the oxford companion to philosophy part 24 ppt

... see mathematics, history of the philosophy of; mathematics, problems of the philoso- phy of. philosophy of mind: see mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of. philosophy ... problems of the philosophy of. philosophy of law: see law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of. philosophy of life: see life, philosophy of. philosophy of mathematics: ... the philosophy of. philosophy of history: see history, history of the philoso- phy of; history, problems of the philosophy of. philosophy of language: see language, history of the phil- osophy

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... examples are the no-truth theory attrib- uted by the Platonic Socrates to the Sophists of classical antiquity, the conflicting-truth theory attributed to the so- called Averroists by the medieval ... ally related to the behaviour they rationalize?’ Put 766 pseudo-science otherwise, the first question is whether the hysteric, say, stands in relation to his symptoms as a malingerer to his deceptive ... consciously monitoring them, or whether repressed wishes act, rather, like psychic splinters and the symptoms they pro- duce are thus conceptually analogous to inflammations. Whether the assimilation

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... from causes to effects—as when we infer the height of the flagpole from the length of the shadow—even though we don’t want to say that the length of the shadow explains the height of the flagpole? ... explanation in which the fact used to explain? ?the photosynthesis—happens to come later in time than the fact which gets explained? ?the chlorophyll. However, there are counter-examples to this proposal, ... in the fifteenth cen- tury. Initially the universities relied on their seniors in England and France to train their teachers. But by the end of the sixteenth century they were ready to provide their

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... Informal Theory Theory Theory of Metalogic Formal Mathematical Model logic of meaning of truth implication 1 logic logic theory Relation of Set theory Proof theory logical terms or metamathematics to ... ethics ethics ethics Philosophy Philosophy Philosophy of economics of law of science Aesthetics Philosophy of economics Political philosophy Social philosophy Philosophy of law Philosophy of mind ... Inductive Philosophy of science Probability Confirmation Logic of theory theory explanation Abduction Teleological Covering-law model Philosophy of history Philosophy of mathematics Philosophy

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... Frankfurt School; French philosophy; German philosophy; Gramsci; historical materialism; histories of moral philosophy; history, history of the philosophy of; history, problems of the philosophy of; ideology; ... magnitude; mathematics, history of philosophy of; mathematics, problems of the philosophy of; measure- ment; particulars and non-particulars; predicative theories; Russell; science, history of the philosophy ... predicative theories; science, history of the philosophy of; set theory; theorem; vicious-circle principle mathematics, history of the philosophy of MATH- EMATICS 1032 Index and List of Entries mathematics,

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... gnosticism; language, history of the philosophy of; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; mathematics, problems of the phil- osophy of; metaphysics, history of; mind, history of the philosophy of; ... language, history of the philosophy of; law, history of the philosophy of; macrocosm and microcosm; materialism; mathemat- ics, history of the philosophy of; medieval philosophy; metaphysics, history ... problems of the philosophy of; scientism philosophy and the public popular philosophy philosophy and theology see theology and philosophy philosophy and war see war and philosophy philosophy of

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... well to the jury of distinguished philosophers who cast an eye over the initial list of their contemporaries, and then to the thirty advisers in this matter for the second edition. Thanks too to ... from all parts and inclinations of the subject. They agreed about the large and indisputable core of the list, but not much more. They did not much agree about their proposed additions to the rest ... sad fact that their prize entry, say the Frankfurt School or the indeterminacy of translation, did not get into the book because the editor had blundered and earlier assigned it to someone else.

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... the aesthetic, centres on the nature of aesthetic responses and judgements. The philosophy of art and the philosophy of the aesthetic overlap, without either being clearly sub- ordinate to the ... or there is, but reason cannot determine that one is to be preferred to the other by that standard, then the agent (the will) must be free to choose either way. If, in the case of wrongdoing, there ... art history and criti- cism, and indeed on the practice of the arts to this day. 10 aesthetics, history of Hegel divided the history of art into a pre-classical ‘sym- bolic’ phase, then the classical

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... projects of their own and not be engaged in working on just the same issues as everyone else. The other is an impetus to togetherness— the desire of philosophers to find companions, to be able to interact ... terms. The premisses contain two occurrences of one of the terms, the middle term. It is by virtue of relations of the other two terms to the middle term that the conclusion, containing the other ... alienate you from them. It can undermine your attachment to them, cause you to feel separated from them, no longer identified with them, yet without furnishing anything to take their place; they are yours,

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... structures of society, the role of the anarchist is to challenge these structures and to demand their justification prior to accepting them. In accord with the anarchists’ view of the state as an instrument ... exercise it for the benefit of those below them, and if they hold offices of authority they are accountable to those below them and recallable by them. The abolition of the state precludes not the organization ... period from the middle of the first millennium bc to the middle of the first millennium ad—from Thales and the earliest Pre- Socratics to late Neoplatonists and Aristotelian commen- tators, such

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... history of mathematics and Aristoxenus wrote on music. Theophrastus and the next head of the Lyceum, Strato, were independent thinkers, prepared to criticize Aristotle’s views, and to develop their ... head, Aristotle left Athens, lived for a while in Assos and Mytilene, and then was invited to return to Macedonia by Philip to tutor Alexander. Aris- totle returned to Athens in 335 at the age ... argument, but another context is the more orderly type of exchange where each party has the goal of justifying his or her own thesis, and questioning or refuting the other party’s thesis, by reasoned

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... (1918), 179), together with the facts composed of these atoms. Atomism as a theory of matter dates back to the ancients. Hume’s atom- ism is psychological: the ultimate constituents of the world ... Bailey, The Greek Atomists and Epicurus (Oxford, 1928). atomism, psychological. The view that the ultimate con- tents of the mind consist in self-standing items owing their significance to no other ... moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of. J. Levinson (ed.), Aesthetics and Ethics (Cambridge, 1998). Iris Murdoch, The Fire and the Sun: Why Plato Banished the Artists (Oxford,

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... has come to be used, perhaps, to put a good face on the largess of the better-off to the worse-off. It thereby introduces doubts about the moral value of benevolence. The question of the moral ... best understood if we take the primacy of the economic to be an assertion not about causal influences but about historical tendencies. The Marxian theory holds that human history makes the most ... recognized as existing by a given theory is to belong to the domain assigned to the variables of quantification of that theory according to its standard interpretation’. But another well- known dictum of

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... motion, due to Zeno of Elea. In a race, Achilles can never catch the tortoise, if the tortoise is given a head start. For while Achilles closes the initial gap between them, the tortoise will ... one, the tor- toise will have created another. However fast Achilles runs, all that the tortoise has to do, in order not to be beaten, is make some progress in the time it takes Achilles to close ... to abortion often refer to themselves as ‘pro-choice’ rather than as ‘pro- abortion’. In this way they seek to bypass the issue of the moral status of the foetus, and instead make the right to abortion...

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... is dependent. The truth of the house lies in its conformity to the plan, and the truth of the passer-by’s idea of the house lies in its conformity to the house. In each case there is truth where there ... of other figures of the syllogism to the first uses the negated conclusion with one of the original premisses to yield a valid first-figure syllogism whose conclusion is the contradictory of the ... true to the architect’s plan. It is not that the plan does not fit the house but that the house does not fit the plan. On the other hand if the passer-by does not form an accurate idea of the house...

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... them. For example, our access to the physical world seems to be only via our own sense-data, to the minds of others via their behaviour, and to the past via our memories. There are four types of possible ... for instance, that the wrongness of *killing rests, in part, on the fact that to deprive someone of their life is normally to violate their autonomy. This account carries the implica- tion that the moral ... wished their life to be ended—for instance, in the case of voluntary *euthanasia. On the contrary, respect for the person’s autonomy would then require one to comply with their wishes. Another...

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... are in the hands of the state. As part of his ignorance thesis, the conservative must support autonomous institutions and the freedom of indi- viduals to make their own way through life and to form and ... *concepts required to specify how they represent the world (to spec- ify their content). This basic idea has been used to try to do justice to the differences between how the world is repre- sented ... fields. Upholding the right of individuals to make their own way through life and to benefit (or not) from the results of their efforts, as the conservative does, is to say that indi- viduals are the best...

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... which tends to make one motivated to produce the end.) According to the less widely held hedonic theory of desire, to desire some end is to tend toward feeling pleasure if one comes to believe ... inde- pendently from the right, and the right is then defined as that which maximizes the good. Deontological theories either do not specify the good independently from the right or do not interpret the right ... maximizing the good. But it can sug- gest that the right is indeed prior to the good, in the sense that utilitarians can state that it is right to maximize the good, whatever the good turns out to be....

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... philosophical topics: the Britannica (from 1768 to the present), Brockhaus (1796 to the present), Larousse (1866 to the present). The first works explicitly claiming to be encyclopaedias of philosophy ... (‘All things belong to the gods; the gods are friends to the wise; friends hold in com- mon what belongs to them; so all things belong to the Diogenes the Cynic 215 Given the equal value of persons, ... discourse, the philosophical and the theological, which give different but non-conflicting answers to the same questions, e.g. the immortality of the soul, the eternality of the world, the perfectibility...

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... arranged as to enable him to fulfil this role. In such a society the rulers will possess the wisdom to guide the rest in the light of the good and the true. In the good city there will be all the usual ... of Socrates than to the Plato of the Republic. During the Christian era, Platonic themes resurface, notably in the writings of St Augustine. Human nature needs to be turned to the light because ... regularities require: they are bound to have the attitudes that lead by ordinary psychology to suitable actions; or they are bound, at whatever cost to their attitudinal coherence— they may ‘go on the blink’—to...

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