C. cAu HCn ON T~P
TU TUONG HO CHI MINH
vE vAN HOA, D~O DlJC,CON NGUdI
A.MVCTIEU
1. v~ kie'n thuc: Cung ca'p cho sinh vien kie'n thuc cd ban clla tu tUdng H5 Chi Minh VEl van hoa, dl;lO duc, con ngtli1i. Tren cd Sd do, ngtli1i hQc bie't v~n d\lng vao th~c
tiiln, th~ hi~n trach nhi~m xay d~ng van hoa, dl;lO duc, con ngtli1i Vi~t Nam hi~n nay theo tu tUdng H5 Chi Minh.
2. v~ ky nang: Gop pMn giup cho sinh vien co phudng phap tu duy moi trong hQc t~p, nghien cuu; t~ minh bie't dao sau Iy luan g~n voi th~c ti~n voi tinh thiin dQc I~p, sang tl;lO.
3. v~ hi tudng: Tren cd Sd nhan thuc khoa hQc, sinh
vien co niElm tin VEl gia tri tu tUdng H5 Chi Minh miii miii soi dui1ng cho s~ nghi~p cach ml;lng clla nhan dan ta giimh thiing Ic;li; d5ng thi1i ch6ng ll;li cac quan di~m sai trai, lu~n
di~u thU d1ch nhdm phu nh~n, xoa bO tu tuang H5 Chi Minh noi chung, tu tUdng cua Ngtli1i VEl van hoa, dl;lo duc, con ngtli1i noi rieng.
B,NQIDUNG
1- TVTI10NG HO cHi MINH vE vAN HOA
H6 Chi Minh du<;lC T3 chUc Giao d\lc, Khoa h9C va Van
hOa Lien h<;lp quoc (UNESCO) ghi nh~n la Anh hung giai
ph6ng dan tilc, Nhil van h6a ki!)t xwft Vi!)t Nam trong
Nght quye't 24C/18.6.5 cua Khoa h9P 24 Df,li HQi d6ng
UNESCO ttl ngay 20/10 de'n ngay 20/1111987.
Nght quye't khiing dtnh: Chu ttch H6 Chi Minh d€ If,li
mQt dau an trong qua trlnh phat tri€n cua nhan IOf,li vi
hoa binh, dQc I~p dan tQc, dan chu va tie'n bQ xii hQi; Ngudi
co s\1 dong gop quan trQng ve nhieu m~t trong cac linh V\1c
van hoa, giao d\lc, ngh~ thu~t; tu tudng cua Ngtldi III s\1
ke't tinh truyen thong vAn hOa hang ngan nam cua dan tQc Vi~t Nam va hi~n than cho khat vQng cua cac dan tQc
trong vi~c khiing dtnh bim silc dan tQc minh vii tieu bi€u
cho vi~c thUc dfly s\l hi~u bie't I~n nhau.
Cong hie'n cua Nha van hoa ki~t xuat H6 Chi Minh
con th~ hi~n d vi~c sang tf,lO van hoa, van ngh~, xac I~p h~
thong quan di€m ve van hOa va xay d\lng nen van hoa moi
Viet Nam. . . Ca cuoc . ddi Ngtldi chu trQng chong gi~c dot, ph at tri€n van hOa, nang cao dan tri.
Nen van hoa mii H6 Chi Minh chu truong ke't h<;lp
nhung truyen thong tot dE.lp cua van hoa dan tQc dU<;lC phat
tri€n va nang cao voi tinh hoa van hoa cua nhan IOf,li,
206
tham nhuiln sau silc chu nghia yeu nuoc vii chu nghia
quoc te' chan chinh. Ngtldi cho r~ng, phai lam cho vAn hoa
di sau viio tam Iy quoc dan, di viio cUQc song moi; vAn hoa
phai sua d6i tham nhiing, IUdi bie'ng, phil hoa, xa xi; van
hOa phai lam the' nao cho mQi ngtldi dan Vi~t Nam, tit gia
de'n tre, ca dan ong vii diin bii, ai ding hi€u nhi~m Y\l cua
minh va bie't hUdng hf,lnh phuc rna minh nen dU<;lC huang.
1. Mgt so nh~n thuc chung ve van hoa va quan
he gifia vim hoa voi cae linh vue khac . .
a) Quan ni!)m cua H6 Chi Minh ve'van h6a
H6 Chi Minh co bon cach tie'p c~n chu ye'u ve van
hoa: 1) Tie'p c~n theo nghia rQng, tang h<;lp mQi phuong
thuc sinh hOf,lt cua con ngudi; 2) Tie'p c~n theo nghia
hE.lp Iii ddi song tinh thiln cua xii hQi, thuQc kie'n truc thU<;lng tilng; 3) Tie'p c~n theo nghia hE.lp hon Iii biin de'n
cac trudng hQc, so ngudi di hQc, xoa nf,ln mil chu, bie't
dQc, biet viet (thuong xuat hi~n trong cac biii noi voi
d6ng biio mien nui); 4) Tiep c~n theo "phuong thUc su
d\lng cong C\l sinh hOf,lt".
Thang 8/1943, khi con d trong nha til cua Tudng Gioi
Thf,lch, H6 Chi Minh dii dua ra quan ni~m nhan mf,lnh y
nghia cua van hOa. Ngtldi vie't: "Vi Ie sinh t6n ding nhu
m\lc dich cua cUQc song, loiii ngtldi moi sang tf,lO vii pMt
minh ra ngon ngfi, chu vie't, df,lo duc, phap Iu~t, khoa hQc,
tOn giao, van hQc, ngh~ thu~t, nhung cong C\l cho sinh
hoat hling ngay v~ rn~e, an, i'J va cae phudng thile si1 d\lng. To~n b6 nhung sang tl1-0 va phat rninh d6 tile la van h6a.
Van h6'a la s~ tilng h<;Ip ella rnqi phudng thile sinh hOl1-t
cling voi bi~u hi~n ella n6 rna loai nguiJi da san sinh ra
nhlirn thich ilng nhung nhu d.u diJi s6ng va doi hoi ella s~
sinh ttin"l.
Quan ni~rn van h6a neu tren ella Hti Chi Minh xuat
hien trong rni?t b6i cii.nh thiJi gian va khong gian d~e bi~t,
k~i UNESCO chua thil.nh li).p, cii. nuoe dang ti).p trung eho
nhi~rn V\l giai ph6ng dan ti?e. Day la quan ni~rn van h6a
duy nhat thea nghia ri?ng. Tit sau Caeh rnl1-ng Thang Tam,
Hti Chi Minh e6 ban dEln van h6a nhung thea nghia h~p,
voi y nghia la kie'n true thu<;Jng tiing, la toan bi? diJi s6ng
tinh thiin ella xa hi?i.
b) Quan ditm ciia H8 Chi Minh ve' quan h(! gifta van
hoa voi cae linh VVC khiie
_ Quan h(! gifta van Ma voi chinh trio Hti Chi Minh eho
rAng, trong diJi s6ng e6 b6n van d~ ph3.i du<;fe coi la quan
trqng ngang nhau va e6 s~ tae di?ng qua 1l1-i lfin nhau, d6 la
ehinh tri, kinh te, van h6a, xii hi?i. Tuy nhien, i'J nuoe Vi~t
Narn th~i?e dia, truoe het phai tien hil.nh cach rnl1-n g giai
ph6ng dan ti?c, gianh di?c li).p dan ti?c, x6a aeh no l~, thiet
li).p nhil. nuoc clla dan, do dan, vi dan. D6 ehfnh la s~ ~ii.i
ph6ng chinh tri d~ rnO duiJng eho viin h6a phiit trien.
1. H6 Chi Minh: Toiln t~p, Sdd, t.3, tr.458.
208
Tuy nhien, van h6a khong th~ dilng ngoai rna phii.i 0 trong
chinh tri, tilc la van hoa phai phue V\l nhi~rn V\l ehinh tri;
dting thoi rnqi hOl1-t di?ng clla til ehilc va nha chinh tri phai
c6 ham lu<;Jng van hOa.
- Quan h(! gifta van Ma voi kinh te: Trong rn6i quan
h~ voi kinh te, Hti Chi Minh giai thich rling, van hoa thui?c
kien truc thu<;Jng tiing. Vi vi).y, nhung cd sO hl1- tiing clla xa
hi?i co kien thiet riii, van hoa rnoi kien thiet dUQe va e6 dll
di~u ki~n phat tri~n du<;Je. Tuy nhien, van hOa ciing khong
th~ dilng ngoai rna phai dilng trong kinh te, nghia la van
hoa khOng hoan toan ph\l thui?c vao kinh te', rna co vai tro
tae di?ng tich ct;te tro ll1-i kinh teo S~ phiit tri~n clla ehinh
tri, kinh te', xii Mi, se thUc d~y van hOa phiit tri~n; ngl1<;Je
ll1-i, rnlii buoc phat tri~n ella kinh te, ehinh tri, xii Mi d~u
co s~ khai sang clla van hOa.
- Quan h(! gifta van Ma voi xii hgi. Giai phong ehinh
tri diing nghia voi giai ph6ng xa hi?i, tit do van hOa rnoi co di~u ki~n ph at tri~n. Xii hi?i the nao van h6a the' ay. Van
hqc, ngh~ thui).t ella dan ti?c Vi~t Narn rat phong phu,
nhung trong ehe di? no l~ clla ke ap bile, thi van ngh~ cling
bi no l~, khong th~ phat trilln dU<;Jc. Vi vi).y, phai lam caeh
rnl1-ng giai phOng dan ti?c, gianh ehinh quy~n v~ tay nhiin
dan, giai phOng ehinh tri, giai phOng xii Mi, dua Dang
Ci?ng san Vi~t Narn len dia vi drn quy~n, thi rnoi giai phOng du<;JC van hOa.
- ve' giil gin ban sic van h6a dan t(Jc, tilfp thu van
h6a nhiln lOljli. Ban sAc van hoa dan tQc la nhiing gia tri
van hoa bi1n viing cua cQng d6ng cac dan tQc Vi~t Nam; la
thanh qua cua qua trlnh lao d(mg, san xuilt, chie'n Mu va giao hiu cua con ngudi Vi~t Nam.
Ban sAc van hoa dan tQc duliC nhin nh~n qua hai lOp quan h~. Vi1 nQi dung, do Iii long yeu nuoc, thuong noi;
tinh th1ln dQc I~p, W cUdng, tl,i ton dan tQc ... vi1 hinh thttc, cilt cach van hoa dan tQc bi~u hi~n a ngon ngii, phong tl,lC,
t~p quim, I~ hQi, truyi1n thilng, cach cam va nghl...
Ban sAc van hoa dan tQc chtta dl,ing gia tri Ion va co
mQt y nghia quan trQng dili voi sl,i nghi~p xay dl,ing va
bao v~ T6 quilc. N6 phan anh nhiing net dQc dao, d~c tinh
dan tQc. N6 la ngQn ngu6n di toi chU nghia Mac - Lenin. H6 Chi Minh noi rfmg, am nh;;lc dan tQc ta rilt dQc dao,
ph3.i khai thac va phat tri~n len; r~ng, nhiing ngudi cQng
san chung ta rilt quy trQng c6 di~n, co nhii1u dong suili tie'n bQ chay tU nhiing ngQn ngu5n c6 di~n do; vi v~y,
trach nhi~m cua con ngudi Vi~t Nam la phai tran trQng,
khai thac, giii gin, phat huy, phat tri~n nhiing gia tri
cua van h6a dan tQc, dap ttng yeu cfru, nhi~m Vl,l cach
m;;lng cua tung giai dO;;ln lich si't. Theo NgUdi: "Dan ta
ph3.i bie't si't tao Cho tUdng gilc tfch nuoc nha Vi~t Namn'. Cham 10 cilt cach dan tQc, d6ng thai d.n tri~t d~ Uly tru
1. Ho Chi Minh: Toiw t~p, Sdd, t.3, tr.255.
210
mQi di h;;li thuQc dia va anh huang no dich cua van hOa
de' quilc, ton tr<:mg phong tl,lC t~p quan, van hoa cua cac
dan tQc it ngUdi.
Trong giii gin ban sAc van hoa dan tQc, ph3.i bie't tie'p
thu tinh hoa van hOa nhan 10;;li. Tie'p bie'n van hOa (tie'p
nh~n va bie'n d6i) la mQt quy lu~t cua van hoa. Theo Hil
Chi Minh, "van hoa Vi~t Nam anh huang IAn nhau cua
van hOa Dong phuong va Tay phuong chung duc l;;Ii ... Tay
phuong hay Dong phuong co cai gi tilt ta hQC lily d~ t;;lo ra
mQt ni1n van hOa Vi~t Nam. Nghia la lily kinh nghi~rn tilt
cua van hoa xua va van hoa nay, trau d6i cho van hOa Viet
Narn th~t co tinh thiin thuan tuy Vi~t Narn d~ hliP v~
tinh th1ln dan chun,.
H6 Chi Minh chU trQng chAt IQc tinh hoa van hOa
nhan 10;;li. Trao d6i voi rnQt nha van Lien XO, NgUdi nhiln
m;;lnh r~ng: "Cac b;;ln cM hi~u la toi cho r~ng chung toi
can dttt bO van hoa nao do, dil. la van hoa Phap di niia. NgUlic Il;1i, toi muiln noi dieu khac. Noi den vi~c rna rQng
kie'n thttc cua minh vi1 van hoa the' gioi, rna d~c bi~t hi~n
nay la van hoa Xovie't - chUng toi thie'u - nhung d6ng thdi
tranh nguy co tra thanh kii bAt chuoc ... Van hoa cua cac
dan tQc khac cfrn phai dUlic nghien cttu toan dien, chi co
trong truang hliP do rom co th~ du(lc nhii1u hon cho van hOa