I hanh Tri bridge project and the southern line of HaNoi third belt, the total investment was 270 USD millions from
3.3Ty USD 6.9 Ty USD Tl/nhan, 28%
r Chuong 4: Cdc ket qud phan tich Tang
3.3Ty USD 6.9 Ty USD Tl/nhan, 28%
Tl/nhan, 28% ODA. 37% 14% Chinh phu. 28% Tl/ nhfln, 44% ODA, 2 1 % 12% Chinh phu. 23% 2002 2010
Hinh 5: Ddu tu ca sd ha tdng a Vi^t Nam (Ngxidn: Tdng cue Thdng ke)
T^^dn tot nghiep: Chmmg trinh Thgc sv Qudn ly cdng H(>c vien: Trmmg Tdn Ldm
Chmmg 4: Cdc ket qud phan tich
• Trang 20 4.2.2. Ly do thu hai
Ly do thu hai nhim dl han chi thach thuc ODA gdp phin lam tang no cdng cua qudc gia. Mac du ng cdng cua Viet Nam dugc danh gia la dang trong ngudng an toan theo thdng le qudc tl, nhung trong bdi canh khung
hoang ng cdng dang la vin dh ndng cua thi gidi hien nay thi cung cd mot sd y
kiln lo ngai vl nguy co ng cdng Viet Nam vugt ra ngoai ngudng an toan
(Hop 2).
Hop 2: ODA va no' cong
Den 31/12/2010, tong ng nydc ngoai cua Viet Nam len tdi 32,5 ty USD, chiem 42,2% GDP. Trong dd, 62% la no nude ngoai cua^ Chinh phu, 38% la ng nu-dc ngoai cua doanh nghiep. Doi vo-i ng cua Chinh phu, ODA chiem ty le 74%.
Nguon: Bo Tai chitih, Ban tin no cong so 1.
Mot trong nhiJng yeu td gdp phan giij ng cdng Viet Nam trong nguong an toan la do Igi the ciia ng ODA chiem ty trgng Idn trong khi thdi gian an han ddi vdi vdn vay ODA dai, lai suit ODA thip (dao ddng tu I den 2,99%/nam). Sau nam 2010, Viet Nam se khdng cdn giir dugc Igi thi nay. Voi tu each la nuoc co thu nhap tmng binh, nguon ODA uu dai voi lai suat
f / y f \ \ I
thap se bi cat giam dan va thay the bang nguon vay thong thuong co lai suat cao hon, thdi gian an han ngan hon. Mac dii nguong tham chieu de bat dau ap dung CO che vdn vay thdng thudng ciia mdi ca quan phat trien cd khac nhau nhung nhin chung cijng d trong khoang tren dudi 1.000 USD cho GDP binh quan diu ngudi/ nam. Ngan hang The gidi la ca quan phat trien dau tien cd thdng bao chinh thuc ap dung co che vdn vay thdng thucmg ddi vdi Viet Nam vao nam 2010 khi GDP binh quan diu ngudi/ nam dat 1.050 USD theo tinh
toan cua WB. Trudc thach thuc nay, dii gdp phan giOr cho ng cdng a ngudng
an toan nhimg van tan dung dugc nguon von ODA quy gia de tao ddng lire
Ludn vdn tot nghiep: Chtnmg trinh Thac .sy Qudn ly cdng HQC vien: Trmrng Tdn Ldm
Chucmg 4: Cdc ket qud phdn tich
Trang 21
cho phat triln kinh tl thi viec tao ca chi dl khdi tu nhan cd thi vay vdn ODA la mot giai phap tdt. Luc dd chu sd huu vdn ddng thdi la ngudi tra ng vdn vay chinh la cac doanh nghiep tu nhan. Viec bao lanh tin dung cua chinh phu cung se dugc thay thi din bing cac quy bao lanh tin dung bing vdn ODA kit hgp vdi mot sd ngudn vdn huy ddng khac. Co chi nay se giup giam dugc ap lire bao lanh cua Chinh phu ddng thdi phat huy dugc su nang ddng, hieu qua cua khdi tu nhan trong khia canh kha nang hoan von va tra ng.
Hop 3: No" cua doanh nghiep khu vipc cong
Hien nay, khong chi la cac du- an ODA ma rat nhieu du an vay nu'6'c ngoai trong khu vuc cdng ndi chung dang dirng trudc tinh trang gap khd khan trong viec tra ng. Chinh phu vdi tu each la nguo-i bao lanh da phai ung von tra ng cho 8 du an khdng cd kha nang tra ng nud-c ngoai, chiem 9,2% tong so du an da cap bao lanh (8/87 du an). Du ng cua cac du an khd khan chiem 5,9% tong du ng von vay nud'c ngoai cua cac du an bao lanh den 31/8/2011, trong so nay cd 03 du an vay ODA hdn hgp do Chinh phu bao lanh cho phan vay thuong mai cua gdi tin dung ODA.
Nguon: Bo Tai chinh, Cong van so 17164/BTC-QLN.
0 khia canh giam ap luc dau tu tu ngan sach chinh phu dan den giiJ cho
muc ng cdng d nguong an toan, md hinh ddi tac cdng tu PPP ma cu the la khdi tu nhan tham gia vao cac du an BOT va chinh phii se dung vdn ODA de dau tu bo sung cac hang muc ha tang phu trg co kha nang thu hoi von cham la mot vi du dien hinh cho su hieu qua a khia canh nay. 0 mo hinh nay, khoi tu nhan se dugc tiep can von ODA mot each gian tiep thong qua viec huong Igi tu nhijng hang muc dau tu bo sung ciia chinh phu bang von ODA voi tu each la y§u to xiic tac va chia se riii ro voi cong trinh ha tang chinh do khoi tu nhan
dau tu. Co vk nhi^u vi du v^ mo hinh PPP nhu khoi tu nhan co the dau tu nha
may phat dien, khu vuc cong dam nhan dau tu he thong truyen dan den noi tieu thu dien, chinh phii dau tu de ch5n song de ho trg cho mot du an cang hien cong ten no ciia tu nhan ...
I.uan vdn tot nghi('p: Chtrcmg trinh Thac sy Qudn ly cong H{)c vien: Trux/ng Tan Ldm
£h}^^2]EjLCdc kit qud phdn tich
— • Trang 22 (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
Chang han, khi khdi tu nhan diu tu mot con dudng cao tdc va sir dung
hinh thuc thu phi Ah hoan vdn. YIU td nii ro d day chinh la luu lugng phuang
tien qua lai se khdng du Idn dl hoan vdn khi ma tuyin cao tdc nay khdng kit ndi dugc vdi cac khu dan cu, khu cdng nghiep hoac cac tuyIn dudng lien tinh khac. Nlu nha diu tu tu nhan phai bd them vdn dl diu tu tilp cac myln dudng phu kit ndi nua thi kha nang hoan vdn rit thip. Vi vay, chinh phu phai tham gia vao du an nay bing each dung vdn ODA dl diu tu cac tuyIn dudng phu ndi tren nham chia se nii ro vdi nha diu tu tu nhan. Nhu vay chi bing mot lugng vdn ODA vira phai cd tinh chit xuc tac nhung da tao ra dugc mot tien ich ha tang Idn gap nhieu Ian giup giai quylt dugc bai toan vl ngudn luc cdng va ng cdng.
4.2.3. Ly do thu ba
Ly do thu ba nham khac phuc nhugc diem tien do thuc hien, giai ngan cham ciia ODA trong khu vuc cong. Nguyen nhan thi co nhieu nhung co mot so nguyen nhan chii yeu co lien quan den khu vuc cong ma khi dich chuyen ODA sang khu vuc tu nhan co the khac phuc dugc.
+ Nguyen nhan thu nhat chinh la nang lire, trinh do can bg, nhan vien ciia cac co quan thuc thi, quan ly du an ODA chua dap ung yeu cau cong viec dan den giai quyet cong viec cham hoac phai lam di lam lai nhieu Ian do sai sot. Dac diem cong viec tai cac co quan thuc thi du an ODA doi hoi nhan vien phai gioi ngoai ngij, co chuyen mon sau va ky nang tot, am hieu cac thong le quoc t^ va cac quy djnh ciia nha tai trg. Trong khi do, voi muc luong thap, bi han ch^ theo che do thang bang luong vien chuc do nha nuoc quy dinh, co ch^ khuyen khich chua ro rang nen rat kho tuyen dung dugc nhung nhan su tot dap ling yeu c4u cong viec. Mot vi du dien hinh la trong mot du an ODA,
mot nhan vien ciia Ban quan ly (\\x an thugc khu vuc cong thuc hien mot khoi
luong cong viec gan tuong duong voi mot nhan vien thugc mot don vi tu van khu vuc tu nhan cung dang thuc hien du an do nhung nhan vien thugc khu vuc tu nhan nay dugc tra muc luong gap muoi Ian nhan vien thugc khu vuc
ludn vdn tot nghU'p: Chmrng trinh Th^ic sy Quan ly cong H^)c vien: Trtnmg Tdn Ldm
Chucmg 4: Cdc ket qud phdn tich Trang 23
cong. Viec thieu ca che khuyen khich, muc thu nhap thSp dan den hieu qua cong viec thap va de phat sinh tinh trang tham nhung. Nhugc di^m nay co th^ khac phuc dugc khi khoi tu nhan dam nhan vai tro quan ly, thuc thi du an ODA. Co che khuyen khich ciia khu vuc tu nhan tot hon, khong bi han che, rang bugc boi cac quy dinh ve muc luong cung nhac ciia khu vuc cong vi vay hg CO the tuyen dung dugc nhijng nhan vien gioi, dap ling yeu cau cong viec va tra luong theo hieu qua cong viec, mot van de ma khu vuc cong chua lam dugc. So lugng nhan su gioi nam trong cac doanh nghiep tu nhan cijng rat nhieu, the hien o thuc trang chat xam chay tu khoi doanh nghiep Nha nuoc sang tu nhan dang ngay cang pho bien. Ket qua la tien do thuc hien du an dugc cai thien.
+ Nguyen nhan thii* hai dugc xac dinh la do tri hoan keo dai trong qua trinh phe duyet thu tuc cua cac co quan chii quan. Theo quy djnh, cac co quan chu quan la UBND cip tinh, thanh phd ddi vdi cac du an ODA phan cap cho dia phuang hoac cac Bd, co quan ngang bd ddi vdi cac du an ODA theo nganh. Ly do tri hoan qua trinh phe duyet cua cac ca quan chu quan xuat phat tu viec cac ca quan cdng quyin nay khdng cd bd phan chuyen mdn am hieu sau vl quy trinh thuc hien du an ODA vi vay phai tham vin, liy y kien cua ben thu ba trudc khi phe duyet dan din tri hoan keo dai. Cau chuyen nay cd thi khic phuc dugc khi chuyin true tilp ngudn vdn ODA cho chu sa huu \ dn thugc khdi tu nhan true tilp quan ly. Cac doanh nghiep tu nhan tu chiu trach nhiem va dam bao hieu qua sir dung vdn cung nhu tra ng vdn vay cho cac nha tai trg. Khi dd, mot sd thu tuc phe duyet se dugc loai bd hoac giam thieu dan din rut ngin dugc qua trinh thuc hien du an.
+ Nguyen nhan thu ba la chua cd ca chi thuang phat rd rang ddi vdi cac ca quan quan ly du an ODA khu vuc cdng. Mot ly do dan gian khiln cho du an thuc hien cham la nlu thuc hien nhanh thi cac co quan quan ly du ung khdng dugc thudng ma thuc hien cham cung khdng bi phat. Su that la trong 20 nam thu hut, su dung vdn ODA tai Viet Nam chua chung kien mot cac
an c
T^i^iT^lol nghi(>p: Chinmg trinh Thac sy Qudn ly cong HQC vien: Trtnmg Tdn Ldm
Chuomg 4: Cdc ket qud phdn tich Trang 24
CO quan quan ly du an ODA nao bi phat do thuc hien cham hoac dugc thuong vi thuc hien du an nhanh. Trong mot so truong hgp, viec thuc hien cham du an doi khi con dem lai Igi ich cho nhan vien trong cac co quan quan ly du an
' ' f t
ODA la tiep tuc c6 viec lam va tiep tuc dugc tra luong, neu du an ket thiic thi phai doi mat voi nguy co that nghiep. Lay vi du mot Hgp dong xay dung tuyen duong nao do thugc mot du an ODA dugc ky ket boi mot ben la Nha thau va ben kia la co quan quan ly du an ODA. Thong thuang, cac hgp dong nay dugc soan thao voi cac dieu khoan theo mau hgp dong FIDIC, trong do CO quy dinh ro rang ve thudng phat tuy theo hgp dong thuc hien nhanh hay cham. Tuy nhien, muc thudng cho hgp ddng thuc hien nhanh thudng rat thap, khdng du khuyin khich nha thau. Khi hgp ddng bi cham, nha thau thudng khdng miy khd khan dl tim ra mot loi nao dd thuoc ve phia ca quan quan ly ODA nhu giai phdng mat bing cham, tri hoan qua trinh phe duyet, thanh toan cham ... nen khdng thi phat dugc nha thiu khi cham hgp ddng. Han niia, viec nha thiu thuc hien cham cung khdng anh hudng den Igi ich kinh tl cua ho khi ma cac hgp ddng keo dai bao gid cung kem theo dieu khoan dieu chinh gia theo chi so gia tieu dung CPI hoac chi so gia xay dung. Vdi muc tang binh quan cua chi sd gia xay dung d Viet Nam khoang 20%/nam, cdng trinh thuc hien keo dai them mot nam, dong nghTa vdi viec nha thiu dugc cdng them khoang 20% chi phi trugt gia vao hda dan thanh toan cua hg. Vi vay khdng cd
ly do gi ^h nha thiu phai diy nhanh tiln do thuc hien hoac tham chi la thuc
hien dung tiln do. Tinh hinh se dugc cai thien khi du an ODA thuoc quan ly cua khu vuc tu nhan. Vdi tu each la ngudi so huu vdn va tra ng ODA, ho se phai tinh toan va dua ra ca chi thudng phat rd rang de khu>ln khich viec diy nhanh tiln do, tang hieu qua du an. Vi klii tiln do thuc hien nhanh, cdng trinh sdm dua vao sir dung thi cang nhanh thu hdi vdn, tilt kiem dugc cac chi phi do lam phat gay ra.
'JZ^ii^^^iot nghiep: Chmmg trinh Time sy Qudn ly cdng HQC vien: Trmmg Tdn Ldm
Chuomg 4: Cdc kit qud phdn tich
— Trcmg 25
+ Nguyen nhan thu tu la do thilu hut va cham cung cip vdn ddi ung. Thdng thudng, mot du an ODA cd ty le vdn ddi ung khoang 20% tdng muc dau tu du an. Phin vdn nay chu ylu chi cho cdng tac din bu giai phdng mat bang va tai dinh cu. Cac du an ha ting thudng cd dien tich chilm dit Idn, mat bang thi cdng trai dai qua nhilu khu dan cu, ddi khi la di qua nhilu tinh thanh
nhu cac du an giao thdng, truyin dan dien. Nlu khdng du vdn ddi ung dk thuc
hien cdng tac giai phdng mat bing, khd khan trudc mit la viec khdi cdng cdng trinh bi tri hoan, cham tiln do. He luy tilp theo la muc gia din bu da dugc phe duyet se trd nen lac hau, khdng cdn theo sat gia thi truong khi phai chd den mot hoac hai nam sau mdi cd tiln chi tra. Din khi huy ddng dugc tien thi ngudi dan dugc den bu lai khdng chap nhan muc gia dd nua, phai quay lai quy trinh phe duyet tu dau rit mit thdi gian. Viec thilu von doi ung thuong bat nguon tu khau lap ke hoach von khong tot ciia cac chinh quyen dia phuong. Chi can mot tac dgng nhu thu ngan sach khong dat nhu du kien hoac phai chi cho nhieu boat dgng khan cap ve phong chong thien tai tai dia phuang la co the dan den thieu von doi ung cho du an ODA. Dac biet trong boi canh kho khan chung cua nguon tai chinh cong hien nay thi muc do riii ro thieu von doi ling lai cang cao. ODA cho khu vuc tu nhan cung giiip giai quyet dugc van de nay. Cac nha dau tu tu nhan trudc khi dugc cho \ay ODA diu phai dugc danh gia ve nang lire tai chinh, trong dd cd yeu td cung cap du vdn doi ung. Doanh nghiep tu nhan cd dac diem nang ddng \a biet chop thdi CO, xoay chuyin tinh hudng nhanh. Ngoai ra hg cdn dugc dugc dam bao bdi he thong tin dung doanh nghiep va cac quy bao lanh \i \ay muc dp rui ro \ e thilu von doi ung rd rang la thip ban nhieu so vdi khu vuc cdng.
+ Nguyen nhan thu nam la do qua trinh thanh toan phuc tap va cd qua nhieu ca quan kilm soat chi. Mot quy trinh giai ngan vdn ODA trong khu vuc cdng hien nay qua rit nhilu khau. Ho so thanh toan ddi vdi mot cdng trinh ha ting thudng dugc kilm tra bdi don vi tu vin giam sat, sau dd den ca quan quan ly du an, qua kho bac kiem soat chi, chuyen len Bd Tai chinh va cudi
Ludn van tot nghiep: Chmmg trinh Th(ic .vv Qudn ly cdng HQC vien: Trmmg Tdn Ldm
Chmmg 4: Cdc kit qud phdn tich Trang 26 (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
cung la den nha tai trg ODA. Moi co quan trong chuoi kiem soat nay co the do nang lire kem, khong am hieu quy dinh giai ngan ciia nha tai trg, sg trach nhiem hoac vi bat ky mot ly do nao do deu dan den tri hoan giai ngan. Trong mot chuoi quy trinh nhu vay, chi can co mot sai sot se dugc tra ve lam lai tu dau, mat rat nhieu thai gian, co khi den vai thang moi hoan thanh mot thii tuc thanh toan. Do la chua ke thii tuc ruom ra nay con de phat sinh tinh trang gay kho khan dl doi "boi tron", tham nhiang. Khu vuc tu nhan c6 Igi the ve su tinh ggn trong giai quyet cac thii tuc giay to xuat phat tu tinh tu chii, tu chiu trach nhiem d6i voi tung dong von bo ra, chi can qua mot bg phan dii nang lire th4m tra h6 so thanh toan la co the chuyen thang den nha tai trg ODA, bo