I Xem Nghi dinh s6 161200SND-CP ve quan ly dlJ an d§u tu xay dl,lllg eong trinh 2 Trevor L Young, The Handbook ofProjeet Management NXB KOGAN PAGE,
1.3. Xtic iljnh van
a) Can cu ttd xac tt/nh linh VlfC, vein ttJ can gitii quyit (dlf an):
- Linh V\l'c?
- Nhi~m V\l dugc pharr cong?
v§n dS co th~ dSn tir nhiSu kenh thong tin. MQt sa kenh thong tin sau cdn quan tam:
- Tit cac nh~ quan Iy c~p tren chi thi, yeu c§u, doi hoi, ra I~nh cdn phai giai quySt;
- Tit kiSn ngh!, yeu c§u clla cong dan; - Tit khach hang;
- B~hang;
- Tit thong tin mang Hnh lobby; - Khac.
v§n dS se dugc 19a chQn hay khong ph\! thuQc vao nh?u thuc Clla cac nha quan Iy; ph\! thuQc vao muc dQ quan tam giai quySt "kiSn ngh!, yeu c§u"; ph\! thuQC vao nh?u thuc va giai quySt qua h~ vS 19i fch (thong tin tit lobby);
ThiSu nang 19c nh?u thuc, phful tich thong tin da va dang lam cho xa hQi khong dang tinh. Dang thOi, thiSu thong tin dang lam cho cac nha quan ly dua ra cac dg an thiSu tinh kha thi.
Trong ho~t dQng quim ly Clla cac nha quan ly, v§n dS co th~ xac dinh theo nhiSu c~p dQ khac nhau.
Co nhUng v§n dS mang tinh vI mo, imh huang dSn sg ho~t dQng Clla ca quac gia; nhung cling co nhUng v§n dS mang dnh ngimh, khu Vl)'C hay lanh th6.
MBi mQt lo~i v~n dS do co muc dQ mc dQng khac nhau dSn t6 chuc va do do c§n chii y khi xac dinh v§n dS.
Sa' da Dh~ bi4t c§p dq. ".:in d~trOoDg 'fa cln:n::::. Dg3.:ah, eJia pbU'O'D.& ....::\it qu.& eia
...~ C\1
thetrong
co qna.n
Khi tiSp c~ v§n dS trong quim 19 nhit nuac, c6 the tiSp c~ tir duai len tren (mlii ten liSn net). Tirc trung uong phai th'I!C sv l§ng nghe dia phuong, ngilnh khi dua ra cac quySt dinh mang tinh thay dBi; quySt dinh cac dlJ an.
Cling c6 the tiSp c~ v§n dS ill tren xu6ng - mlii ten khong liSn net. D6 lit nhiing gi mang tinh chiSn lugc· vi mo qu6c gia doi hoi phai dugc trien khai thlJc
hi~n, thay dBi.
Nh~ thirc dUng m6i quan h~ tren, se giup cac nha qu~ 19 cac cAp quySt dinh v§n dS de thay dBi va lam dlJ "an. Dimg de va khong cho phep cAp dia phuong Iva chQn v§n dS lam dlJ an (dS an) mang tinh qu6c gia.
Khi xac dinh cac v§n dS cua mQt tB chirc, c~n quan tam xem xet de tra Uri cac cau hoi sau:
- v§n dS chUng ta dang gijp phai lit gi? - V §n dS d6 xay ra trong hoim canh nito? - v§n dS d6 lien quan dSn nhiing ai?
- Ai c6 quySn quySt dinh trong v§n dS d6? - H~u qua cua vAn dS lit gi?
1.4. Xac djnh nguyen nhlin cua vAn d2
M6i mQt vAn dS cua tB chirc co the dSn ill nhiSu nguyen nhan khac nhau. Va tim kiSm dugc nguyen nhan cua vAn de chinh la tim ra cach gi::ii quYSt hoijc
khong giai quySt dugc vAn dS.
Co nhiSu phuong phap de tim nguyen nhan cUa vAn dS. Tuy nhien, diem chung nhAt chinh 1a tim cac cach khac nhau de "chAn doan" v§n dS mQt cach dUng nhAt vit cling chinh 1a tim ra c6t 15i cua v§n dS (nguyen nhan).
Nguyen t~c co bim cua vi~c tim kiSm nguyen nhan cua v§n dS la sir d\ffig cong C\l hoi vit tra Uri.
Cac cau hoi dua ra dum d~g "~i sao" va khi nao con co 19 giai dugc t~ sao, tirc lit chua di dSn nguyen nhan .
nguyen nhan cua vAn d~. Thuemg co thS hoi dugc 5IAn '4ti sao dS co thS tim ra dugc nguyen nhan c6t 15i cua vAn d~.
Phuang phap bidu iJd xuang ca.
Day hi phuang phap dugc su d\.lng kha phd biSn va su d\.lng dS phan tich nguyen nhan cua vAn d~.
Sd dO bieu dO~dngca- cong C(I phDn tEch
1:.1117 nguyen nhDn .
Trong phuang phap nay, cling tuang tl,l nhu phuang phap 5 Why, cac cau hoi thuemg dugc d~t ra va co thS phan thanh cac nhom cau hoi tren timg linh V\lC C\.l thS. Vi~c phan chia thanh nhom cac vAn d~ co thS b~ng nhi~u cach khac nhau. Vi d\.l: co thS tim kiSm nguyen nhan ill: may moc; phuang phap lam vi~c; nguyen v~t li~u; cach duy tri ho~t dQng; nguBn nhan I\lC va moi truemg (thuemg
gQi nhom 6 M: Machine, Method, Materials, Maintenance, Man and Mother Nature); Ho~c co thS phan theo cac nhom: gia; dQng l\lc, con nguai, quy trinh, vi tri, chinh sach, thu t1,.lc va san phfun (gQi chung la phuang phap 8 P: Price, Promotion, People, Processes, Place !Plant, Policies, Procedures, and Product).
Cac nha quan ly su d\.lllg phuang phap biSu dB xuang ca dS tim kiSm nguyen nhan cua vAn d~. cAn quan tam mQt s6 buac khi ap d\.lng biSu dB xuang ca.
ButYc 1: Ve biSu dB xuang ca vai nhi~u nhanh nhu da InO 13. asa d6 tren;
ButYc 2: D~t ten cho mdi nhanh xuang ca la nhUng nguyen nhan co thS dfuI dSn vAn d~ (d~u ca);
ButYc 3: SU d\.lllg phuang phap "chfut dORn, phuang phap dQng nao nhom, t~p thS" dS tim ra nhUng ySu t6 t~o nen nguyen nhan. M6i ySu t6 d~u gfuI li~n vai cac cau hoi '4ti sao.
Khi xac dinh cac nguyen nhan, co th8 phan chia th8nh cdp dQ quan tr~mg cua timg lo~i nguyen nhan:
- Nguyen nhan chinh; - Nguyen nhan thil ySu; - Nguyen nhan khach quan; - Nguyen nhan chu quan; - Nguyen nhan trgc tiSp; - Nguyen nhan gian tiSp.
M6i mQt nguyen nhan d6i hoi mQt cach xu ly khac nhau.
Phu-ang phap cay.nguyen nhan.
Co th~ mo ta nguyen nhan thanb mQt t6 hqp cua cac nguyen nhan. Vit
nguyen nhan se mc dQng dSn hinh th8nh Vdn de.
SO'DD phiin tich nguyen nlHin dva vao nhieu yeu to
NgtrOi tbam g:ia
giao thOng
2. Xac dinb cac kha nang hp chQn cach giai quy~t vAn d~
MQt Vdn de cling co nhieu cach thilc (gUn phap) d~ gild quySt. Nguyen t~c co ban giai quySt Vdn de lit giiii quySt cac nguyen nhan.