TRONG QUA TRINH LICH Sl T6 NGHE AN
2.2.2.Bieu hien cua nhung gid tri truyen thdng ddn tgc trong qud trinh lich su dNghe An.
qud trinh lich su dNghe An.
Nhu'ng gia tri truyen thdng dan tgc la nbii'ng pham chat noi bat, chii yeu ciia dan tgc- nhu la cai chung, nd ciing tdn tai. Nhirng su* tdn tai ciia nd la
"Tdn tai trong cdi rieng, thong qua cdi rieng" [49, 381] (dan tgc- tgc ngu'di,
dia phuong). Hay ndi each khic, thdng qua cai rieng, qua cac dan tgc (tgc ngudi, dia phuang), cai chung, nhiing gia tri truyen thdng dan tgc bieu hien sir Idn tai ciia minh.
Tren thuc te, cac dia phuong khic nhau ve dieu kien tu nhien va hoan canh lich sir nen nhung gii Iri truyen thdng dan tgc bieu hien d cac dia phuong dd la khdng gidng nhau. Tiic la cac gia tri truyen thdng dan tgc da dugc "dae thii hoa" theo tiing dia phuong va khdng duge lap lai d bat ky mot dia phuang khac va do dd trd thanh cii dan nhat.
La nai diu sdng, nggn gid d phuang Nam ciia To qude xua kia, Nghe An la biic tudng ngan chan, la miii nhgn tien phong ehdng lai cic dao quan xam luge ciia cac qude gia, cac tgc ngudi den tir phia Nam va phia Tay. Ngay til' the ky XV, Ly Tir Tan da ndi: "Cae trieu dai lay dd de che ngu ngudi Tay man di". Song song vdi viee che chin d phuong Nam, vimg dat nay cdn la ehd dua ciia nhieu Irieu dai phong kien, xay dung can cii hau bj de chdng lai cac cugc xam king ciia ke thii den lit phuong Bae. Diing nhu nhan xel ciia cd Tdng bi thu Dang Cong sin Viet Nam Le Duan: "Hang ngan nam nay, day la noi xay dung eo sd de chdng ngoai xam, giu vung nude nha. Khi nao phia Bie mat, ngudi ta lai ve day de xay dung luc lugng, giii phdng e i nude".
Vdi vi tri cd tim chien luge quan trgng nhu vay da sdm tao dung cho
ngudi Nghe An tinh thdn yeu nude cao ci, sin sang hy sinh vi nen ddc lap tu
do ciia To qude. Truyen thdng yeu nude da ddng vien siic ngirdi, siic ciia ciia nhan dan Nghe An vao su nghiep chung ciia dan tgc, dae biet trong edng eugc giai phdng dan lde va bio ve To qude. Ngay tir ngay diu lap nude, nhan dan vung cue Nam xa xdi nay da ddng siic, ddng long ciing vdi Thuc An Duong Virong Xciy dung lire lugng, lieii hanh chdng lai quan xam luge Trieu Da. Den diu Cdng nguyen, sau khi Ma Vien da chien thang quan Giao Chi, thi mot vi tudng eiia Hai Ba Trung la Dd Duong da dugc sU diini bge eiia nhan dan Cii'u Chan tiep tuc chien dau trong mot thdi gian dai. Truyen thdng yeu nude ciia nhan dan Hoan- Dien da sdm sin sinh ngudi anh hiing giii phdng dan tgc ngay tii' the ky thii VII -Mai Thiic Loan. Ong da tap hgp dugc nhan dan Hoan- Dien va lien kei vdi Lam Ap, Chan Lap, giii phdng duge c i viing Hoan- Dien - Ai.Sau dd Mai Hie De tien quan ra Bie, danh chiein Tdng Binh. Tuy ciidi Cling Mai Hie De va nghia quan khdng thanh cdng trong viee giu' vung nen ddc lap dan tgc. Nhirng cugc khdi nghla cua dng da the hien khi phich anh himg ciia nhan dan Hoan- Dien tien hanh mot trong nhu'ng eugc dau tranh vu trang Idn nhat chdng lai ich dd hd ciia phuang Bie.
Trong nhiing hoan einh gian nan nhat ciia cugc khang chien chdng de qude Nguyen Mdng, khi quan giac da chiem toan bg phia Bae, ke ci Thang Long, vua Trin Nhan Tdng van tin tudng d sii'e manh ciia luc lugng du tru tren dat nay:
"Cdi Ke cUii si/qudn tu ky Hoan Ai do tdn thdp van hinh"
Nghla la: "Cen Ke chuyen cu ngudi nen nhd
Hoan Ai cdn kia chuc van hinh"
Trong eugc khang chieii chdng quan Minh diu the ky XV, nhan thiie dugc vai trd dae biet quan trgng eiia viing nay "la noi hiem yeu, dai rgng, ngudi ddng", sau nhieu that bai d Tlianh Hoa, theo de xuat ciia tudng Nguyen Chich, Le Lgi da danh chiem "lay Nghe An lam ehd diing chan", rdi dua vao nhan luc tai luc dat nay de chiem lai Ddng Dd. Qui nhien, sau khi chiem gin nhu loan bd Nghe An thi luc lugng va thanh the ciia nghla quan Lam San da Idn len nhanh chdng, tao bude ngoat quyei dinh su thanh cdng ciia chien tranh giii phdng dan tgc do Le Lgi lanh dao.
Den the ky XVIll, tren dudng tieii quan ra Bie, Nguyen Hue da dirng chan lai "que cha dat td", tuyen them niu'di van trang sy bd sung vao dao quan cua minh, thin lde lien ra Thang Long dai phi quan Thanh vao miia xuan Ky Dau (1789).
Ciing nhu nhan dan mgi mien dat nudc, ngudi Nghe An yeu nude gin lien vdi yeu Td qude, chii khdng "trung quan" mot cich mil quang. Neu gap mot dng vua anh minh, mot trieu dai dai bieu cho tinh thin dan tgc thi hg san sang hy sinh tat e i de bio ve, giii gin. Nhung khi ed mau thuin vdi trieu dinh hay Irude mot trieu dai da hei vai trd lich sir thi bg lien tuc ndi day de ehdng hii. Trong lich sir da cd khdng it cac cugc khdi nghla nhu the. Dd la cae eugc khdi nghla ciia Duong Tien L(>c (989), vua Den (1012), Ly Giac (1105), Phan
Du (1208), Cuong Qude edng (1595), Quan He (1751), Le Duy Mat (1754), Trung Thien dai tudng quan (1777) , Cd Bu (1833) ...
Tinh thin yeu nudc eiia nhan dan Nghe An da dugc c i nude kham phuc nhat la trong sir nghiep giii phdng dan tgc eudi the ky XIX, diu the ky XX. Chinh minh dat nay da sin sinh ra nhieu chi sy yeu nude ndi tieiig, nhu: Phan Dinh Phiing, Nguyen Xuan On, Phan Bdi Chau, Dang Thiic Hiia... Nhan dan Nghe An cdn la nhiing ngirdi viei nen chuong md diu cho lich sii' vang ehdi Igi eiia Ding Cdng sin Viet Nam, vdi cao trao Xd viei Nghe Tinh (1930-
1931) va ten tudi eiia nhiing ngudi cdng sin tien phong, nhu: Tran Phii, Hd Tiing Mau, Le Hdng Phong, Ha Huy Tap, Nguyen Thi Minh Khai ...
Dae biet. Nghe An la manh dat da sin sinh ra Ngu'di anh himg giii phdng dan tgc, nha van boa Idn: Hd Chi Minh va chinh Ngudi eung lam rang rd cho que huong, dat nudc.
Su ddng gdp ciia nhan dan d day trong chin nam khang chien chdng Phap da duge ddng chi Le Duan danh gia: "Trong khang chien chdng Phap, neu khdng cd Tlianh- Nghe -Tinh thi khdng ed chien thang Dien Bien Phii" [58, 16]. Trong khing chien chdng My, Nghe An la eiia ngd eiia eon dudng chieii luge- Dudng mdn Hd Chi Minh lich sir- vira sin xuat gidi, vii'a chien dau tdi, eung cap siie ngudi, siic ciia giii phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat dat nude.
Ldng yeu nudc ciia nhan dan xir Nghe khdng chi dugc bieu hien trong
cdng cudc ciru naac ma cdn dugc bieu hien va phat huy lac dung trong viee
giir gin va phat huy cic hinh ihirc sinh boat van hoa dan gian titn c i ba phuong dien: sang tic, dien xudng va luu truyen.
Dieu kien tu nhien, lich sii' va xa bdi khdng chi hun diic cho con ngudi
Nghe An tinh thin yeu nudc ma cdn tao dung cho hg tinh thdn doan ket, ed
ket eong ddng ca nhan- gia dinh- lang xa- Td qude. Nbung eung ehinh truyen
thii. Truyen thdng dd cdn tao ra khi nang cho nhan dan Hdng Lam ddng tam hiep lire, giiip do lin nhau vi ddc lap tu do eiia dan tgc, vi su* sinh tdn va hanh phiic ciia ddng bao.
Y thiic cd kei cdng ddng cdn dugc bieu hien sinh dgng qua cae hinh thiic sinh hoat tap the truyen thdng, nhu: sinh hoat d cac ddng hg, le hgi...
iioiig iihiing dip le hgi thd cimg td tien, nin van boa truyen thdng dugc the
hien dam net tren e i hai phuong dien van hoa vat the va van hoa phi vat the. Ddng hg la mot van de ed y nghla rat Idn trong van boa cdng ddng. Sinh boat ddng hg vira la noi luu giu cae truyen thdng, vira la nidi trudng giao due ddi vdi nidi ea nhan. 0 Nghe An ed kha nhieu ddng hg tieu bieu, hien danh khoa cir va truyen thdng gia phong. Hg Nguyen Cinh (Dd Luang) ed truyen thdng gin 300 nam nay, gin vdi vai trd dot klidi eiia ea nhan trong ddng hg la Thai phd Tan Qude cdng Nguyen Cinh Hoa, da ed ba quan edng (Tliai Bao i b u q u a n edng, Nguyen Cinh Kien, Thang quan cdng Nguyen Cinh Ha, Lieu t|uan cdng Nguyen Cinh Quy), cd den 304 liet sy (trong dd thdi ky 1930-1931 ed tdi 12 liet sy) chdng Phap cd 28 liet sy, chdng My cd 264 liet sy. Cii' deii nam Giap vao ngay ram thing Ba am lich, con chau ddng hg Nguyen Cinh d khip mgi mien dat nudc ve xa Trang San (Dd Luong) td ebire dai le hgi. Hg Nguyen (Nghi Lde), ma ea nhan dot khdi la Cuong Qude edng Nguyen Xi, ed truyen thdng tren 600 tram nam nay. Theo thdng ke ehua diy dii tir ddi thii ba den ddi thir mudi bdn, chi tinh rieng tam chi trong tdng sd mii'di lam chi thuge ddng ho Nguyen Xi cd tdi 14 ngudi dugc phong tudc quan cdng, 48 ngudi dii'Oe phong tii'd'e hiu, 16 ngudi dugc phong tudc ba. Hg Hd (Yen Tlianh, Q)iivnh Luu- mot ddng ho cd mat d Nghe An ban nghin nam nay da sin sinh ra nhieu nhan vat tai nang, nhieu nha khoa bing ndi tieng tir xua den nay, nhu: Hd Quy Ly, Hd Tdng Thdc, Hd Sy Duong, Hd Xuan Huong... (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
Mdi ca nhan khdng chi la hgp phin tu nhien khdng the tich rdi eiia ddng hg, ma hg cdn gan bd chat che vdi lang xa. Thdi xa xua, dia ban sinh sdng ciia eu dan tap trung d vung cao, ban son dia, trung du. Ddng bing chi la nhung giii dat hep. De' cd dat canh tic, nhirng eu dan sd tai da pha niii, md rirng. dao de diy liii bien ci, tao lap nen cac lang mac. Qua trinh hinh thanh lang xa eung ehinh la qua trinh van boa dgng lai va kei tinh thanh y thiic, tU tudng, tinh cim, tao thanh siic manh "tu than", dugc truyen tii' ddi nay sang ddi khac trong cac lang xa. Ngu'di dan Nghe An, ai ai eung tu hao ve que huong cua minh. Hai tieng "king ta" vang len biei bao yeu men, thiei tha, kieu hanh:
"Ldng ta ddng rugng menh mdng Cd ngUdi cdy cay, cd sdng nUdc ve. Ldng ta khoa bdng that nhieu
Nhu cdy tren nui, nhu dieu tren khdng. Ldng ta sau nui, trudc sdng
lid Sen tam mat, cha Rang ban mua".
Lang xa khdng chi la noi trao giri nghla tinh "Tdi lira, tat den ed nhau", ma cdn la noi thudng xuyen td ehirc cac le hgi, nudi dudng va giao due nhan each cho ea nhan tii* thud au tho. Nd cdn gdp phin dn dinh cudc sdng edng ddng, an ninh chinh tri va trat tu an toan xa hgi; dim bio sir phat trien ben viing, dieu chinh cac mdi quan he trong xa hgi vi muc tieu chung eiia mgi ngudi.
Tinh thin doan ket, y tbire cdng ddng eiia nhan dan Hdng Lam gin kei ca nhan - gia dinh (hg hang)- lang xa- To qude la mot bieu hien khac eiia mdi quan be ca nhan vdi ea nhan, ca nhan vdi xa hgi. Trong dd sgi day rang bude
Trong quan he vdi cdng ddng, ngu'di Nghe An khdng lay ca nhan lam trung lam, ma lay nghla linh, dao ly lam lu tudng chii dao.
Su ddng cam edng khd. dau tranh ehdng thien nhien, vat Idn vdi thien nhien, hanh phiie deii vdi ngu'di dan d day qui la vira hiem hoi, lai vira mong manh. nen da tao cho hg trong cudc sdng ddi nhan xir the thien ve tinh nghla, trgng nghla khinh tai. Trong cudc sdng luc du diy eung nhu hie gap khd khan, hoan nan, nhan dan Nghe An ludn ludn tam niem sau sic ve le sdng:
"Ai biet nudrc sdng Lam rang Id trong. Id due Thi biet cudc ddi rang Id nhiic. Id vinh
Thuyen em len thdc xudng ghenh Nudc non Id nglna, Id tinh ai ai..."
Ngay tir the ky XVIII, Biii Duong Lich da kei luan: "Ngirdi Nghe An khi chat chat phae, ddn hau, tinh tinh tir tdn, cham chap, khdng sac sio, cho nen lam viee gi ciing giir can than, ben viing, it klii bi xao ddng bdi nhung lgi hai trude mit" [50, 211]. Sir tdn trgng tinh nghla eiia ngudi Nghe An the hien trudc hei la tinh nghla ddi vdi ba eon ndi ngoai: "Giau ma ngde nghech ngu si. Ddi ma biei eu, biei di vin hon". Ddi vdi ban be: "Dii lam chiic trgng quyen cao. Ciing phii ha vong ma chao ban quen". Su* tdn trgng tinh nghla eiia con ngirdi xii Nghe da nang len deii tim cao nhan van, khdng phan biet ke dung ngudi la hay anh em rugl thit: "Ngudi dung cd ngai (nghla- thuy chung) thi dai ngudi dung. Anh em vd ngai thi dimg anh em". Tmh nghla trong dan gian gan lien vdi nhan nghla, tiic la eu xir nhan hau, trung thuc vdi ngu'di, khdng duge ddc ac, dieu ngoa... "Chiia nhan, ehiia ngai thi giau. Chiia bae, ehiia ie dm dau rac rdi". Viee de cao tinh nghla d day da dugc day len den eUc diem eiia nd la trgng nghla khinh tai: "Tien la gach, ngai la vang". Hgc trd xii Nghe hgc hanh thi eu, dau dat. Nhung vi mot ly do nao dd hg san sang tir bd giau sang, danh vgng, ve lang day hgc, bde thude chiia benh hoac muu viee Idn. Bach Lieu
(Yen Thanh) -vi thuy td khai khoa ciia xii nay, dd Trai trang nguyen khoa thi Binh Dan (1266), nhung "Sinh tien bat sy Ddng A de" (Sdng khdng nhan quan
tudc ciia vua Trin). Ong da: "Xin be ha ru ldng thuang, cho than dugc a lai
que bao hieu song than, thin xin dua tai luge lo giiip viee cdng ngay bin xii" 16, 06]. Sudi ddi trang nguyen Bach Lieu chi lam mdn khach cho Chieu Minh Vuong Trin Quang Khii. Nguyen Diic Dat (Nam Dan) dd de nhat giap lien sy de tam danh Tham boa khoa thi Quy Mao (1853) da tir quan ve nha day hgc. "Dd la con ngudi da tii' ehdi nhu'ng eluic vu cao nhat, chuc vu cd the dua dng den iiidt dia vi quan thugng thu d Hue. Ong vui Idng di an dat day hgc trd, la tinh hoa cai tinh que dng. De bii dap edng lao eiia minh, dng chi nhan gao, mim mudi, ao va dep, tii'c la nhiing vat thiei yeu cho ddi sdng hang ngay, khdng ed gi hon - mot giao su sir hgc ngirdi Phap, H.Le Breton da nhan xet ve dng nhu vay. Ciing thdi vdi Nguyen Diic Dat cd Nguyen Xuan On (Dien Chau) dd Irang nguyen khoa thi Tan Miii (1871). Nguyen Xuan On da nhieu lin dang sd len vua Tu Diic, nhung bi vua bae bd. Nam 1882, dng cao quan ve lang, tap hgp hang nghin nhan dan lap ddn luy va trd thanh mot lanh tu ciia phong trao Cin Vuong, ehdng thue dan Phap. Ong da ndi hd ngirdi dan xii Nghe ve truyen thdng trgng nghla kliinh tai ciia minh:
"Nue/c non Chdu Hoan dep tuyet vdi Sinh ra trung nghia biet bao ngudi... Tha vinh guam rdng day khi tiet
Sd truyen bdng hd Idm anh tdi" [12,19].
Truyen thdng trgng tinh nghla ludn ludn nhae nhd mgi ngudi tu ren
luycn pham chat, dao dire, sdng ed lii'ong tam danh du, cd trach nhiem va
nghla vu ddi vdi mgi ngu'di. Nd la mot truyen thdng mang linh nhan bin sau sic, dieu tiei tinh thin, la chiec eiu ndi lien con ngudi vdi eon ngirdi, dae biet nhiing khi gap riii ro, hoan nan.
Sdng chung vdi mot thien nhien bae beo va kliit khe, miia mang lai lien tue bi that thu, bin nang sinh tdn da sdm tao lap cho con ngirdi d day truyen
thdng lao dgng cdn cii. 6 hg cdn dieii hinh cho su cin cii. Dd la sU cin kiem
rat muc. Viia pbii sieng nang chiu khd cay sau cudc bini, dao dat lat ed, bay lam hay lam, hg vira phai nhanh nhay ling phd vdi dien bien that thudng ciia thdi tiei. "^Hiang Nam nam lat, thing Mudi mudi tat". Nhung tinh trang "Chua xong miia, trong nha da hei thdc". "Sudi ddi an com vay, cay rugng re" vin la phd bien. Do vay, vdn da cin man, sieng nang hg lai cang can iiiin hon, sieng luing ban, lii ddi nay ndi ddi khic khang dinh vi tri chii the khdng gi thay the