ngudi Me - Td lien chung an dudi cai vd hoc Thanh MAu la sgi day ndi kel cae tgc ngudi, la blnh tugng cao dcp va linh ihicng,
bao dung va vj tha da va dang nudi dudng cho nhfrng gia tri iiliAn vAn ciia con ngirdi Viet Nam hdm nay. NhiJng gia trj A'y cd d ca nhfrng quan niem nhu: Que Me, Dat Me, Td qudc Me hidn, v.v, va ca d nhfrng danh hieu cao quy nhu: Me Chien sy, Mc Viet Nam Anh biing. Tfn ngudng MAu ed sir hien dien d nhidu tgc ngirdi trong cgng ddng cae dan tgc Viet Nam, nd la yeu td chung ma neu khai Ibac tot se gdp phan vao vice klicti day long lu hao dAn tgc; Vao viec duy tii, phAl trien khdi dai doan kel dAn Idc iiliAm
thuc hien ibAng Igi cdng cugc xAy dung xa hdi mdi hicn nay.
- O llnb vuc van hda vat the: VAn hda vat the d tfn ngirdng MAu bao gdm nhidu loai blnh, sau dfiy chiing tdi xin neu mgl sd loai blnh ma ban
lliAn fl nhidu da cd sir khao cuu. Trudc bet la ccr sd thd tir, ca sd thd lir dugc
dd cAp d dAy la nhfrng nai da va dang didn ra sinh boat tfn ngirdng MAu. Cd
the thfiy trong eac Ddn, Phii, Dien va ca Thap cd nhidu ca sd dugc xAy cat
lir kha sdm (Thap Ba, Phii Dfiy, Phii TAy Hd, Ddn MAu Ddng Dang, Dien Hdn Chen, v.v.), nhfmg ca sd nay chua dung nhfrng gia trj vd cfiu triic, dicu
khAc, hdi boa, v.v. NhiJng yeu td vAn hda dugc the hicn trong cae nai nay
cdn la ket hgp cua vAn hda nhidu Idc ngudi khAc nhau, nhu vay ca sd thd tu ciia tfn ngudng MAu da bao luu nhfrng gia trj ciia vAn hda nhidu tgc ngirdi cho dcii nay chiing la can phai bao luu, khai iliac va phat trien. Didu nay cung cho thfiy rAng khi sira chiJa, trimg tu nhirng ca sd nay cAn phai bao luu
duac nhung gia trj vAn hda ciia nd. NbiJng dd dung (dd dung dao) trong sinh hoat tin ngirdng Mdu nhu quAn ao, mu ndn, dao kie'm, v.v, nhfrng dd
diing nay dii mot phan cdn luu giiJ dugc cho den nay, sd khac mdi dugc sAm sira song cluing ta ddu IhA'y trong dd nhiJng yC'u td ciia van hda dAn idc dugc
the hicn rfil dam net. Do diing trong sinh boat tfn ngirdng MAu cung cdn la
sir bao luu vAn hda Irang phuc ciia mgl sd cgng ddng tgc ngirdi khac ngoai
Idc Kinh. NgoAi ra khdng gian ciia ca sd thd tir cung thd hien net van hoa
ciia cae tgc ngudi Viet Nam, dd la sir hda ddng giu'a thanh thfin vdi con ngudi va tu nhien, nd la sir kel hgp giira dfit, nui, sdng (nude), cAy cd, v.v.
va eon ngudi eung nhu su ket hgp ciia tat ca nhirng ihu dd vdi Ba Me (MAu) eiia su sinh sdi nay nd, eiia xu' sd Viet Nam. Tuy nhien cbiing ta cung thA'y bdng giang Nggc Hoang hay DiJc Vua Cha trong mdt sd dien, phii thd MAu song vai trd eiia eac vj nay rat md nhat, va xel cho ciing nd cung chi la sir pha tap, vay mugn quan niem ciia ngudi Trung Hoa.
- VAn hda giao tiep: Sinh boat tfn ngudng MAu (dac biet la sir thd Cling), xet dudi gdc do tin ngudng thl cai giao tiep d dAy can dugc hieu la giao tiep giua con ngudi vdi thanh IhAn. Nhd sir giao tiep nAy ma ngirdi thd MAu bieu bien mong mudn sir phu hg, sir gia an, sir ban pluic Idc bdi cAc vj thanh than. Song khac vdi tdn giao, tfn ngudng ndi chung va tfn ngudng MAu ndi rieng su giao tiep cd tfnh chat gan gui (qua nliAp ddng vdi sir phan bao, rAn day va ca qua trach, v.v). Nghia la d dAy cai thieng va cAi tuc quyen chat vdi nhau, dd cung lA mdt gia trj ciia tfn ngudng MAu. Song cung chinh nhd su thd ciing MAu ma lai tao su lien kel khAc - lien ket xa hdi, d dAy qua eac vj than ciia tfn ngudng MAu vdi sir gan gui ciia eac vj nay ma con ngudi cung trd nen g^n gui hda ddng vdi nhau ban. Yeu id blnh dAng dugc the hien khdng chi trudc MAu ma ca trudc con ngudi. Vdi tfn ngudng Tuf Phil, khdng ehi cd ngudi Viet (Kinh) tham gia, ma cdn ed ca mot sd tgc It ngudi khac tham du, didu nay tao nen sir lien ket tgc ngudi.
Tren dAy chiing tdi da lAp trung chu yeu vao gia trj vAn hda ciia tin ngudng MAu, song chiing tdi cung thay rAng, ngay ca d mat tfn ngudng (nidm tin) - neu cd the tach ra dugc, ma chiing tdi khdng ggi la vAn hda lAm linh - cung chira dimg nhirng gia trj tfch cue ciia nd. Cluing la biet rAng tfn