TRONG QUA TRINH LICH Sl T6 NGHE AN
2.1.VAI NET VE QUA TRINH HINH THANH VA PHAT TRIEN CUA TINH NGHE AN.
TINH NGHE AN.
Ld mot phan mdu thit cua ea the dat nude, Nghe An gan lien vdi qud trinh hinh thdnh vd phdt trien cua To qude. Neu khdng ndi den thdi ky
ngudi vugn Tham Om (Quy Chau) each day 20 van nam, hoac dau vet ciia eu dan van hoa Quynh Van, van boa Bau Trd; thi minh dat nay eung la mot bd phan khdng the tach rdi eiia To qude ke tu* thdi cac vua Hiing md nUde. Khac
vdi cac khu vuc d phia Nam deo Ngang, lich su dan tgc cd bao nhieu thdi gian vdi nhu'ng thang trim thi vimg dai nay ciing cd ngin ay thing ngay va nhung hung phe nhu vay. Nhiing di chi dugc khai quat tir Idng dat da cai len tieng ndi Cling vdi nhung tai lieu truyen mieng dan gian deu khing dinh phin dat nay tuy xa trung tam, nhung vin mang diy dii nhiing dae trung eiia mot nen van boa thdng nhat tir cd xu'a.
Tiep dd, viing dat cd ten Viet Thudng eo kinh sdm duge sir sach ghi lai, da tirng dugc gidi sir hgc cac thdi binh luan va hon nira xac dinh dia diem eiia nd phai la tuang ling vdi viing cue Nam xa xdi nay [50, 224].
Tir nam 179 trude Cong nguyen, Trieu Da thdn ifnh Au Lac, chia nude ta thanh hai quan, viing dat nay ciing vdi Thanh Hoa, hgp thanh Quan Ciru Chan. Trong eugc banh trudng ciia nha Han ve phuong Nam, nd chi la mot huyen mang ten Ham Hoan, mot buyen rgng Idn nhat cua quan Cim Chan. Thdi Tam Qude, Ham Hoan duge tach ra khdi Ciru Chan, thanh quan Ciru Diic, gdm 8 huyen. Den nam 557, quan Ciiu Diic tam thdi doi thanh Nhat Nam, vi quan Nhat Nam cu tir deo Ngang trd vao, liic ay trong tay Lam Ap, sdm duong cao nggn cd doe lap. Den the ky VII ten Hoan Chau mdi chinh thiic dugc khai sinh vdi tu each la mot dan vi hanh chinh quan trgng cd dien tich Idn han trude dd. Tiep dd, cai ten Dien Chau eung duge ra ddi de chi vimg dai Ham Hoan dugc tach ra tir Hoan Chau.
Sudi ban nghin nam Bie thuge, nhan dan viing dat nay khdng ngiing dau tranh, y thiic dan tgc ngay cang rd ret. Viee kei thiic thdi ky phu thuge trien mien vao phuang Bie dugc danh dau bing ehieii thing Bach Ding (938) eiia Ngd Quyen. Sau klii Dinh Thien Hoang dep loan 12 sii quan, chia nude ta thanh 10 dao. Den thdi Le Dai Hanh trong khi chia e i nude thanh 10 Id, thi rieng khu vuc Ciru Chan cu tam thdi xep vao trai.
Cai ten Nghe An (theo chu Han cd nghla la Thdi binh vo su) Ian dau
tien duac xuat hien vao nhung nam 30 ciia the ky XI thay cho cai ten cu Hoan Chau (xem phu luc 1). Nhung phai trai qua nhieu dien each niia, den hon bdn
the ky sau, khi Le Thanh Tdng chia nudc ta thanh 13 dao tbira tuyen (1466) thi vimg dat Hoan va Dien mdi chinh thiic dugc sat nhap, thanh mot tbira tuyen: Nghe An.
Vdi tu each la mot dan vi hanh chinh ddc lap - tinh Nghe An- thi phii ehd deii nam Minh Mang thii 12 trieu Nguyen (1831) mdi tach tran Nghe An thanh 2 tinh: Tinh Nghe An va tinh Ha Tinh .
Thdi Phap thuge va cho tdi sau each mang thing Tam nam 1945, Nghe An, Ha Tinh ve eo ban vin giii nguyen dia gidi nhu tir thdi vua Minh Mang, ciing vdi cac tinh trong c i nude la cac dan vi hanh chinh true thuge nha nude trung u'ong. Sau klii nude nha thdng nhat, Hgi ddng Chinh phii nudc Cong hoa xa hgi chii nghla Viet Nam quyei dinh sat nhap 2 tinh, tinh Nghe An va tinh Ha Ilnh thanh mdi linh. Dd la tinh Nghe Tinh (1976). Sau 15 nam nhap tinh, Qude hgi nudc Cong hoa xa hgi chii nghla Viet Nam lai ky hgp lin thii* 9 (khoa Vlll) da quyei dinh chia tinh Nghe Tinh thanh 2 tinh true thuge trung u'ong: tinh Nghe An va tinh Ha Tinh (1991).
Nhu vay, trii qua hai nghin nam lich su* vdi nhieu ten ggi khac nhau, hei tach rdi nhap, bet nhap rdi tach thi minh dat nay eung bao gdm Hoan va Dien, Nghe va Tinh. Hien tugng nay khdng pbii la ngiu nhien. Ve mat quan ly hanh ehinh nha nudc thi chia lam hai eung cd mat hgp ly, thuan tien. Nhung xet ve mat van hoa, thi day la mot viing van hoa, cd nhieu net tuong ddng hon la di biet, dugc nhan dan ta quen ggi bing mot cai ten xii' Nghe, nhu xu* Thanh, xii' Hue ... (xem phu luc 2). Nghe Tinh luy mot ma hai va Nghe An, Ha Tinh tuy jiai ma nigl [ 13, 17], [37, 591, 146, 1291. Nghe -Tinh hien nay chiein mot dien lich tren 22 ngan km" vdi tren 4,3 trieu ngudi.
'•• Khi de cap den nhu'ng van de lien quan den cd 2 tinh Nghe An vd Hd Tinh chung u')i dung cdc ten ggi: Nghe An, Lam Hong, xir Nghe, Nghe - Tinh.
Khi de cap den nhiing van de cua rieng tinh Nghe An hien nay chimg ten dung ten ggi : tinh Nghe An.
Tinh Nghe An la mot tinh Idn eiia nude Cong boa xa hgi chii nghla Viet Nam, d toa do 18'35'00" den 20'00'10" vl do Bie, 103'50'25" den 105*^40'30" kinh do Ddng. Phia Bie giap tinh Thanh Hoa, phia Nam giap tinh Ha Tinh, phia Ddng hudng ra Thai Binh Duong, phia Tay tua lung vao day Trudng San hung vl, giap vdi 3 tinh ciia nude Cong boa dan chu nhan dan Lao la Xieng Khoang, Bdlykhamxay va Hiia Phan, vdi tong chieu dai la 419km. Dien tieh tu nhien 16.371knr, cd 82km bd bien, gdm 1 thanh pho (dd thi loai 2: Vinh), 1 thi xa (Cira Ld) va 17 huyen, sd dan la 2.858.265 ngudi (1999) vdi 6 nhdm dan tgc: Kinh, Tho, Thai, Kliamii, Hmdng va ODU.
- Tinh Nghe An cd dia hinh niii rirng triing diep, menh mdng. Niii trii
dai va day dae d phia Tay, bdn miia may phii tren day Giang Man (Trudng Son). Til' phia Tay Bie niii cao ddc tir 2000m trd xudng, chi dot ngdt cd nhiing nggn niii cao, nhu Lai Leng (Ky San) cao 271 Im, nggn Hoat (Que Phong) cao 2541m... thoai thoii dan ve phia Tay Nam. Thdi c6 xua, day la mot vung ehoang nggp nhung niii rirng va bien ci. Nhu'ng bai sd d Dien Chau, ngan nudc tren vach da d Quynh Luu, hd Nude Bien d Nghi Lde... la nhu'ng di tich
cdn sdt lai, cho phep ta hinh dung ve sii'e manh cua nhung con ngudi a day
trong su nghiep ehinh phuc thien nhien. Tren viing ddng bing, dgc theo bd bien tir klie Nudc Lanh den Ben Thiiy thinh thoing xuat hien mot vai nggn niii, nggn ddi, tao nen mat dat dang ve go ghe, 1dm ehdm, it thay d nhiing viing ddng bing khac, nhung lai ngoan muc, ky thii kheu ggi nhiing tam hon vdn giau chat thi ca.
Song ngdi a day phan Idn la sdng nhd, ngin va ddc; chi cd mot eon
sdng Idn va dai nhat, ma nam 1841 duge xep hang la mot trong nhu'ng eon sdng dep nhat Viet Nam [13,18], la eon sdng hung du, hay thay ddng doi hudng, la "ddng siia pha lin nudc mit". Dd la eon sdng Lam (sdng Ca). Nd vua dai, vira sau, vit ngang tir thugng ngudn tren dai ban Lao anh em, xudi ve theo hudng Ddng Nam, qua nhieu niii da hiem trd, vdi tren 130 thae ghenh,
tiep nhan hiu hei nudc eiia cac con sdng Irong vimg, nhung lugng phu sa thi qui la it di so vdi cac con sdng khac d nude ta.
Niii non ting ting lap Idp, sirng sung uy nghi soi bdng ben ddng Lam giang dai ddng, udn lugn giua nhiing ddng liia, bai mia, nuong ngd... vira tao cho tinh Nghe An net dep nen tha, vira tao cho vung dat nay dang ve gan gude, rin rdi. Neu tinh Nghe An dugc hudng Irgn ven viing dat dd ba-zan do niii lira xa xua de lai cho mien Bie (Phii Quy), thuan Igi cho trong cay edng nghiep: thi nd lai hiem cd nhirng canh ddng bao la thang canh cd bay nhu d Thai Binh, Cin Tho...
Cimg vdi Ha Tinh, Nghe An cd khi hau dae biet. Khi hau d day khac
ban vdi khi hau ciia ddng bing Bie Bd, ke tir khe Nudc Lanh trd ra va phan biet rd ret vdi khi hau mien Trung va mien Nam, ke tir deo Ngang trd vao. He den - tir thing 4 den thing 9 - viing dat nay cd gid Tay Nam ( cdn ggi la gid Lao) ndng nhu thieu ddi, cd cay khd chay, rugng ddng mit ne. Tiep dd la nhung tran bao tii' Tliai Binh Duong phin Idn dd bd vao dai dat nay; hoac mua lu keo dai, lut loi dua nhau hanh ha. Mua lanh - tir thing 10 deii thing 3 nam sau - trong khi vising Binh-Tri-Thien trdi mua trien mien, dim de, d Lao nang ran thi d day vira lanh vira khd, "lanh leo, ii dot, tieu dieu" [44,35 [.
Thien nhien qui la khdng bao phdng vdi minh dat nay, cho nen con ngudi d day ddi ddi, kiep kiep phii nd luc lao ddng, bii vao khoing trdng ma thien nhien da khdng danh cho hg.
Cugc vat Ion giiia con ngudi va tu* nhien, da duge phin anh sinh ddng trong klio tang van boa dan gian eiia cac dan toe (tgc ngudi) d tinh Nghe An.
Trii qua hang nghin nam lich sii' eong ddng eu ddn Nghe An, ngoai eu
dan bin dia hgi tu thanh nhung lang mac tir thdi dai Hiing Vuong [50, 37], da lien luc dugc bd sung bdi ddng ngudi di cu lir noi khac den. dae biet la tir phuang Bcic xudng. Mot phin eu dan d day la con chau eiia cic quan tudng
trieu dinh dugc nha vua tin cay cir vao tran tri d viing dat nay, nhu: Ly Nhat Quang, Ly Dao Thanh, Ly Thai Giai (trieu Ly), Trin Quang Khii (trieu Trin), Phiing Khac Khoan, Trin Danh Lam, Biii Huy Bich (trieu Le)... Ngoai ra, mot sd cu dan d day la ddng doi ciia nhung ngUdi ndi day ehdng trieu dinh hoac nhu'ng til binh dii loai bi luu day. Hg da khdng trd ve que eu, ma hiu hei da d lai sinh eo lap nghiep. Khdi edng ddng dan cu khdng ngirng dirge bo sung, mien xudi ciing nhu mien nguge, trii qua qua trinh chung lung dau eat xay dung eugc sdng. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
Trong sir nghiep dung nude va giii nude, d nhieu thdi ky va nhieu dia diein, ngudi Nghe An deu cd ddng gdp va ddng gdp xung dang. Diem lai chiic tham tung, thugng thu ciia cac irieu dai, ngudi xii' Nghe chiem phin Idn, trong dd cd khdng it ngudi noi bat, nhu Dang Minh Bich (Nam Dan), Ngd Tri Hoa (Dien Chau), Nguyen Van Giai (Can Lde), Hd Sy Duong (Quynh Luu), Nguyen Nghiem (Nghi Xuan)... Nhieu ngudi lam quan nhd nhung td ra ed tai chinh tri, diic tinh cirong true, tinh thin trach nhiem trude nhan dan, nhu Nguyen Thien Chuang (Nam Dan), Phan Du Khanh (Diic Thg), Mai Diic Ba (Thach Ha), Nguyen Trgng Tliudng , Nguyen Trgng Duong (Nam Dan), Bui Hiiu Nham (Nam Dan)... Chiic ngu sir (can gian nha vua), nhirng ngudi vira ed tri thdng minh, vii'a cd dung khi, thudng do nhirng ngudi xu' Nghe dim trach: Nguyen Bieu, Biii Cim Ho, Pham Dii, Dinh Bg Cong, Phan Dinh Phiing... Nhirng nha ngoai giao tim cd ngudi xir Nghe khdng phii la it: Ha Tdng Muc (Can Lgc), Phan Kinh (Can Lde)... Mot sd hgc gii cd nhung ddng gdp xuat sac ve cac linh vuc chuyen mdn, nhu y hgc cd Le Huu Trie (Huong Son), Le Han (Nam Dan), Dinh Nhat Than (Tlianh Chuang); ly hgc ed Pham Nguyen Du; chiem tinh hgc cd Truang Qude Dung (Thach Ha); bien soan ve tue le ed Hd Sy Tan; gia le cd Hd Sy Duong; ve sir hgc cd Nguyen Nhiem, Cao Xuan Due... ve nhan vat chi ed Pham Huy On; ve dia chi ed Biii Duong Lich, Luu Cdng Dao, Ngd Tri Hiep... Dae biet Nghe An la minh dat ed truyen thdng van chuong til" lau ddi, bao gdm c i van hgc bae hgc (thanh van) va van hoc dan
gian (truyen mieng), da sin sinh ra nhieu nha tha Idn eiia dan tgc nhu Dang Dung, dai thi bao Nguyen Du, nu sy Hd Xuan Huong, Nguyen Cdng Trir, Phan Bdi Chau...
Dieu kien tu nhien, xa hgi va lich sir nhu* vay phin nao cat nghla viee Nghe An it nhat 2 lin dugc cac trieu dai phong kien ehgn lam thii dd (dudi thdi vua Nguyen Hue- Quang Trung va dudi thdi vua Gia Long). Ldng trung thanh va dung cim eiia hg dugc cae chinh quyen phong kien tin cay. Vua Le ehiia Trinh mdi lin ken "uu binh" thudng chi nhim vao cu dan xu* Nghe, hoac ehiia Nguyen thudng phai ngudi ra tan day de du dd, bit bd dan cu dia phuong vao cim d Dang Trong.
Non nude Hong Lam va con ngudi Lam Hdng da dugc due kei trong mot phuong ngdn cd:
"Hong LTnh non cao. Song Ngif hdt khodt; Nhugc dia minh thdi Nhan tdi tu phdt".
Cd nghla la: "Ngdn Hdng chon von,
Bien Ngubdt ngdt; Thinh tri gap thdi
Nhdn tdi dua phdt" {13, 22\.
Nghe An qui la xii'ng dang vdi nhan xet ciia Phan Huy Chii: "Niii cao, sdng sau, phong tue trgng hau, einh tugng tuai sang, ggi la dat cd danh tieng ban ci d Nam chau. Ngudi thi thuan boa ma cham hgc... duge khi tdt cua sdng niii nen sinh ra nhieu danh hien... thue la noi hiem yeu nhu thanh ddng, ao ndng va la then khoi eiia cac trieu dai" [ 16, 65 [.
2.2. SAC T H A I VAN HOA NGHE AN TRONG OUA TRINH LICH SLf. Nghe An vdn la vimg "dat ed nudc non nha", ed sic thai van boa dae sic, nd tdn tai nhu mot chinh the va giir mot vai trd hei sire quan trgng trong qua trinh van dgng eiia nhung gia tri truyen thdng dan tgc.