- Thuc hien nhung bien phap phong chdng benh san day cho tat ca cac sue vat nhai lai nhu trau, bd, de, cuu trudng thanh, vi chung cd the truydn benh l i n nhau va truydn
4. CHAN DOAN BENH GIUN, SA N6 NGlfA
4.1. Chan doan benh giun, san doi vdi ngua con song
Khi ngua con song, co the dua vao trieu chumg lam sang, cac dac didm dich t£ hoc va cac phuong phap xet nghiem de tim trumg, a'u trung hoac dang trudng thanh cua giun, san hoac chin doan bang cac phuong phap midn dich hoc hien dang dupe sir dung trong chan doan benh.
* Cac phuong phap xet nghiem
Co the xet nghiem trumg giun san va giun san trudng thanh thai ra ngoai theo phan bang phuong phap: xet nghiem true tiep, phuong phap ling can Benedek, phuong phap phu noi (Fullebom, Darling va Cherbovick); phuong phap de'm trumg Stoll hoac Me. Master; phuong phap phan ly au triing giun san Baerman va Vaid. De chan doan chinh xac, can phan biet au triing giun Strongylidae va Trichonematidae theo Bowman (1999), Dvoinos va cs (1987), Dvojnos va cs (1990).
* Phuong phap chan doan midn dich
Phdn ldn cac loai giun san khi vao co the ngua se kich thich co the san sinh khang the. Khang the nay ket hop vdi khang nguyen tuong umg se sinh ra cac phan ung khang
nguyen - khang the dac hieu. Can cur vao dac tmh nay, nguoi ta da thiet lap phuong phap mien dich de’ chin doan benh giun san d ngua. Khang nguyen chin doan che tir giun san trudng thanh, a'u trimg hoac dich trong ca the au trimg. Cd the pha khang nguyen thanh cac ndng do khac nhau: tir 1: 500 den 1: 10.000.
Cac phirang phap mien dich hien duoc dung de’ chin doan benh ky sinh triing la phan umg ngung ket SAT, Card Test, ELISA, phan ung khang the huynh quang IFAT, phan ung ket hop bd the CF. Mdi phuong phap deu co nhung uu diem va han che' nha't dinh (Weiland va cs, 1991).
Ngoai cac phuong phap tren, trong chin doan benh giun san cr ngua, cd the dimg phan umg bien thai noi bi (dimg khang nguyen tiem vao trong da) de danh gia ket qua thong qua su bien doi viing da tai vi tri tiem (Pham Van Khue va cs, 1996).
Hien nay, mot sd nude da sir dung ky thu&t PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) de’ chin doan benh giun xoan dudng tieu hoa ngua (Hung, G. C va cs, 1999).
4.2. Chan doan benh giun, san ddi vdi ngira da chet
Theo nhieu tac gia, phuong phap chin doan sau khi ngua da che't la phuong phap chinh xac nhat. Phuong phap nay co the phat hien duoc tat ca cac loai giun san ky sinh d moi khi quan, td chuc cua ngua, co'the’ tim thay nhung loai giun san ma chin doan luc sdng khong phat hien duoc, danh gia duoc ty le va cuong do nhiem, dinh loai giun san, lam co sd khoa hoc cho cac bien phap phong trir thich hop.
Md kham ngua che't de’ chin doan benh giun san theo phuong phap mo kham giun san toan dien cua Skrjabin (1928), thu luom giun san, bao quan va dinh loai.
5. PHONG T R I BENH GIUN SAN DUClNG TIEU HOA NGUA 5.1. Dieu tri benh
5.1.1. M ot so hod duac duac su dung de tay giun sdn ngua
Nhung loai thudc sau day da va dang dupe dimg de tly giun san cho ngua:
- Fenbantel: lieu 6 mg/kgTT, cho uong. Thudc co hieu luc cao ddi vdi cac loai giun xoan ldn thuoc ho Strongylidae va cac loai giun xoan nhd ho Trichonematidae trudng thanh. Thudc cung cd tac dung tot vdi Parascaris equorum va Oxyuris equi a cac giai doan phat trien.
- Fenbendazole: lieu 10 mg/kgTT, cho uong. Thudc cd doc ti'nh rat tha'p, an toan vdi ngua, cd hieu qua tly cao ddi vdi cac loai giun xoan, giun dua va giun kim trudng thanh.
- Ivermectin: lieu 0,2 mg/kgTT, tiem dudi da hoac cho uong. Thudc co phd hoat lire rong, co hieu lire tly cao vdi cac loai giun tron dudng tieu hoa ngua. Ivermectin vdi lieu chuln cd hieu luc cao doi vdi au trimg ky 4 cua Strongylus vulgaris d thanh dong mach mang treo ruot (Slocombe va cs, 1981, 1983).
- Mebendazole: lieu 8,8 mg/kgTT, cho udng. Thutft c6 hieu qua tiy cao ddi vdi cic loai giun xoan 1dm va nho thudc bd Strongylida, Parascaris equorum va Oxyuris equi.
Mebendazole khdng co tac dung tly trir Anoplocephala perfoliata a lidu gap 4 ldn lidu binh thucmg, khong co tac dung vdi a'u triing Strongylus vulgarisdi hanh.
- Morantel: lieu 10 mg/kgTT (Morantel tartate), 12,5 mg/kgTT (Morantel citrate), cho uong.
- Niclosamide: lieu 100 mg/kgTT, cho uong. Thuoc co hieu qua tiy cao d6i vdi sin
day Anoplocephala perfoliata do anh hudng dd'n chuyen hoa gluxit d san.
- Oxfendazole: lidu 10 mg/kgTT, cho udng. Oxfendazole cd tac dung tly kha tdt cdc loai giun xoan ldn, nho, giun dua va giun kim. Thudc khdng cd tac dung tly ddi vdri cdc loai giun trdn thuoc gidng Habronemava san day Anoplocephala perfoliata.
- Piperazine: lidu 80 - 100 mg/kgTT (100 mg Piperazine base co trong 270 Piperazine adipate, 226 mg Piperazine hexahydrate, 188 mg Piperazine carbodithioic acid, 233 Piperazine phosphate), cho uong.
Piperazine cd tac dung tly Parascaris equorum, Oxyuris equi va cac giun xoan nho
ho Trichonematidae. Piperazine phdi hop vdi Thiabendazole tao thanh hdn hop cd ph6
hoat luc rong va cd the ket hop vdi Benzimidazole trong cac trucmg hop giun tron khang Benzimidazole.
- Praziquantel: lidu 10 mg/kgTT, cho udng. Thud'c cd ph6 hoat luc rong, cd tac dung vdi nhieu loai giun trdn ky sinh d dudng tidu hoa ngua.
- Pyrantel: cho uong vdi lieu 5 mg Pyrantel base/kgTT (tuong umg 14,4 mg Pyrantel pamoat). Thud'c cd tac dung tly tot ddi vdi cac loai giun xoan ldn va nhd, giun dua va giun kim d ngua (Calyton va cs, 1979; Drudge va cs (1982)). Ngoai ra, Pyratel cdn cd tac dung vdi san day Anoplocephala perfoliata.
- Thiabendazole: lieu 44 mg/kgTT, cho uong. Thudc cd tac dung uc che' enzym Fumarat reductase d giun, do vay cd hieu luc tly trir cao doi vdi cac loai giun xoan ldn, nho, giun kim, ke ca giun luon Strongyloides westri.
- Exhelm *11: lieu 10 mg/kgTT, cho udng. Thudc cd hieu luc tly giun trdn cao nhung hieu luc tay san day thap.
5.1.2. M ot so ket qua nghien ciru ve dieu tri benh giun sdn cho ngua va tinh
khdng thuoc cua giun xoan du&ng tieu hod ngua
Arundel (1978) da nghien curu va cho biet, Niclosamide, lieu 100 mg/kgTT cd hieu luc tly trir Anoplocephala sp. cao va an toan.
Ngoai Niclosamide, Praziquantel lidu 1 mg/kgTT cung cd hieu qua tly san day cao va an toan ddi vdi ngua (Lyons va cs, 1992).
Theo French va cs (1988), dung Ivermectin lieu 0,2 mg/kgTT cho uong co tac dung tay giun dQa Parascaris equorum truong thanh la 100%, cac giai doan au trimg la 93%.
Nghien cuu v£ tac dung cua Fenbendazole, Bagherwal va cs (1989), cho biet, vdi lieu 7,5 mg/kgTT, thuoc co hieu luc tay trir 100% voi giun kim Oxyuris equi.
Theo Pham van Khue va cs (1996), Piperazine lieu chuan co hieu luc tay giun
Trichonema dat 100%, Triodontophorus dat 80%, Delafondia vulgaris dat 33%; khong
co hieu luc tay Strongylus equinus va Alfortia edentatus.
Sir dung phdi hop Mebendazole (8,8 mg/kgTT) va Trichorfom (40 mg/kgTT) dat hieu qua tay trir 97 - 100% doi voi cac loai D. vulgaris, A. edentatus, P. equorum,
Trichonematidae giai doan trucmg thanh (Seibert va cs, 1986).
Theo ket qua nghien cuu cua Hoang Van Dung (2001), Ivermectin lieu 0,2 mg/kgTT co the tay sach 100% giun P. equorum, Strongylida va O. equi\ Mebendazole (10 mg/kgTT) va Oxfendazole (10 mg/kgTT) hieu luc tay sach dat 80% doi voi Strongylida,
100% doi vai P. equorum va O. equi. Thuoc Exhelm lieu 10 mg/kgTT va Piperazine lieu 100 mg/kgTT dat hieu lire tay sach la 100% doi vdi giun dua P. equorum. Thuoc Niclosamide lidu 100 mg/kgTT co hieu luc tay sach 91,7 - 100% doi vai san day
Anoplocephala perfoliata.
Young va cs (1999) da nghien cuu ve tmh khang thuoc ciia giun xoan ky sinh d ducmg tieu hoa ngua. Tac gia da theo doi hai dan ngua, mot dan thuang xuyen duac dieu tri, mot dan hoang da khong duac dimg thudc trong 25 nam. Trung giun thu dugc tir nhung mdu phan cua ca hai dan ngua dugc kiem tra su khang thuoc bang thi nghiem LDA (Larval Hatch Development Assay) d phong thi nghiem. Tac gia da nhan thay su giam so lugng trung trong phan a dan ngira thuan hoa dugc dimg thuoc Fenbendazole, Pyrantel pamoat va Ivermectin. Doi vdi thudc Benzimidazole, co 45% so giun tron
Cyathostomum ky sinh a dan ngua thuan hoa khang lai thuoc, cao gap 9,4 lan so vdi
giun tron nay d dan ngua hoang da. Tuong tu nhu vay, su khang lai Levamisole, hdn hgp Levamisole - Benzimidazole, Ivermectin ciia giun xoan d dan ngua thuan hoa cao gap
1,5; 1,7 va 90 lan so vdi quan the giun xoan ky sinh d dan ngua hoang da. 5.2. Phdng benh giun san dudng tieu hoa ngua
Theo Trinh Van Thinh (1963), Phan Dich Lan va cs (1989), Pham Van Khue va cs (1996). Kaufman (1996), Urquhart (1996), bien phap phong chdng benh giun san dudng tieu hoa ngua gom:
- Dinh ky chan doan, dung thudc dac hieu dieu tri cho ngira mdc benh giun san, dinh ky kiem tra muc do nhidm de’ tay trir kip thdi va triet de.
- Ve sinh chuong trai, ve sinh an uong. Thudng xuyen ve sinh chuong trai. mang an, mang uong, dung cu chan nudi. Thu gom phan, u nhiet sinh hoc de; diet trima va au
trung giun san. Trong thcri gian ngua me cho con bu phai thucmg xuydn lau rua bau vu de tranh cho ngua con khoi bi nhidm giun dua. Thurc an, nude u6ng cho ngua c£n sach se, cho an va uong bang mang, tranh do thuc an xuong ndn chuong. Dinh ky dimg thu6c sat trung nen chuong, tucmg ngan va dung cu chan nudi.
- Diet tru ky chu trung gian doi voi cac benh giun san co chu ky phat tridn c&nky chu trung gian.
- Tang cudng cham soc nuoi duong de nang cao sire dd khang cho dan ngua.
Hoang Van Dung (2001) da nghien cuu va dd xua't quy trinh phong tri benh giun san ducmg tidu hoa ngua, trong do co bien phap quan trong la su dung thuoc tiy giun san cho ngua.
Theo tac gia:
- Can sir dung cac thuoc co hieu luc tay trir cao, dung thuoc dung lieu luong, xac dinh khoang cach tot nhat giua nhumg lan didu tri va sir dung so l<in didu tri it nha't trong nam, thucmg xuyen theo d5i, phat hien va dieu tri kip thoi cho ngua mac benh giun san bang thuoc dac hieu, theo doi so' trung giun san/gam phan de quye't dinh viec tay dai tra cho dan ngua.
- Dinh ky tay giun san cho ngua trucmg thanh m6i nam 2 lan vao thang 3 - 4 va 9 - 10 hoac m6i nam 3 lan vao thang 3 - 4 , 7 - 8 va 1 1 - 1 2 (tuy loai giun san va thuoc sir dung).
Ngua con can dupe tay giun san lan 1 vao 2,5 thang tuoi, Mn 2 vao 6 - 7 thang tu6i, ian 3 vao luc 9 - 10 thang tuOi.
Nen thay doi loai thuoc dimg o cac lan t^y de tranh hien tupng khang thuoc cua giun san.
- Ngoai bien phap sir dung thuoc tay dac hieu, tac gia cung de xuat cac bien phap khac trong quy trinh phong trir tong hop nhu: u phan diet trumg va a'u triing giun san, tang cuong cong tac ve sinh thu y doi vPi chuong trai, thuc an va nuoc uong cua ngua, chan tha luan phien va diet ky chii trung gian ciia san day Anoplocephala sp..
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O C H U O N G 7 ( B E N H G I U N S A N D U C fN G T I E U H O A N G U A )
* Tieng Viet
1. Hoang Van Dung (2 0 0 1 ), Nghien ciru tinh trang nhidm giun san ducmg tieu hoa ngua a Thai
N guyen, Bac Kan va bien phap phong tri, Luan an Tien si N o n g nghiep, Ha Noi.
2. Lucmg Van Hua'n va Le Huu Khuong (1 9 9 7 ), Ky sinh va benh ky sinh a gia site, gia cam.
Nha xuat ban nong nghiep, TP. H6 Chi' Minh, Tr. 168, 187 - 189.
3. Pham Van Khud va Phan Luc (1 9 9 6 ), Ky sinh trimg thu y, Nha xua't ban nong nghiep, Ha
N 6 i,T r . 8 9 - 9 1 , 136 - 138, 144 - 151.
4. Nguydn Thj Ky (1 9 9 4 ) , San day (C estoda) ky sinh a dong vat nuOi Viet N am ), Nha xuat ban
khoa hoc va ky thuat, Ha N o i, Tr. 3 9 - 4 1 .
5. Nguydn Thi Kim Lan, Nguydn Van Quang, Nguydn Quang Tuyen (1 9 9 9 ), Giao trinh ky
sinh trung thu y, N h a xua't ban nong nghidp, Ha N o i, Tr. 67. 69, 97 - 101, 112 - 122.
6. Phan D ich Lan, Pham Sy Lang, Doan Van Phuc (1 9 8 9 ), Benh giun trdn o'dong vat nudi Viet
Nam, Nha xua't ban nong nghidp, Ha Noi, Tr. 8 - 11, 100 - 102, 160 - 162.
7. Nguydn Thi Le, Pham Van Luc, Ha Duy N go , Nguydn Van Due, Nguydn Thi Minh (1 9 9 6 ),
Giun sdn ky sinh o' gia sue Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat, Ha N oi, Tr. 8 - 11, 27 - 28, 38 - 4 0 , 6 2 - 67, 160 - 161, 2 2 0 - 221, 2 2 6 - 227, 2 4 1 , 2 7 0 - 275.
8. Skrjabin K. I va Petrov A. M. (1 9 7 7 ), Nguyen ly mdn giun trdn thu y , Tap 1 (N gudi djch: Bui
LSp, Doan Thi Bang Tam, Ta Thi Vinh), Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat, Ha N oi, Tr. 11 - 1 2 , 1 0 2 - 103, 107 - 147.
9. Skrjabin K. I va Petrov A. M. (1 9 7 9 ), Nguyen ly mon giun trdn thu y, Tap 2 (Ngudi dich: Bui
Lap, Doan Thi Bang Tam, Ta Thi Vinh), Nha xua't ban khoa hoc va ky thuat, Ha N oi, Tr. 5 - 1 4 , 4 3 , 71, 102 - 105.
10. Trinh Van Thinh (1 9 6 3 ), Ky sinh triing thu y, Nha xua't ban nong thon, Ha N o i, Tr. 101 -
107.
11. Trinh Van Thinh, DO D u on g Thai (1 9 7 8 ), Cdng trinh nghien cini ky sinh trimg o'Viet Nam,
Tap 2: Giun san a dong vat nuOi. Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat, Ha N o i, Tr. 35 - 36, 66
- 67, 1 5 3 , 2 1 8 - 2 1 9 , 2 8 4 . '
12. Phan The' Viet, Nguydn Thj Ky va Nguydn Thi Le (1 9 7 7 ), Giun sdn ky sinh 6 dong vat Viet
Nam, Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat, Ha N oi, Tr. 12 - 13, 151 - 158, 2 9 2 , 368 - 370,
4 6 2 - 464.
* Tieng A nh
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University o f Sydney the Post - Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, P. 33 - 34, 28 - 30, 19 - 20.
14. Austin S. M., Dipietro J. A., et al (1 9 9 0 ), Parascris equorum infections in horse, Continuing
Education Article, P. 1110 - 1115.
15. Austin S. M. ( 1 9 9 4 ) , Large Strongyles in horse, Continuing Education Article, P. 6 5 0 - 657.
16. Bagherwall R. K., Sisodia R. S., Kale K. V. (19 8 9 ), Studies on the efficacy o f Fenbendazole
against Oxyuris equi in liorse, Indian - Veterinary Journal, P. 9 7 8 - 980.
17. B owm an D. D. (1 9 9 9 ), Parasitology fo r Veterinarians, W\V. B. Saunder Company, P. 285 -
18. Bucknell D. G., Gasser R. B. (1995), Prevalence and epidemiology of gastrointestinal
parasite of horse in Victoria Autralis, Department of Veterinary Science University of
Mebboume Werribee Victoria Australia, int J. Parasitiol, P. 711 - 724.
19. Byron L. B. David B. L. (1991), Pathogenesis, treatment and control of gastric parasite in
horse, Continuing Education Article, No. 5, 850 Vol.
20. Dvoinos G. M., Kharchenko V. A. (1987), Morphotogy and different diagnosis of Cyathostome larvae (Nematoda, Trichonematinae) parasitic in horse. Vestnik - Zoologii, P.
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21. French D. D., Klei T. R„ et al (1988), "Efficacy of Ivermectin in the oral paste formulation against naturaly acquined adult and larval stages of Parascaris equorum in pony foal”, American Journal of Veterinary research, P. 1000 - 1003.
22. Georgi J. R. (1969), Parasitology for Veterinarians, W. B. Saunders Company Philadelphia, London, Toronto, P. 108 - 110, 182 - 183.
23. Georgi J. R. (1985), Parasitology for Veterinarians, Fouth Edition, W. B. Saunders Company, P. 177 - 181.
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27. Lyons E. T., Tolliver S. C., et al (1992). “Activity of Praziquantel against Anoplocephala
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