- IVirang SI Hung, MAu Thoii i nu ihAn nuac li^u bi^*u {is khoi ihuy Hung Vinnig, Tap chi Nglii6n cuu Van
Khi giang ddng, luy thudc vao vai trd va vi tri ciia cae Cd ma each an mac, di dung, ndi nang la khac nhau Cd Ddi giang ddng vdi hai bdng hoa
mac, di dung, ndi nang la khac nhau. Cd Ddi giang ddng vdi hai bdng hoa cai Iren tdc; Cd Ba Ihi mac y phuc mau irang, that lung bdng va miia dieu cheo dd, Cd Chin thi Ihudng ndi tieng Man, tieng Mudng khi giang ddng, v.v,
Cung gid'ng nhu hang Cd, cae Cau chinh la nhirng phu la ciia Ngu vj Tdn Ong hoac cua cae Ong Hoang. Khi giang ddng, cae Cau thudng cd hanh ddng mang linh phdng khoang, tinh nghich di kem vdi nhung Idi ndi kieu Ire em.
Tdng dudi eung trong dien thd Mau la ban thd Quan Ngu Hd hay cdn ggi la Quan Ngu Dinh. Ban thd nay thudng dugc dat dudi ban thd Chua Thugng Ngan vdi hinh lugng la tugng hoac tranh hd. Neu nhu ddi mang xa (Ran Tlian) duac coi la vi chua cai quan nai sdng nude thi Ong Ho (Ong Ba Muai, Ngai, Dijrc Quan Tluly, v.v) dugc coi h^ vi chiia te cai quan viing nui
rung. Khi thuc hien Id hau ddng thi Quan NgQ U6 va Ong Ldt nit it ichi
giiing ddng, neu cd giang thi bao gid cung giang sau cae giii ddng khac. Nhin chung, dien thdn Mau bao gdm nhung bo phan nhu tren da trinh bay. Song tuy thudc vao vj Thiin Chu dugc thd trong chen, vao dac diem cua timg dia phuang ma su bai trf ben trong cua dien Mfiu cd sir khac nhau. Ngoai ra, trong qua trinh phat trien cua minh, do su anh hudng cua cae kidng van hoa, tin ngudng kiiac nhau nhu Dao giao, Piiat giao, Nho giao, v.v, ma khdng gian thd eiing eiia tin ngudng Mfui cung dugc bd sung. Vdi su anh hudng cua Dcao giao ma Nggc Hoang, Nam Tao, Bfic Dfiu, v.v, (Urge tham nhap vao dao MSu; do su tuang tac vdi dao Phat ma hien nay d rat nhieu dien Mfiu, ben canh viec thd Tam phu, Tu phu, bao gid cung ed mdt sd tugng Phat dudi hinh hai mau dugc thd ciing nhu Quan Am B6 Tilt, Quan Am Thi Kinh.
Mot dieu d l nhan thay trong dien thd Mfui nua la ket cau ci'ia dien
thd chfnh Va su phan anh tdn tai xa hdi phong kien Viet Nam. Neu nhu xa
hdi phong kien cd vua thi trong dien cung cd Vua Cha di ddi vdi cae Thanh Mfiu; Xa hdi cd cae quan thl dien thd cung cd eac Quan Ldn di doi vdi eac vi Qifiu Ba, cae Ong Hoang; Xa hdi cd cae hoang tu, cdng chua thi trong dien cung cd eac Cd, eac Cau ma hien than la eac hoang tu, cdng chua, v.v.
Tuy nhien ih^n dien ciia tin ngudng Mau ludn loat len tren bet la yeu
id Nu (Me) - yeu td nay da lam mim boa cae thugc tinh, cae dac diem cua
cae loai hinh van hoa, tin ngudng, tdn giao khac khi tiep xi'ic vdi tin ngudng Mfiu.
Mac di:i cdn mang tfnh da ihdn nhung Dien thd Mau bude dfiu da cd linh he thong vdi nhung triet ly sau sdc vc the gidi quan, nhan sinh ciiian
phan anh uac nguyen tam linh cua dan chung, ddng thdi phan anh trinh do
tu duy cua eon ngudi trong xa hdi.
2. Ve iighi 16 thd ciing
Trong he Ihdng tin ngudng dan gian Viet Nam ihi he ihdng cae nghi
\i thd Cling ciia tin ngudng MSu dugc coi la kha phong phu va da dang,
mang dam ban sac van boa dan tgc.
Vdi sir phong phu vi eac loai hinh nghi \i, vice ihd cung dugc lien
hanh gan nhu quanh nam, nhirng chu yeu didn ra vao eac dip dau nam, cudi
nam, vao cae ngay ram miing mgl hang thang. Trong cae dip do llTi quan
trgng nhat la vao thang Ba - Gid Me (Gid Tlianh Mau Li6u Manh), thang
Tam - Gid Cha (gid Vua Cha Bat Hai, Due Thanh Trdn). Ngoai ra, tuy thudc vao mdi dien thd, vao dac diem cua tijng loai \i ma thdi diem lien
hanh la khac nhau. Vi du nhu tiee Cd Bo (12-6), liee Quan Tam phu (24-6), liec Ong Hoang Bay (17-7), tiee Tran Lieu (20-8), v.v.
Uiig vdi tmh chat cua mdi budi li, khach the va thdi diem thuc hien vice thd cung ma \i vC\[ la khac nhau, chfing ban trong budi 16 hfiu ddng, khi vi Tlianh giang ddng la bang Cd llii \i vat ngoai viec phai phu hgp vc mau
sac ra (mau dd thudc Thien phii, mau vang thudc Dia phu, mau Irfuig ihiigc Thuy phu, mau xanh thudc Nhac phii) tbi khdng the thicu dugc ginmg, luge,
cae do trang sue. Hoac trong Le chung sinh va Li Thanh, ben canh eac dd
nhung thiJe an khac, khdng the khdng cd \i Tam sinh (thii ga hoac ihit vit,
thii lgn, ea elicp).
Cung gidng nhu nghi li trong eac loai liuili tfn ngirdng dan gian khac,
cae le vai dugc dang cung trong tfn ngirdng Man phai dam bao yeu id (inh (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
khiet va trong sach (tinh). Ngay ca ban than tfn do khi tham gia vao qua
tiinh dang le ciing phai luan thii yeu td nay. Chang ban, trong le hfiu ddng, nhiJng Ba ddng dang ed tang (trong mot nam), dang ed chua, nudi con bii, dang cd kinh deu khdng dugc vao den hau Thanh. Trudc mdi budi le Thanh, cae 6 n g ddng, Ba ddng ddu plu\i "thanh ta'y" mlnh cho that sach se nhu kieng khdng an ca, Ibit, v.v.
Viec luan thii ngbiem ngai quy dinh nay se dem lai bieu qua nhu tfn
do mong mudn trong budi le dd. Ngugc lai, neu vi pham thi nhe thl Thanh
Iraeb, niing thl Thanh trirng phat dudi nhieu blnh thuc nhu: Dau dm, tai nan, v.v, (do da xiic pham, khdng tdn trgng Thanh Ihan).
Trong he ihdng cae nghi le va le hdi ciia tin ngirdng Mfui thl 16 Tdn nhang (16 Ddi bat nhang) va 16 Hi1u bdng (Hau ddng) la dien blnh va mang nhieu net dac trung nhat.
'^Le Tdn nhang
Trong tam thuc dan gian, cd rat nhieu eac vi Ihan Linh khac nhau. Mdi vi Than Linh lai chju trach nhiem ve mot khfa canh nhat dinh chi phdi tdi ddi sdng ciia con ngudi. VI vay, khi cd bat ky mot su cd nao xay ra trong ddi ngudi (nhu: 6 n i dau, dich benh, mat ciia, v.v) thl hg ngliT ngay den
nhung vj Thfin cai quan van dc do. Hg cho rang sd dT mlnh mac phai nhung '1ian" do la do mlnh hoac ngudi than eiia mlnh da pham mgl Idi gl dd vdi cae vi Thanh Thdn nen da bi cdc vj d6 "hanh". Di llioat khdi tinh trang dd Ihl Ihudng phai nhd den cae dng thay ciing dc dang 16 giai ban.
Ddi vdi nhung tfn dd eiia tin ngirdng Mau thl nhung vj Than Thanh tren la nhung Quan gia Thi Thdn ciia Thdnh Mdu. VI vay, cdn phai deii dien Mdu de edu khan mong dugc giai "ban". Trong trudng hgp tin do da cdu
khan ma vdn chua "lai qua nan khdi" - chua thoai khdi "ban" thl tin do bi coi la ngirdi cd "can sd" nang, can phai thuc hicn mot nghi 16 dac biet - dd la 16 ''Ddi bai nhang" Ihi mdi cd the by vgng giai ban dugc.
Le Tdn nhang (Ddi bat nhang) la 16 bde va dat bat huang - bat nhang thd nhung vj Thdn Thanh la Quan gia Tlii Thdn ciia Mdu cho nhung ngudi dugc coi la "cao can, nang sd". L6 dugc thuc hien tai dien Mdu. Ngudi dugc bde bat nhang dugc ggi la "Con nhang".
Thong thudng, mdi Con nhang chi bde mot bat huong, nhinig trong trudng hgp dac biet, cd the bde nhieu ban, tham chf cd khi tdi 7 bat. Nhung
bat nhang nay dugc dat ngay tai dien Mdu - nai tieii hanh viec bde bat
nhang. Vao nhfmg ngay rdm, miing mot, nhiJng ngay 16 ldn cua tin ngirdng Mdu till Con nhang phai den dien Mdu thap huong lam 16 ciing eac Thanh. Nhihig Con nhang nay tin tirdng rdng, sau khi cdu ciing nhung vj Thdn ndm ban menh ciia mlnh rdi thl cae vj nay se khdng cdn hanh mlnh nua ma ngugc lai se pbiJ hd va bao ve cho mlnh trong cudc sdng.
Trong trudng hgp Con nhang da thuc hicn nghi 16 ddi bat nhang mgl each ddy dii nhung van khdng dem laj ket qua nhu hg mong mudn, ihi hg mot ldn nua phai deii dien Mdu de xin eac vj Thanh Mdu xem xet thong qua
mot nghi 16 khac, quan trgng va linh thieng hon, d6 la "Le md Plui". Sau
khi thuc hien nghi 16 nay, hg se cbfnh thuc trd thanh mot De tu thuc sir ciia tfn ngudng Mdu. Liic nay, thay vl hg phai dcii eac dien Man de cdu ciing thl ho se rude Mdu va cae vj Thanh Tlidn vc nha, md phii tai gia dinh dc ticii hanh cdu ciing. Hg se giao tiep true tiep vdi cae vj Thanh thong qua hoai ddng Hdu ddng (len ddng), nhung rdi nhi6u ve linh thdn ciia hg se dugc giai quye't.
'^Hdii ddng
Nghi 16 Hdu ddng dugc coi la mot nghi 16 lieu bieu va dac trimg nhat ciia tfn ngudng Mdu. Day la nghi 16 nhap hdn ciia eac vi liuinh vao ihan
xac cua cae Ong Ddng, Ba Ddng. Thong qua than xac cua Ong Ddng, Ba Ddng ma Thanh se phan truydn, chua benh, ban phiie loc cho cae tin dd.
Theo nghTa Han - Viet, Ddng h^ lu clung de chi ngirdi con trai dudi 10 tuoi (cQng cd tai lieu chep la dudi 15 tudi^) cdn ngay tha, trong tiilng de Th^n Linh nhap vao thdng qua viec kha'n vai. Dfin ddn sau nay, cae co eon gai, ciic ba va tham chf ca cae dng eung tham gia vao nghi 16 nay. Ngudi ta goi nhifng ngudi nay la Ong Ddng, Ba Ddng (ddng Co, ddng Cau). Ngoai ra, chu "Ddng" eung ed nghTa la cung, ture la con ngudi cung vdi Than Thanh hoa nhap lam mot. 6 day, linh hdn (bdng linh hdn) cua nhung vi ThSn Linh da mugn xac ciJa Ong Ddng, Ba Ddng de hicn than - ngirdi ta
goi dd la "ddng bdng" (Hfiu ddng). Ong Ddng, Ba Ddng khi do ehi la
nhiJng ngirdi lulu ha cho cai bdng cua Than Linh ma Ihdi.
Thdi gian len ddng bAt ddu khi mot vj Thanh Tliiin nao do nhap vao Ong Ddng, Bh Ddng (Giang dOng, Op dfing) cho ddn lue vi Thanh dd ra khdi Ong Ddng, Ba Ddng (Thang ddng). Mdi Ian nhu vay dugc goi la mot gid ddng.
Trong mot budi 16, c6 the thuc hien diroc nhieu gia ddng khac nhau, ung vdi mdi gia ddng la mot loai do 16, trang phuc, v.v, dac biel, trong nghi
16 Hfiu Ddng ngudi la ihudng sir dung kel hop nhieu loai hinh am nhac vdi hat miia, dien xudng - day la mdt net ra't rieng ciia tin ngudng Mau. Noi dung ciia eac bai hat, dien xudng va am nhac trong nghi 16 thudng ndi ve
Thiin tfch, sir miiu nhiem, tfnh each va ca nggi cdng due ciia eac vi Tlianh
dang giang ddng. Vf nhu van Chilu De Nbi Thuong Ngan: "Khi chai ngan niii ngan me
Ngan giang ngan nua, true tie ngan vilu" van chau dng Hoang Bay: (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
"Bao phen chien luoc lung hoanh Dinh an xa tac de binh cdi ngoai"
"Dat Lao Cai la noi dung vd Quyet ra tay doi ngu lien cdng, v.v". Van chriu dng Hoang Mudi:
"Trdi Nam cd due Hoang Mudi Phong tu nhat muc luyet vdi khdng hai
Nen chi bac cung anh tai
Van thao vd luoc tu trdi thong minh"**
Tren ndn nhac di6n xudng, ngudi len ddng thudng miia quat, mua
cheo dd, v.v, de bieu bien tfnh each, dixc diem ciia cae vi Thanh. Chang ban
vdi cae vi Thanh hang Quan thudng cd miia kiem, long dao, kfch, v.v; vdi Ciic Thanh hang Chau Ba thudng cd miia mdi, miia (]iial ihco dieu Xa Ihuang, Xa giay lech; Vdi cae Thanh hang Ong Hoang thudng cd miia cung, miia beo theo nhip dieu luu thuy, bat bd; vdi eac Thanh hang Cd thudng miia mdi, miia qual, miia cheo dd, miia then boa, del gam, miia hai hoa, v.v; vdi cae Thanh bang Cau thudng miia lico, miia kin theo dieu luu thuy cd dem Iheo nhip chdng su tir.'^
Ngudi hclu ddng phai chuan bi rat nhieu bo qiuln ao de mdi khi ngdi
ddng Ong Hoang, Chfiu Ba nao giang ddng thl phai Ihay do cho phu hop. Thdng qua bd quan ao mh ngudi hitu ddng dang mfic cung nhu dieu bfi hanh vi eiia ngudi dd ma ben ngoai co the nhan biet duac vi Tlianb nao dang
giang ddng. Vf nhu thanh Mfiu Thuong Ngan giang nhap thl phai mac bo a(^ dan tdc mien niii, hoac Quan Ldn Tuan Tranh thi phai thay mac bo vd phuc cd hai hi cd lenh cam sau lung, v.v. Sau mdi gia ddng, ngudi len ddng Ihudng ban phat loc Thanh (banh kco, boa qua, thudc la, trau cau, cd khi la lien) cho nbiJng ngudi ngdi ehdu ddng xung quanh.
" Nguydn Di^ng Duy, Vdn hoa tarn linh, Nxb Ila Noi, 1996, tr 153 '' Ng6 Dire Tliinh. Sdd, tr 78 - 79