2.3. Factual basis of the topics
2.3.3. Status of domestic waste in Vietnam
Over the years, the rate of urbanization takes place very quickly has become a positive factor for socio-economic development of the country. However, in
Garbage reception
Equipment containing (cellar) supplemented with microorganisms, sewage collection over a period of 10-12 days
Burn of matures, humidity 40%, period 15-20 days
Screening, classified by size
Inorganic Classified by weight of the air by
collecting metals
Classification of products for recycling
Buried
Mixing elements N, P, K and some other elements
Compost fertilizer (temperature between 30-400C during 5-10 days Packaging and
consumer
addition to the benefits of social-economic, rapid urbanization has created pressures on many fronts, resulting in deterioration of environmental quality and sustainable development, the amount of solid waste generated in urban and industrial zones more and more with many complex components. Therefore, the garbage is the pressing issues in our country today. Without the timely remedial measures, the environmental pollution caused by waste is increasing, environmental destruction that cannot be overcome. Every year there are more than 15 million tons of solid waste generated all over the country and according to the forecast, the total volume of solid waste generated continues to rise rapidly in the coming decades, especially in the large urban areas, tourist resorts. Solid wastes are generated from different sources. Out of more than 15 million tons of SW are:
+ 12.8 million tons (accounting for 80% of total waste) generated from households, restaurants, markets, business areas;
+ 2.6 million tons (accounting for 17% of total waste) arising from industrial facilities, factories and enterprises;
+ About 160,000 tons (accounting to 1% of the total amount of waste) is hazardous waste, including hazardous medical wastes, inflammable substances, toxic substances from industry, the insecticide (drug containers, packaging etc.) (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2006).
Currently, all the cities and towns were established the urban environmental company has the function of collection and waste management activities. But the effectiveness of the collecting and waste management is also poorly, only reaching from 30-70% due to the volume of garbage generated daily as huge.
Except the amount of garbage has managed, the amount of garbage remaining indiscriminately pour down the River, Lake, pond, the bare soil pollute the water
and the air environment. The indicators BOD5, coliform, H2S, NH3, ... the air exceeds many times the permissible standards.
The amount of domestic solid wastes (DSW) in urban areas living in our country arises on the rise, on average each year increased by 10-15%. The high rate of growth concentrated in urban areas are expanding, thrive in both size and population and the industrial areas such as urban: Phu Tho Province (19.9 %), Hung yen (12.3%), Phu Ly city (17.3%), the Cao Lanh (12.5 %), etc. The Highlands urban area has incurred increasing domestic solid waste annual evenly with the rate of increase is less than (5.0 %). Late 2008 early 2009, this rate in large urban has increased respectively from 0.9 to 1.3 kg/person/day.
The proportion of domestic solid waste generated per activity is concentrated in the largest urban development in tourism as Ha Long City is 1.38 kg/ person/
day, Hoi An city is 1.05 kg/ person/ day, Da Lat city 1.06 kg/ person/ day. Urban has amount of domestic solid waste generated is the biggest are Ho Chi Minh City (5,500 tons/ day), Hanoi (2,500 tons/ day), urban has a amount of domestic solid waste generated at least are Bac Kan 12.3 tons/ day, Cao Bang 20 tons/ day, Yen Bai city of 33.4 tons/ day and Ha Giang town are 37.1 tons/ day. Thus, the amount of domestic solid waste generated in urban centers mainly concentrated in two large urban of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Although, only two municipalities, but the total amount of domestic solid waste generated to 8,000 tons/ day (2.92 million tons/ year) accounted for 45.24% of total amount of domestic solid waste generated from urban (table 2.3).
Table 2.3. The amount of solid waste generated in urban areas in Vietnam The amount of solid waste
generated No
Type of urban
The amount of domestic solid waste average/ people
(kg/people/day) Tons/day Tons/year
1 Special 0.84 8,000 2,920,000
2 Type 1 0.96 1,885 688,025
3 Type 2 0.72 3,433 1,253,045
4 Type 3 0.73 3,738 1,364,370
5 Type 4 0.65 626 228,490
Total 6,453,930
(Source: Survey results and reports of local, 2009)
According to the National Environmental Report 2010 shows that the total amount of DSW activities in urban centers across the country in 2008 was about 35,100 tons/ day, DSW in the countryside around 24,900 tons/ day (Source: Centre for Research and Environmental planning urban - Rural, Ministry of Construction, 2010). Almost in urban, domestic solid waste volume accounted for 60-70% of total solid waste generation showed total amount of domestic waste arising in urban areas tend to have increased on average from 10-16% each year.
The proportion of solid waste generated per capita in urban especially and urban type I is relatively high (0.84 - 0.96 kg/ person/ day); urban type II and urban type III ratio of solid waste generated per capita was equivalent (0.72 to 0.73 kg/
person/ day); urban type IV have percentage of domestic solid waste generated on an average urban reach about 0.65 kg/ person/ day.
The proportion of domestic solid waste (DSW) generated per activity is concentrated in the largest urban development in tourism as Ha Long City is 1.38 kg/ person/ day, Hoi
An city was 1.05 kg/ person/ day, Da Lat city 1.06 kg/ person/ day, Ninh Binh city is 1.30 kg/person/day. The proportion of urban solid waste generated per capita is the lowest Dong Hoi city (Quang Binh) only 0.31 kg/ person/ day; Gia Nghia town 0.35 kg/
person/ day; Kontum town 0.35 kg/ person/ day, Cao Bang city 0.38 kg/person/day.
Meanwhile the proportion arising average per capital for urban areas in the country is 0.73 kg/ person/ day.
Table 2.4. The situation of solid waste generated in our country (by geographic region)
The amount of domestic solid waste (DSW)
generated No Administrative units
The amount of domestic solid
waste (DSW) average/ people (Kg/person/day)
Tons/day Tons/years
1 The Red River Delta 0.81 4,444 1,622,060
2 Northeast 0.76 1,164 424,860
3 Northwest 0.75 190 69,350
4 North Central 0.66 755 275,575
5 South Central Coast 0.85 1,640 598,600
6 Highland 0.59 650 237,250
7 The Southeast 0.79 6,713 2,450,245
8 The Mekong Delta 0.61 2,136 779,640
Total 0.73 17,692 6,457,580
(Source: Construction modeling and implementing pilot classified, collected and treatment of domestic waste for the new urban, Environmental Protection
Department, 2008)
With the statistical survey results are incomplete like above the show, the total amount of domestic solid waste generated in urban areas in our country is increasing with a relatively high rate (10% per year) compared with the developed countries in the world. The total amount of domestic solid waste (DSW) generated in urban type III and type IV municipalities to around 6.5 million tons per year (2004: total amount of domestic waste of all the urban of Vietnam is 6.4 million tons/year).
Forecasting the total amount of domestic solid waste (DSW) in urban to 2010 to more than 12 million tons/ year and by 2020 nearly 22 million tons/ year. To manage this waste source well, requires the authorities need special attention to the stages to minimize at the source, to intensify recycling, reuse, technology investment, appropriate destruction contributes to minimize environmental pollution caused by domestic solid waste caused.