TRONG QUA TRINH LICH Sl T6 NGHE AN
2.2.3.Nhiing net doe ddo trong sac thdi vdn hod Nghe An.
V.I.Lenin viei: "Bdt cit cdi chung nao eung Id (mot hg phdn, mot khia
canh hay mot bdn ehdi) ciia cdi rieng... Bdi cit cdi rieng ndo eung khdng dugc bao qudt hodn toein trong cdi chung" [49,381 ]. Dieu dd eung phin inh mot su
that khich quan la ben canh nhung pham chat duge lap lai cimg vdi cae dia phuong khac tiong e i nude, Nghe An cdn cliira dung nhung "cai don nhat", nhung cai chi vdn cd d nd.
Khdc vdi ede dia phuong d phia Bde, Nghe An cd mot vi tri dgc biet trong qud trinh hinh thdnh lanh thd quoc gia. Nd la vung dat tan ei:ing phia
Nam- lit khe Nude Lanh den diu Hoanh Son (deo Ngang)- bien gidi qude gia Au Lac thdi Thuc An Duong Vuang, each day khoing hai nghin nam. Vising dat bien cuong nay la miciig mdi de cho cac the lire xam luge tir phia Nam va phia Tay lien tuc xau xe, la viing "dai hiia" cho bgn loan thin, tac tii', bgn du thuc thi nhau hoanh hanh.
O phia Nam deo Ngang la dia ban sinh sdng ciia ngudi Cham va td tien eiia cac dan tgc Tay Nguyen ngay nay. Ngu'di Cham la mot lgc ngirdi thuge chiing Nam A. Ngdn ngir thude he Mdn - Khome. Hg la hau due ciia chii nhan nen van hoa Sa Huynh trude day. Sdng chii yeu bing ndng nghiep va lii budn. Vao nam 192, chop lay thdi ea nha Hin khdng kiem soil ndi cic viing dat phu thude. Khu Lien da lanh dao nhan dan huyen Tugng Lam ndi len khdi nghla Vii giii phdng mdi vimg dat rgng Idn, hr deo Ngang den Binh Thuan, lap nen vuang qude Lam Ap (Champa, Chiem Thanh). Sau khi lap qude, ngudi Cham it chiu inh hudng ciia nen van hoa Trung Hoa, ma cd mdi lien he vdi nen van hoa An Do. Nhan dan d day chii yeu theo dao Phat, Cdn"dan Nghe An khdng me dao Phat (khdng cd chiia quin Idn, khdng lam chay, lam thieng linh dinh) dan Ha Tinh tuy cd nhung ehd danh lam, nhung ciing bd dd ma it le bii" I 13 444| Irong qua trinh idn tai ciia vuong qude minh, ngu'di Cham da nhieu h1n vuol deo Ngang xam chiein Giao Chau (Dai Vict). GS. Hoang Xuan Han nhan xet: "Tuy trudc the ky XI, Cliiem Thanh da bi quan Trung Qude va quan ta dinh thua nhieu lin, nhung dan Chiem Thanh vin la dan thien chien va hieii chien. Vimg Thanh- Nghe nude ta ludn bi de doa" [35,08].
Diu nam 1069, trudc am muu eiia nha Tdng lgi dung Chiem Thanh de tao ra hai ggng kim quan su to Idn tan cdng Dai Viet, dich than vua Ly Thanh Tdng cim quan vao Nam va sau mot thdi gian kha dai, danh thing quan Chicm Hianh, chiem dugc ba chau: Dia Ly, Ma Linh (Minh Linh), Bd Chinh
(toan bd dai ciia tinh Quing Binh va mot phin phia Bie ciia tinh Quing Tri ngay nay) md diu cho qui trinh md rgng lanh thd nude ta ve phia Nam.
Vice mo rgng lanh thd gan lien vdi qua trinh tiep xtic van hoa. Nghe An
Id vung etdt di ddu trong qud trinh giao luu vdn hod Viet - Cham. Nghe An
la cai gach ndi, the hien rd rcl sir giao thoa ciia hai nen van hoi Dai Viet va Champa. Day cdn la viing giao luu anh hudng eiia hai ludng van boa khdng Id, dd la eiia Trung Hoa tir phia Bie tran xudng va ciia An Do tir phia Nam tran len. v e mat dan tgc va ngdn iigii', Nghe An eung la vimg dat gay nhieu chii y. Ngudi Kinh (Viet) d day da bio lun duge nhieu yeu td van boa ciia ngudi Viet cd, til* phong tue, tap quan, den loi sdng, ngdn ngii mang dam net ban viing ddng bang phia Bie. Cae toe ngirdi thude ngii" he Mdn- Khome trong qua trinh chuyen eir len phia Bae lai diing d ben kia deo Ngang (tiic Quing Binh), cdn eae tdc it ngu'di ihugc cac ngdn ngu' khic nhu Tay - Thai, Hmdng - Dao trong (.[ua irinh chuyen cu tir Bae xudng lai dii'ng chan d phia Bae sdng Lam |37,35|. Khi ma cic cudc Nam tieii bit diu, nhung ngirdi Viet cd d Tlianh Hoa, Nghe An da cd mat sdm nhat va chiem ty le cao nhat d phia Nam deo Ngang (Binh- Tri -Thien ngay nay). Nhu'ng khi ma cudc Nam tien da can bin kei thiic, thi day lai la bai chien trudng ciia cae cugc giao tranh giua hai the luc Ding Trong va Ding Ngoai, trong thdi ky Trinh - Nguyen phan tranh.
Ngoai ra, Nghe An cdn la nan nhan true tiep eiia cac cudc chien tranh xam hige tii" phia Tay, do Bdn Man Iran xudng. Thing 7 nam 1448, Bdn Man xin duoc ndi thude nii'de la. Vua Le Nhan Tdng da ddng y. Dat Bdn Man duge ddi Ihanh chau Quy Hgp (nay hi viing Huong Khe- Ha ^Finb).
Khac vdi xii Nghe, xii'Thanh dat rgng, phi nhieu, thdi tiei thuan boa. Xii Thanh la xii ndi dai cua viing van boa chau thd Bie Bd. 0 day, cd nen van boa truyen thdng gin giii vdi mien Bie, nhu su phong phii ve le bdi, su phat trien
cua nghe thuat cheo, la noi tap trung eiia nhieu trd dien dan gian, tdn tai lau ben ciia cae lang nghe truyen thdng...
Sac thdi vdn hod doe ddo eiia Nghe An cdn dugc the hien trong kho
tdng vdn hod ddn gian. Dd la vd van chuyen ke dan gian dii mgi loai hinh, lir
su li'eh cac thang einh thien nhien, sU tieh eiia cac nhan vai thin thoai, den Iruyen thuyet ve cac tien, but hoac cac Iruyen ihuyel vc anh himg lich sir. Dd hi kho lang lue ngii', thanh ngii, phuong ngdn gan lien vdi dae diein ngu' am va tir vung xir Nghe. 0 day ed c i mdi kho tang dd so vc tho ca nhae dan gian, ma sin phini dae biet khdng mot dia phuong nao ed, dd la hat giam va hat vi.
v e mat nhae, hat giam la sir bieu hien khia canh khac khd, ciing ran, khd khan trong tam hdn ngu'di xii Nghe:
"Thuang anh Idm anh hai Nhd anh Idm anh o'i
Nhd ngao tigdn kinh ddi
Bu'ng ami an nd (khdng) duac Bu'ng ndc (nudc) uong khdng trdi Cam lay dila, dua rdt (refi)
Cam lay doi (hdt) , doi roi
Chay ngong (nhin) dat, ngong trdi
Cha mdri hoi: mdn rdng ru'a (Idm sao the), con ai ? Ten mcjfi dimg ldng trd Idi:
- Vi thuang anh vd ke Em thuang chdng vd ke".
Cdn h i t vi bieu hien mat hien boa, em ai, tinh tii ciia hg:
"Hdt nuidi man, ba nam cdn man Cii girng cay, chin thdng cdn cay Doi ta nglna ndng linh ddy,
Mdi loai dan ca dae llui xii Nghe cd mot cai hay rieng, giam va vi la hai net nhae bd sung cho nhau, lam loat len linh each eon ngu'di Nghe An.
Chinh ngudn tho ea nhae dan gian, dae biet la hat vi phuimg vii la ngudn nudi dudng phdi thai cho nhung ing tho tuyel dieu eiia Dai thi hao Nguyen Du, Ba ehua tha Ndni Hd Xuan Huang..., nhu M.Goocki da tiing khang dinh: "Sing tic tap the eiia quin chiing nhan dan la nai bit ngudn ciia nhieu tie phim thien tai d tat ci cac dan tgc" [ 13,252].
Khdng chi khac biet so vdi Thanh Hoa, ma Nghe An cdn khac vdi cac dia phuang khac. Net ddc diio eiia ho the hien phong phii lii" lieng ndi, Idi ea, den lam hdn. tu ludng. Cimg mdi ngdn ngu' Kinh (Viei) nhu'ng am dieu eiia ngudi xu Nghe 'iiang" ho'n cac xir khac. Cung dan ea the hien tam tinh, nhu'ng nhin chung dan ca xii' Nghe nhieu vi von, dim thim, sau nang nghla tinh; xii Bae thi mugt ma, tinh tii; xir Quing thi gap khiic, sdi ddng; cdn Nam Bd thi dan trii, menh mdng...
Nghe An cdn ddc dao d nhung tie pham hgi hoa, dieu khac, kien true, phuc sire, am thue... (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
Ndi den Nghe An thi khdng the khdng nin den cdc le hgi. Le hgi d
day mang mot sac thai rieng, gan vdi nhu'ng muc dich thiei Ibire. Cd nhieu le hdi tdn vinh ten tudi ciia nhung vi anh hiding dan tdc. Le hgi Den Cudng (Den Cdng) dugc tien hanh vao trung tuin thing Hai am lich hang nam, dudi chan mii Md Da, xa Dien An (Dien Chau), ben canh con dudng thien ly Bie - Nam. Day la le hdi truyen thdng Idn nhat d Nghe An hien nay, tudng nhd vua Tliue An Duong Vuong, vi vua ed edng thdng nhat bd cdi qude gia Au Lac. Le hdi den thd Mai Hie De dugc tieii hanh vao rim thing Gieng am lich hang nam lai xa Van Dien (Nam Dan). Le hgi tudng nhd edng on ciia vua Mai Hie De, n<Hrdi anh himg ao vii cd cdng danh dudi giac Dudng. Le hdi den Qui Son duoc lieii hanh vao ha tuin thing Gieng am lich hang nam tai xa Bdi Son (Dd
Luong). l i hdi den Qui Son ludng nhd Uy Minh Vuong Ly Nhat Quang, hoang lir ihii tam con vua Ly Thai Td, tri chau Nghe An (1039 - 1055). Le hdi den thd Nguyen Xi dugc tieii hanh vao ngay 29 thing Hai am lich hang nam tai xa Nghi Hgp (Nghi Lgc). Le hdi nay ludng nhd cdng lao ciia mot vi khai qude cdng thin thdi Hau Le - Thii su Cuong Qude edng Nguyen Xi... 6 minh dat nay cdn cd nhirng le hdi gin lien vdi cic vi thinh than, sieu nhien, nhu le hgi den Cdn (Can Hii). Day la mot ngdi den to dep, linh thieng nhat trong bdn ngdi den ndi tieng d Nghe An. "Den Cdn, den Qui, Bach Ma, Chieu TrUng". Den thd nay thd Dai Can Thinh Virong. Le hdi dugc td chiic vao ngay 20 thing Gieng am lich hang nam, tai xa Quynh Phuong (Quynh Luu). C) day
cimg khdng it nhiing le hgi eiia ddng bao dan tdc it ngu'di. Le hdi Hang Bua a
xa diaii Tien (Quy Chau) la le hdi Idn nhat ciia ddng bao cac dan lde it ngu'di i) mien Tay tinh Nghe An, dugc lieii hanh vao ngay 21 thing Gieng am lich hang nam, thu hut hang ngan ddng bao tham gia. Cd nhung le hdi mdi duge hinh thanh, nhung da thu biit ddng dio nhan dan mgi mien trong tinh. Le hdi lang Sen dugc tieii hanh vao dip 19 thing Nam, tudng nhd cudc ddi va su* nghiep ciia Chii tich Hd Chi Minh, Ngudi anh hiing giii phdng dan tdc, nha van hoi Idn ciia nhan loai, Ngirdi eon uu tii nhat eiia xii Nghe. Le hdi Sdng nude Cira Ld, md diu miia du lich tam bien dugc td chiic hang nam, bit diu tii* ngiiy I thing Nam. Le hdi IJdng nude nhd ngudn dirge tieii hanh vao ngay 27 thing Bay hang nam tai Anh Son, tudng nhd edng lao eiia cac liei sy da hy sinh vi I d qude va thue hien nghia vu qude te cao ei.
Ngoai ra, d day cdn cd cae le hdi kliie, nhu le hdi Rude Hen (Hung Nguyen, Nam Dan), le hdi neni di (Thanh Chuong)...
Vdi nhieu le hdi dien ra quanh nam nhu vay, khdng the ndi Nghe An khdng ed le hdi, lai cang khdng the ndi d day khdng cd le hdi dae sic.
Ndi den net doe ddo eiia sac thdi vdn hod Nghe An khdng the khdng noi den eon ngudi xuNghe. Con ngudi xii Nghe trudc hei la eon ngudi Viet
Nam que xii Nghe. Dae diem eiia eon ngudi xir Nghe ehinh la mot sd dae diem ciia con ngudi Viet Nam dugc bieu hien mot cich dam net vdi cung bae, sae thai rieng eiia nhung con ngudi d mot vising van boa giu'a Idng van hoa Viet Nam phong phii va da dang. Nhung con ngu'di ay dugc sinh ra, Idn len Inmg mdi mdi trudng thien nhien va hoan einh lich sir - xa hdi dae biet, nen it nhieu mang nhung net ddc dao. Hay ndi cich k h i c , con ngu'di Nghe An cd nhirng pham chit ciia con ngirdi Viet Nam ndi chung, nhung ed nbii'ng net rieng biet (khdng phii la biet lap) gan vdi dieu kien dia phuong. Con ngirdi Nghe An ben canh nhiing net ndi trdi, tieh cue; cdn cd mot sd nhugc diem ed huu, de thay. Trong cii nghi lue, y chi manh, quyet tam cao eiia con ngudi xii Nghe cd cii budng binh, ngang lang, gai nganh. "Ci gan vac cudc len rii'ng. Dao cho trde (Id) rii (mii), xin diing hai (sg) chi (gi)". "Trco trudng nhung ude trudng cao. Da di dd dgc ude ao sdng dai". Trong cai trung thue, khing khai, euoiig true eiia eon ngii'ii Nghe An cd cai thd bao, lieu linh. ciing nhae. Ben eaiih tinh each giau ly tudng. Irgng danh du eiia con ngu'di Hdng Lam cdn ed nhung net b i o thii, xa rdi thuc te. Ngudi xir Nghe d i m nghi, dam lam, d i m chiu trach nhiem; nhung eung de ndng vdi, gia trudng, manh ddng...
Phan Idn nhu'ng nhugc didni eiia hg nhieu khi do nhung uu diem duge d i y len qua da. Hay ndi each khac, nhu'ng uu diem dugc thuc hien thai qua, vugt khdi gidi han trd thanh nhugc diein. Trong cao trao cich mang 1930-
193 I. n^niy tir ngay 1/5/1930 da dien ra mot sd hanh ddng q u i khich, nhu: ddi
pha ddn d\6n Ky Vien d Hanh Lam (Thanh Chuong). giel ten Perie d Phiic
Son. giei lii huyen Tdn lliit Hoan d Nghi Lde... tao ra nguyen ed cho ke dich dan ap phong Irao, giei hai c i lang, c i xa. TrUde va sau cich mang thing T i m nam 1945, nhieu nai ddi p h i den ehiia, t h i tugng Phat trdi sdng, ciing vdi sir p h i hoai trong chien tranh ciia thu'c dan Phip va de qude My da lam cho den
Ihd, mieu mao d Nghe An khdng cdn dang ke. Trong ehdng Phap, thue hien viee tieu thd de khing chien da din den tan phi thanh phd Vinh (1947). Nam 1952 cd dgi dau tranh qua "ti", dau id Iran Ian, tham chi dung nhue hinh ddi vdi nhiing ai bi nghi ngd la phin ddng. Trong cai each rugng dat va ehinh ddn td chiic, Nghe An la mot trong nhung dia phuong sai lim nang ne nhat, nhu dimg nhue hinh, ddi sich vd, ddi gia phi... Trong sin xuat, ciing ed nhieu bieu hien thii qua nhu: ndng vdi dua hgp tic xa len bae cao vdi qui md toan xa, tham ehi loan huyen (Qiiiynh Luu). ddn dan len ddi mii. edng trinh thuy Igi lam au gay tai nan lam chei hang Iram thanh nien... [21,54-55].
Mdi hanh ddng tren day ed nhu'ng nguyen nhan cu the, trong tii'ng hoan einh lich sir nhat dinh. Nhung, nhin chung deu ed nguyen nhan sau xa bdi khi chat "hoi vugng", quyet liel, ddi hdi cao, rach rdi, phan minh, khdng chap nhan sir qui do cin thiei, chii quan, ndng vdi eiia ngu'di dfm xii Nghe. Dieu dd edn duge bieu hien ngay trong qua trinh gin giii va phit huy cic gia tri truyen thdng dan tgc da lung dien ra trong lich sir. Tinh than yeu nudc ndng nan, tinh thin each mang triet de, dung cim quyei liel eiia ngudi Nghe An nhieu khi ckroc diy qua gidi ban, dan deii hau qui khdn ludng, gay khd chiu cho ddi tic, JK^ac edng Ihin, y lai... Y thiic cdng ddng, tinh than doan kei eiia hg da phat huy vai trd Irong cudc dau tranh dung nude va giu'nudc. Nhung chiiih nd eung lam niy sinh tu tudng cue bd dia phuong, khep kin, bio thii, binh quan ehii nghla, dd ky hep hdi... Hoac nhu truyen thdng trgng tinh nghla eung vay. Ben canh nhung nghla cir cao dep dugc nhan dan ci nude ngudng md, cdn ed nhung bieu hien tieu cue, nhu dl hda vi quy, phii nhan dau tranh phe binh va tu phe binh, coi thudng phip luat... Ngu'di dan d day cin eii, tiei kiem "tin tien deii ca gd" gay khdng it trd ngai trong sin xuat, kinh doanh thdi ky md eiia. Ho cd truyen thdng hieii hgc nhung phin Idn hgc chi de thoat ly khdi que huong ngheo ddi, hoe de lam e|uaii, lam can bg edng eluic, lam thiy chir klidnu mudn lam tho...
Rd rang trong eon ngudi Nghe An ed nhung the manh, cai tieh cue, cdn kcm theo iiluing diem yeu, nel lieu cue, dimg nhu khai quit ciia mdi ngu'di xii Nghe - CiS.Dang 1'hai Mai: "Mdi moi khuyei diem eiia eon ngu'di d day, cung la mdn phu phi ciia mot uu diem" [21,45].
Nhu vay, Nghe An khdng chi la mot chiec ndi lao lap gii tri truyen thdng ciia dan tdc (tinh thin yeu nude, tinh cdng ddng, dire tinh lao ddng cin eii, tiei kiem...), la noi bieu hien va bieu hien sau sac cac gia tri truyen thdng dd, ma nd cdn ed nbii'ng net dgc dio rieng biet. Nhung net ddc dio trong sic thai van boa Nghe An (dia- van hoi, van hoi dan gian, eon ngu'di...) xuat phit lu su khae biet ve dieu kien tu nhien va lich sir -xa hgi, khdng lam cho Nghe