Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics are frequently incorporated in fish diets and normally serious pathology is induced only if excessive dosage or prolonged incorporation occurs. Erythromycin and sulfonamides are most commonly associated with pathological effects. Hicks and Geraci (1984) carried out a histological assessment of such damage in rainbow trout fed a therapeutic dose of erythromycin over various periods. They showed specific toxic vacuolar degeneration of the proximal renal tubular epithelium in the absence of lesions in any other organ.
Prolonged sulfonamide therapy in salmonids has been reported to induce retardation of growth (Gutsell and Sniezko 1949), and renal tubular casts, focal hepatic necrosis, and visceral arterial sclerosis were recorded by Wood et al.(1957).
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9
Diet Formulation and Manufacture
Ronald W. Hardy
Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Hagerman, Idaho 83332
Frederick T. Barrows
Bozeman Fish Technology Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bozeman, Montana 59715
9.1. Introduction
9.1.1. History of Diet Formulation and Manufacture 9.2. Aims and Strategy of Fish Feed Production 9.3. Feed Ingredients
9.3.1. Feed Nomenclature 9.3.2. Protein Supplements 9.3.3. Energy Sources
9.3.4. Other Nutritive Ingredients 9.3.5. Nonnutritive Feed Additives 9.4. Diet Formulation
9.4.1. Feed Categories
9.4.2. Practical Considerations in Diet Formulation and Manufacture 9.4.3. Feed Formulation Calculations
9.5. Diet Manufacture and Storage 9.5.1. Grinding
9.5.2. Mixing
9.5.3. Conditioning and Expansion 9.5.4. Pelleting
9.5.5. Cooling and Drying 9.5.6. Crumbling and Screening 9.5.7. Coating (Top-Dressing) 9.5.8. Shipping and Storage 9.5.9. Semipurified Diets 9.5.10. Microdiets: Larval Feeds
505
Fish Nutrition, Third Edition Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA).
All rights reserved.
9.6. Ingredient and Diet Evaluation 9.6.1. Proximate Analysis 9.6.2. Nutrient Analysis 9.6.3. Chemical Tests
9.6.4. Chemical Score and Indispensable Amino Acid Index (IAAI) 9.6.5. Biological Evaluation
9.7. Glossary References