The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 106 ppt

history of; metaphysics, problems of; Molyneux problem; monadology; parallelism; persecution of philosophers; pessimism and optimism; philosophy; parallelism; possible worlds; psychophysical; space; suffi- cient reason, principle of; salva veritate; Wolff leibniz’s law see identity of indiscernibles lemma lenin communism; Marx; Marxist philosophy; Plekhanov lesbian feminism feminism; homosexuality; masculism; sexual morality les´niewski ontology; Polish philosophy lessing Enlightenment; Jacobi leucippus atomism, physical leviathan Hobbes; nasty, brutish, and short levinas French philosophy; French philosophy today; Jewish philosophy; Other lévi-strauss structuralism lévy-brühl lewis, clarence irving modal logic; phenomenalism; relevance logic lewis, david mereology; modal realism; possible worlds; science, problems of the philosophy of lexicon, the philosophical Dennett LEX TALIONIS capital punishment; punishment; revenge li see confucianism liar paradox dialetheism; logically perfect language; para- consistent logic; paradoxes; redundancy theory of truth liberalism anti-communism; autonomy; Berlin; Bobbio; civil society; civil liberties; communitarianism; Con- stant; constitutionalism; democracy and capitalism; Dworkin; education, problems of the philosophy of; equality; Feinberg; freedom; Green; Hegel; Hobhouse; Humboldt; individualism; Kant; Left, the; libertarian- ism, political; liberty; liberty and equality; Locke; Mill, John Stuart; paternalism; philosophy, influence of; pluralism; political philosophy, history of; political phil- osophy, problems of; public–private distinction; Rawls; rights; social engineering; unlikely philosophical propositions libertarianism freedom and determinism; origination libertarianism, left- libertarianism, political liberalism; markets; Nozick; Right, the political new; Social Darwinism libertinism Campanella; deism liberty Berlin;civilliberties; Constant; democracy; enforce- ment of morals; freedom and liberty; freedom of good- ness and reason; freedom, political; Herzen; human rights; liberty and equality; Marsilius; Mill, John Stuart; Nozick; political philosophy, history of; political phil- osophy, problems of; Rawls liberty and equality equality; inequality; liberalism; lib- erty; political freedom; political philosophy, history of; political philosophy, problems of; well-being; Wilt Chamberlain argument lichtenberg Enlightenment lie, noble see noble lie lieh tzu life evolution; form of life; life, meaning of; life, philoso- phy of; psyche; quality of life; vitalism life, form of see form of life life, meaning of Chinese philosophy; existentialism; Hep- burn; Hindu philosophy; Indian philosophy; Japanese philosophy; Marcel; Moore; optimism and pessimism; religion, history of philosophy of; Sidgwick life, philosophy of see abandonment; absurd; arendt; aristippus; buddhist philosophy; chinese philosophy; existentialism; freedom and determinism; hindu philosophy; indian philosophy; kierkegaard; life, meaning of; marcel; marxist philosophy; moral phil- osophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; nirvana; pessimism and optimism; plato; religion , his- tory of philosophy of; religion,problems of philoso- phy of; schopenhauer; spinoza life, quality of see quality of life life, the good life and death life and death death; deaths of philosophers; life, the good life and science science, problems of the philosophy of; scientism life-world background; Frankfurt School; Husserl; interpretation light of nature linguistic acts affirmative and negative propositions; Austin, J. L.; constatives; Habermas; linguistic philosophy; pragmatics; referring; Searle; statements and sentences linguistic philosophy analytic philosophy; Austin, J. L.; English philosophy; metaphysics, problems of; Moore; ordinary language and philosophy; paradigm case argu- ment; philosophy; Ryle; Wittgenstein linguistics, formal linguistics, philosophical relevance of Chomsky; gram- mar; language, history of the philosophy of; language, problems of the philosophy of; linguistics, formal; structure, deep and surface; universal grammar linguistic turn Wittgenstein literature and philosophy aestheticism; art criticism; bladders of philosophy; clip an angel’s wings; comedy; death-of-the-author thesis; divine philosophy; fiction; fictional names; film, philosophy of; fingering slave; imagination, aesthetic; lumber of the schools; more things in heaven and earth; new philosophy calls all in doubt; nothing so absurd; nothing so extravagant and irrational; novel, the philosophical; Nussbaum; philosopher may preach; plagiarism; poetry; political philosophy, history of; sensibility; structuralism; taste locke associationism; clocks; contract; corpuscularian- ism; definition; English philosophy; epistemology, his- tory of; epistemology, problems of; freedom, political; human rights; ideas; innate ideas; inner sense; Irish phil- osophy; language, history of the philosophy of; latitu- dinarianism; Leibniz; liberalism; libertarianism, political; Maine de Biran; metaphysics, history of; metaphysics, problems of; mixture of labour; Molyneux problem; Oxford philosophy; personal identity; persons; philo- sophical inquiry; philosophy, influence of; political philosophy, history of; politics and the philosophers; 1030 Index and List of Entries primary and secondary qualities; property; qualities; scepticism, history of; state of nature; substance; tabula rasa; trust locutions see linguistic acts logic, deontic see deontic logic LOGIC, FORMAL algorithm; ancestral relation; Ander- son and Belnap; antilogism; argument; Aristotle; axiom; axiomatic method; Barbara, Celarent; Barcan formula; biconditional; Boole; calculus; choice, axiom of; Church; Church’s thesis; completeness; conjunction and disjunction; connective; consilience; consistency proofs; constant; contradiction; contraposition; con- traries; converse; conversion; corollary; Craig’s the- orem; dialetheism; decidability; decision procedure; demonstration; De Morgan’s laws; denial of the antecedent; deontic logic; distribution of terms; domain; equipollence; equivalence; excluded middle, law of; exportation; form, logical; formal language; for- malization; formula; free logics; function; fuzzy logic; generalization, rule of; Frege; Gentzen; Gödel; harmony, logical; higher-order logic; horseshoe; impli- cation, material; impredicative definition; incomplete- ness; independence, logical; inference, immediate; intuitionist logic; Jeffrey; Jevons; Kripke; lemma; Les´niewski; logical constant; logical theory; logic, his- tory of; logic, informal; logic, modern; logic, second- order; logic, traditional; logical laws; logistic method; ·ukasiewicz; Marcus; many-valued logic; metalogic; modal logic; natural deduction; normalization; nota- tions, logical; obligationes; operation; paraconsistent logic; Polish notation; Port-Royalists; predicate calcu- lus; proof theory; propositional calculus; propositional function; qualification; quantifier; quantity and quality; quantum logic; reducibility, axiom of; relevance logic; Russell; satisfaction; scope; sentential calculus; senten- tial function; square of opposition; subalterns; subcon- traries; supposition theory; syllogism; symmetric relation; Tarski; tautology; term; theorem; transpos- ition; truth-function; truth-table; unlikely philosophical propositions; validity; variable; Wang; well-formed for- mula; Appendix: Logical Symbols; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy logic, higher-order see higher-order logic logic, history of LOGIC, FORMAL logic, informal arguments, types of; reasoning logic, intuitionist see intuitionist logic logic, many-valued see many-valued logic logic, modal see modal logic logic, modern LOGIC, FORMAL logic, philosophical see philosophical logic logic, relevance see relevance logic logic, second-order categoricity. higher-order logic, in- completeness logic, traditional LOGIC, FORMAL logic of discovery logical atomism see atomism, logical logical constants logic modern logical determinism see determinism, logical logical empiricism see empiricism, logical logical form see form, logical logical laws logically perfect language Frege; language; Logical Positivism logically proper names descriptions, theory of; index- icals; Russell logical notations see notations, logical logical positivism Ayer; Bayesian confirmation theory; boo-hoorah theory; Carnap; ‘continental’ and ‘analytic’ emotive theory of ethics; emotive and descriptive meaning; empiricism; God and the philosophers; Hume’s fork; journals of philosophy; language, history of the philosophy of; language, problems of the philosophy of; logical empiricism; logically perfect language; logical theory; meaning; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; Nagel, E.; natural theology; Neurath; Popper; positivism; protocol sentences; Putnam; Quine; Reichenbach; religion, history of the philosophy of; scepticism; Schlick; scientism; synthetic a priori judge- ments; verification principle; verificationism; Vienna Circle logical symbols, see Appendix; notations, logical; Polish notation logical theory argument; logical truth; logic, modern; logic, traditional; logically proper name; metalogic; necessity, logical; philosophical logic; validity logical truth conceivability; logical theory; necessity, logical; philosophical logic logically proper name Russell logicism arithmetic, foundations of; Frege; logic, history of; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; math- ematics, knowledge of; mathematics, problems of the philosophy of logistic method logic, modern; natural deduction logocentrism deconstruction; Derrida; différance logos principle; reason london philosophy Ayer; Bentham; Butler, S.; Clifford; De Morgan; Hampshire; Hobhouse; Lakatos; Mill, James; Mill, John Stuart; Oakeshott; Popper lore, social see social science, philosophy of lottery paradox paradoxes lotze love agape¯; feminist philosophy; friendship; sex; sexual morality; wisdom love-feast see agape¯ lovejoy Critical Realism loyalty friendship; patriotism; trust; virtue lucretius Epicureanism; Roman philosophy lukács continental philosophy; Hungarian philosophy; Kierkegaard; Mannheim; Marx; Marxist philosophy; politics and the philosophers łukasiewicz logic, history of; many-valued logic; Polish notation; Polish philosophy lumber of the schools philosophy luther religion, history of the philosophy of lycan explanationism; functionalism Index and List of Entries 1031 lying absolutism, moral; noble lie; self-deception; sincerity lyotard post-modernism mach empirio-criticism; evolutionary epistemology; sci- ence, history of the philosophy of machiavelli dirty hands; ends and means; politics and the philosophers; Renaissance philosophy macintyre histories of moral philosophy; narrative; virtue mackie Australian philosophy; causality; cement of the universe; conditionals; error theory of value; God, arguments against the existence of; laws, natural or sci- entific; moral philosophy, history of; moral scepticism; religion, history of the philosophy of macmurray macrocosm and microcosm madhva Indian philosophy; Veda¯nta magnitude measurement; number maimonides Crescas; Giles of Rome; Jewish philosophy; religion, history of the philosophy of maine de biran empiricism; French philosophy mair Scottish philosophy; Thomism maistre see de maistre malcolm mind, history of the philosophy of; Wittgen- steinians malebranche Cartesianism; French philosophy; Leibniz; occasionalism; representative theory of perception MALIN GÉNIE brain in a vat; Descartes; metaphysics, prob- lems of; scepticism, history of mandeville manichaeism religion, history of the philosophy of manifold of sense awareness, sense; Kant; Kantianism; perception; sensation mannheim Hungarian philosophy mantra Indian philosophy; Veda¯nta many questions fallacy fallacies many-valued logic ·ukasiewicz MAPS OF PHILOSOPHY see Appendix marcel existentialism marcus Barcan formula; contradiction; deduction; modal logic; propositional calculus marcuse Frankfurt School; Marxist philosophy; utopianism maritain neo-Thomism markets capitalism; communism; conservatism; Con- stant; invisible hand; international relations, philoso- phy of; justice; Left, the political new; liberalism; libertarianism; Marxist philosophy; political philoso- phy, history of; socialism markets and the public good marriage love; sex; sexual morality marsilius Italian philosophy martin Australian philosophy martineau virtue marx Marxism after communism; Marxist philosophy marxism after communism Marx, Marxism marxist philosophy alienation; Althusser; anti-communism; base and superstructure; bourgeoisie and proletariat; capitalism; class struggle; Cohen, G. A.; communism; dialectical materialism; Elster; Engels; false conscious- ness; Frankfurt School; French philosophy; German philosophy; Gramsci; historical materialism; histories of moral philosophy; history, history of the philosophy of; history, problems of the philosophy of; ideology; Kautsky´; Kropotkin; law, scepticism about; Lenin; Lukács; Marcuse; Marx; Marxist philosophy; material contradiction; Neurath; Plekhanov; political philoso- phy, history of; political philosophy, problems of; power; pragmatism; praxis; radical philosophy; Sartre; Serbian philosophy; socialism; Soviet philosophy; Trot- sky; utopianism mary, black and white Jackson masaryk Czech Philosophy masculism epistemology, feminist; ethics, feminist; femi- nism; feminist philosophy; law, feminist philosophy of masked man fallacy fallacies; referential opacity master and slave Hegel; Nietzsche; slave morality master argument Philo the dialectician master of those who know see aristotelianism material constitution material contradictions dialectical materialism; Hegel; historical materialism; Marx; Marxist philosophy material implication conditionals; horseshoe; implica- tion; logic, modern; Philo the dialectician; relevance logic; unlikely philosophical propositions materialism atomism; behaviourism; central state mater- ialism; dialectical materialism; Dühring; elimin- ativism; Hellenistic philosophy; historical materialism; Hobbes; Holbach; identity theory; La Mettrie; Martin; Marx; matter; metaphysics, history of; metaphysics, problems of; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind–body problem; monism, neutral; naturalism; physicalism; primematter;Quinton;Santayana;Sellars, R.W.; Smart; Theophrastus; Weltanschauung materialism, central-state see central-state material- ism materialism, dialectical see dialectical materialism materialism, eliminative see eliminativism materialism, historical see historical materialism material mode see formal and material modes mathematical intuitionism see intuitionism,mathemat- ical mathematical logic see formal logic MATHEMATICS arithmetic, foundations of; Babbage– Chambers paradox; Black; Boole; Boolean algebra; Bolzano; Brouwer; calculus; Cantor; constructivism; continuum problem; counting; Dedekind; De Morgan; formalism; foundationalism in mathematics; Gödel; Gödel’s theorem; Goldbach’s conjecture; Hilbert; infini- tesimals; infinity; infinity, axiom of; intuitionism, mathe- matical; Kreisel; logicism; mathematics, history of the philosophy of; mathematics, knowledge of; mathemat- ics, problems of the philosophy of; Mill, John Stuart; Neumann; non-Euclidean geometry; number; Peano; predicative theories; science, history of the philosophy of; set theory; theorem; vicious-circle principle mathematics, history of the philosophy of MATH- EMATICS 1032 Index and List of Entries mathematics, knowledge of mathematics, problems of the philosophy of MATH- EMATICS matter atomism; Berkeley; dialectical materialism; mater- ialism; metaphysics, history of; physicalism; prime matter; nothingness; Santayana; substance matter, prime see prime matter maximin and minimax decision theory; game theory maxwell’s demon energy; time mcdowell heredity and environment mcginn mctaggart A-series and B-series; Hegelianism; Mellor; metaphysics, history of; persecution of philosophers; process philosophy; time mead pragmatism mean, doctrine of the Aristotle; character; moral phil- osophy, history of; virtue meaning background; cognitive meaning; communica- tion; concept; definitions, explicit and implicit; denota- tion and connotation; emotive and descriptive meaning; epistemology, problems of; focal meaning; formal semantics, philosophical relevance of; Frege; Grice; implicature; incomplete symbol; indexicals; intensionality; language; language, history of the phil- osophy of; language, problems of the philosophy of; language of thought; linguistic acts; linguistics, formal; linguistics, philosophical relevance of; logical posi- tivism; Meinong; metaethics; Millikan; mind, syntax, and semantics; neustic and phrastic; Peirce; picture the- ory of meaning; representation; rules; Russell; seman- tics; sense and reference; sign and symbol; synonymy; translation, indeterminacy of; use and meaning; use and mention; Wittgenstein meaning, cognitive see cognitive meaning meaning,emotive and descriptive see emotive and descript- ive meaning meaning, focal see focal meaning meaning, picture theory of see picture theory of mean- ing meaning of life see life, meaning of means see ends and means; instrumental value measurement magnitude; number; quantum mechan- ics, philosophical problems of; science, problems of the philosophy of mechanism determinism; freedom and determinism; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; Theophrastus medical ethics abortion; acts and omissions; applied ethics; autonomy in applied ethics; bioethics; casuistry; euthanasia; fertilization in vitro; Glover; slippery slope medicine, philosophy of medieval philosophy Abelard; Albert the Great; analyt- ical Thomism; Anselm; Aquinas; Aristotelianism; ass, Buridan’s; Augustine; Bacon, R.; Boethius; Bonaven- tura; Buridan; casuistry; characteristica universalis; credo quia absurdum est; credo ut intelligam; Duns Scotus; Eng- lish philosophy; Enlightenment; epistemology, history of; Giles of Rome; Gregory of Rimini; Grosseteste; Henry of Ghent; hylomorphism; Kenny; Mair; malin génie; metaphysics, history of; Neoplatonism; Nicholas of Autrecourt; Nicholas of Cusa; obligationes; Ockham; Ockham’s razor; Pelagius; Peter of Spain; philosophy; philosophy, history of departments and centres of; Pla- tonism; principle of plenitude; Plotinus; political phil- osophy, history of; pons asinorum; Porphyry; realism and anti-realism; religion, history of the philosophy of; scholasticism; supposition theory; Thomism; Vitoria; Wyclif megarics ancient philosophy meinong Brentano; German philosophy; metaphysics, history of; relations, nature of melissus Eleatics; Pre-Socratic philosophy mellor probabilistic causality; time memory mnemic causation; quasi-memory mencius mendelssohn Enlightenment; Jacobi; Jewish philosophy meno’s puzzle see learning paradox men’s rights see masculism mental acts see acts, mental mental causation acts, mental; agent; belief; choosing and deciding; Davidson; epiphenomenalism; Hobbes; identity theory; intention; mental efficacy; mind, prob- lems of the philosophy of; motives and motivation; rea- sons and causes; thinking causes; volition; will mental events Brentano; dualism; emotion and feeling; functionalism; identity theory; intention; intentional- ity; mental acts; mentality; mental states; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; propositional attitudes mental indispensability epiphenomenalism; mental cau- sation mentality Brentano; ghost in the machine; inner sense; introspection; mind; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; mind–body prob- lem; mind, syntax, and semantics mental reductionism dualism; eliminativism; mind, his- tory of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; mind–body problem; physicalism; psy- chophysical laws; reductionism mental states Brentano; dualism; emotion and feeling; functionalism; identity theory; intention; intentional- ity; mental acts; mental events; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; physicalism; propositional attitudes mereology Les´niewski; ontology; thing meritocracy aristocracy, natural; conservatism; élites; élitism merleau-ponty Existentialism; French philosophy; phe- nomenology meta-ethics emotivism; Hare; moral judgement; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; moral realism; neustic and phrastic; objectivism and subjectivism; prescriptivism; right action; Stevenson metalanguage language; object language; semantic ascent; semantic theory of truth metalogic logical theory Index and List of Entries 1033 metaphilosophy philosophy metaphor meaning METAPHYSICS Absolute; A-series and B-series; appear- ance and reality; Aristotle; Aristotelianism; backwards causation; being; Berkeley; body; Cambridge change; capacity; categories; causal asymmetry; causality; chance; change; chaos; concrete universal; constant conjunction; cosmogony; cosmology; creation; descrip- tive metaphysics; determinables and determinates; dis- position; esse est percipi; essence; essentialism; event; existence; existential proposition; external world; fact; final causes; genus and species; good, the form of; haecceity; Hegel; Heidegger; Hume; idealism, British; idealism, German; idealism, philosophical; Indian philosophy; internal and external relations; Kant; kind, natural; Leibniz; Logical Positivism; Marx; material constitution; materialism; matter; mereology; meta- physics, history of; metaphysics, opposition to; meta- physics, problems of; metaphysics, revisionary; Mill, John Stuart; mnemic causation; modal realism; modal- ity and metaphysics; monism and pluralism; necessary and contingent existence; necessity, metaphysical; nom- inalism; non-being; nothingness; ontology; panpsy- chism; particulars and non-particulars; persistence through time; personalism; phenomena and noumena; phenomenalism; philosophy; Plato; Platonism; Ploti- nus; plurality of causes; posit; post hoc ergo propter hoc; potentiality; Pre-Socratics; primary and secondary qual- ities; prime matter; probabilistic causality; process; propensity; properties; properties, individual; qualities; real; realism and anti-realism; realism in metaphysics; reality, levels of; relations; relations, internal and exter- nal; revisionary metaphysics; rigid designator; space; Schelling; Spinoza; substance and attribute; substratum; teleological explanation; thing-in-itself; things; time; time’s arrow; time-travel; transcendence; transcenden- tal deduction; transcendental idealism; transcendental- ism; tropes; universals; vague objects; Whitehead; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy metaphysics, history of METAPHYSICS metaphysics, opposition to analytic philosophy; empiri- cism; Hume; linguistic philosophy; Logical Positivism; metaphysics, history of; naturalism; philosophy; verifi- cation principle; Vienna Circle; Wittgenstein metaphysics, problems of METAPHYSICS metaphysics, revisionary see revisionary metaphysics metempsychosis see reincarnation method, joint Mill; experiment; methodology; scientific method method, scientific see scientific method method in philosophy see philosophical inquiry: first premisses and principles method of agreement experiment; methodology; Mill; scientific method method of concomitant variations experiment; method- ology; Mill; scientific method method of difference experiment; methodology; Mill; scientific method method of residues experiment; methodology; Mill; sci- entific method methodic doubt see doubt methodological holism and individualism economics, philosophy of; holism; social philosophy; social science, philosophy of methodology methods; Mill’s; Poincaré; science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philoso- phy of; reductionism; scientific method meyerson microcosm see macrocosm and microcosm mill, james associationism; Bentham; London philoso- phy; Mill, John Stuart mill, john stuart axiological ethics; English philosophy; feminism; freedom and determinism; freedom, political; happiness; liberalism; liberty; London philosophy; lying; mathematics, history of philosophy of; method, joint; Mill, James; method of agreement; method of concomi- tant variation; method of difference; method of residue; names; Other; philosophical inquiry; philosophy; polit- ical philosophy, history of; politics and the philosophers; scientific method; self-regarding and other-regarding actions; uniformity of nature; utilitarianism millikan mimesis fiction; literature and philosophy; Plato mill ’s methods method of agreement; method of differ- ence; method, joint; method of residues; method of concomitant variations mind action; acts, mental; agent; animal soul; anomalous monism; apperception; arthritis in the thigh; association- ism; atomism, psychological; attitude; awareness, sense; behaviourism; belief; biological naturalism; black box; blindsight; brain in a vat; Brentano; bundle theory of the self; central-state materialism; Chinese room; choosing and deciding; cognition; cognitive science; computers; concept; conceptual scheme; connectionism; consciousness; consciousness, its irreducibility; content of consciousness; cybernetics; deviance, causal; double aspect theory; dreams; dualism; ego; egoism, psy- chological; eidetic imagery; eliminativism; emergent properties, emotion and feeling; epiphenomenalism; epis- temology, problems of; experience; ESP phenomena, philosophical implications of; externalism; folk psych- ology; functionalism; Gestalt theory; ghost in the machine; Hartley; holism; homunculus; ideas; identity theory of mind; imagination; individualism and anti-individualism; innate ideas; inner sense; intelligence; intention; inten- tionality; interactionism; introspection; James–Lange theory; judgement; language of thought hypothesis; materialism; mechanism; memory; mental causation; mental efficacy; mental events; mentality; mental states; metaphysics, problems of; Mill, John Stuart; mind; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind, problems of the phil- osophy of; mind, syntax, and semantics; mind–body prob- lem; monism, neutral; mood; motives and motivation; neuroscience, philosophical relevance of; no-ownership theory; occasionalism; other-minds problem; pain; parallelism, psychophysical; personal identity; persons; 1034 Index and List of Entries philosophy; physicalism; pleasure; privileged access; propositional attitudes; psychology and philosophy; psy- chology, philosophical relevance of; qualia; psychoneural intimacy; psychophysical laws; quasi-memory; ratiocina- tion; realization; reasons and causes; reductionism, mental; representation; res cogitans; Ryle; self; self- consciousness; self-deception; sensation; sentiments; solipsism; spirit; stream of consciousness; subjectivity; supervenience; tabula rasa; thinking; thinking causes; topic-neutral; trying; Turing machine; unconscious and subconscious mind; understanding; union theory; unlikely philosophical propositions; variable realization; volition; will; Wittgenstein; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy mind, computational theories of artificial intelligence; cognitive science; connectionism; parallel distributed processing mind, history of the philosophy of attention; belief and desire; conciousness, neural correlates of; content, non- conceptual; eliminativism; emergence; inverted spec- trum; Mary, black and white; mind; passion and emotion; privacy; reductionism, psychological, in per- sonal identity mind, problems of the philosophy of animal concious- ness; attention; belief and desire; cognitive architec- ture; conciousness, neural correlates of; content, non-conceptual; eliminativism; emergence; explana- tory gap; inverted spectrum; Mary, black and white; mind; passion and emotion; privacy; reductionism, psy- chological, in personal identity; simulation; theory the- ory of mind; zombies mind, syntax, and semantics Chinese room argument; functionalism; Searle mind–body problem anomalous monism; biological nat- uralism; central-state materialism; consciousness, its irreducibility; consciousness, neural correlates of; double aspect theory; dualism; eliminativism; emer- gence; epiphenomenalism; explanatory gap; function- alism; ghost in the machine; identity theory; interactionism; materialism; mind, history of the phi- losophy of; mind, problems of the philosophy of; neu- roscience, philosophical relevance of; occasionalism; parallelism, psychophysical; physicalism; physicalism in the philosophy of mind; psychoneural intimacy; psy- chophysical laws; realization; reductionism, mental; topic-neutral; union theory; variable realization; Appendix: Maps of Philosophy minimalism art, contemporary; deflationary theories of truth; disquotation; redundancy theory of truth minimax see maximin and minimax miracles Hume; religion, history of the philosophy of; religion, problems of the philosophy of mixture of labour Locke; property mnemic causation causality; memory mo tzu mochus modal logic Barcan formula; Fine; free logics; logic, modern; modality and metaphysics; possibility; pos- sible worlds modal realism Lewis, D. modality modal logic; necessity, epistemic; necessity, logical; modality and metaphysics; necessity, nomic; philosophical logic; possibility; possible worlds modality and metaphysics modality; modal logic mode properties, individual; properties; qualities; Spin- oza; substance and attribute model theory models science, history of the philosophy of; science, problems of the philosophy of; theory modern philosophy modernism Habermas; post-modernism MODUS PONENS affirming the antecedent; logic, modern; propositional calculus; traditional logic MODUS TOLLENS denying the antecedent; logic, modern; propositional calculus; traditional logic molina Spanish philosophy molla¯ s ˙ adra¯ Islamic philosophy molyneux problem Irish philosophy monadology Leibniz; metaphysics, history of; relations, nature of monism, anomalous see anomalous monism monism, neutral see neutral monism monism and pluralism absolute; Bruno; idealism, philo- sophical; metaphysics, history of; neutral monism; reductionism; relations, nature of; Spinoza; substance and attribute montague montaigne French philosophy; libertinism; scepticism, history of monte carlo fallacy see gambler’s fallacy montesquieu monty hall problem probability mood emotion and feeling moods of the syllogism see syllogism moore analytic philosophy; Cambridge philosophy; English philosophy; freedom and determinism; good; journals of philosophy; life, meaning of; linguistic philosophy; moral philosophy, problems of; naturalism; Moore’s paradox; naturalistic fallacy; open question argument; scepticism; scepticism, history of moore’s paradox moral ideals see ideals, moral moralities, agent-relative see agent-relative moralities morality, public see enforcement of morality; public morality; public–private distinction morality, sexual see sexual morality morality, slave see slave morality morality and art see art and morality morality and religion see religion and morality morality in political philosophy moral judgement boo-hoorah theory; categorical imper- ative; emotive and descriptive meaning; emotive the- ory of ethics; good; ‘is’ and ‘ought’; meta-ethics; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; moral realism; moral sentiments; neustic and phrastic; objectivism and subjectivism; ought; prescriptivism; right; right action; universalizability Index and List of Entries 1035 moral knowledge moral realism moral law categorical imperative; Kant; right action moral luck moral motivation moral psychology moral particularism MORAL PHILOSOPHY absolutism, moral; acts and omissions; akrasia; amorality; applied ethics; asceti- cism; autonomy and heteronomy; axiological ethics; belief, ethics of; bioethics; boo-hoorah theory; capital punishment; categorical imperative; character; cheat- ing; compatibilism and incompatibilism; concupis- cence; conscience; consequentialism; constructivism in ethics; consumerist ethics; courage; demandingness of morals; deontic logic; deontological ethics; desert; dirty hands; disability and morality; divine command ethics; double effect; doxastic virtues; duty; economics and morality; egoism and altruism; emotive and descriptive meaning; emotive theory of ethics; ends and means; environmental ethics; ethical formalism; ethical natur- alism; ethical objectivism; ethical relativism; ethical subjectivism; ethics, applied; ethics and aesthetics; ethics and morality; ethics in Islamic philosophy; evolu- tion and ethics; evolutionary ethics; expressivism in ethics; fact–value distinction; family, ethics and the; felicific calculus; Foot; forgiveness; freedom and deter- minism; genetics and morality; globalization, morality and politics; Glover; golden mean; golden rule; good, greatest; good-in-itself; good; good will; greatest happi- ness principle; guilt; happiness; Hare; harm; hedonic calculus; hedonism; histories of moral philosophy; Hume; ideal observer; ideals, moral; incommensurabil- ity, moral; Indian philosophy; instrumental value; integrity; intuitionism, ethical; ‘is’ and ‘ought’; Islamic ethics; Kagan; Kantian ethics; killing; Korsgaard; law and morals; Locke; loyalty; lying; MacIntyre; marriage; materialism; meta-ethics; morality, public; moral judgement; moral knowledge; moral law; moral luck; moral motivation; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; moral pluralism; moral psy- chology; moral realism; moral scepticism; moral sense; moral sentiments; naturalistic ethics; naturalistic fal- lacy; natural law; needs; neustic and phrastic; Nietz- sche; nihilism; non-natural properties; normative; objectivism and subjectivism; obligation; open ques- tion argument; ought; particularism, moral; perfection- ism; person-affecting principles; philosophy; popu- lation; practical reason; prescriptivism; pornography; prioritarianism; Prichard; prisoner’s dilemma; profes- sional ethics; projectivism; quasi-realism; realism and anti-realism; reasons, internal and external; relativism, moral; respect; responsibility; right; right action; satisfice; Schopenhauer; self-deception; sentiments; sexual morality; slave morality; slippery slope argu- ment; Stevenson; stoicism; supererogation; sym- pathy; trolley problem; unity of virtues; universalizabil- ity, moral; utilitarianism; utility; value; virtue episte- mology; virtues; war, just; Appendix: Maps of Phil- osophy moral philosophy, histories of see histories of moral philosophy moral philosophy, history of MORAL PHILOSOPHY moral philosophy, problems of MORAL PHILOSOPHY moral psychology emotion and feeling; moral judge- ment; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of moral pluralism pluralism, political moral realism descriptivism; emotivism; meta-ethics; moral judgement; moral knowledge; moral philosophy, prob- lems of; non-cognitivism; objectivism and subjectivism in ethics; prescriptivism; quasi-realism; religion, scepti- cism about; unlikely philosophical propositions moral scepticism ethical relativism; moral realism; object- ivism and subjectivism in ethics moral sense Butler, J.; conscience; Hume; Hutcheson; moral judgement; moral sentiments; Shaftesbury moral sentiments moral judgement; moral philosophy history and problems of philosophy of; moral sense moral virtues see virtues morals, enforcement of see enforcement of morals morals and law see law and morals morality in political philosophy more things in heaven and earth philosophy mortalism immortality; soul motion Achilles paradox; kinesis; medieval philosophy; Molla¯S ˙ adra¯; moving rows paradox; paradoxes; Zeno motives and motivation choosing and deciding; egoism and altruism; Hobbes; mental causation; reasons and causes; volition moving rows paradox see stadium paradox multiculturalism pluralism, political MUNDUS IMAGINALIS Islamic philosophy;Sohravardi¯ murdoch novel, philosophical music aesthetic attitude; aesthetics, history of; aesthetics, problems of; Budd; Langer my station and its duties see bradley mysticism holy, numinous, and sacred; Kabbalah; reli- gion, history of the philosophy of; religious experience; Sufism myth of the given given na¯ga¯rjuna Buddhist philosophy; Indian philosophy nagel, ernest covering-law model; Logical Positivism; science, history of the philosophy of; theory nagel, thomas dualism; equality; neutral monism; sexu- ality, philosophy of; subjectivity naïve realism perception; representative theory of per- ception; Santayana; sense-data; veil of perception names descriptions, theory of; fictional names; flaccid designator; Kripke; logically proper names; philoso- phical logic; proper names; rigid designator; semantics names, fictional see fictional names names, logically proper see logically proper names narrative action; history, history and problems of the philosophy of nasty, brutish, and short Hobbes; Leviathan; state of nature 1036 Index and List of Entries national and regional philosophies African; American; Australian; Canadian; Chinese; continental; Croatian; Czech; Danish; English; Finnish; French; German; Greek philosophy, modern; Indian; Irish; Italian; Japan- ese; Korean; Latin American; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norwegian; Polish; Russian; Scottish; Ser- bian; Slovene; Spanish; Swedish national character conservatism; nationalism; people; self-determination nationalism fascism; imperialism; international relations, philosophy of; national character; people; self- determination; Tanabe; war and philosophy natural naturalism; nature; naturalistic fallacy; norma- tive; sexual morality natural aristocracy see aristocracy, natural natural deduction Gentzen; harmony, logical; intuition- ist logic; logistic method; normalization; proof theory; propositional calculus; theorem natural theology naturalism biological naturalism; Buchler; consciousness; Epicureanism; epistemology, problems of; Ferrater- Mora; Kitcher; materialism; mathematics, problems of the philosophy of; metaphysics, opposition to; meta- physics, problems of; moral philosophy, problems of; natural; nature; naturalistic fallacy; non-natural proper- ties; Santayana; Sellars, R. W. naturalism, biological see biological naturalism naturalism, ethical descriptivism; fact–value distinction; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, prob- lems of; naturalism; naturalistic fallacy; Sellars; R. W.; Smith naturalistic fallacy empiricism; Frankena; good; ‘is’ and ‘ought’; Moore; moral philosophy, history of; nat- uralism, ethical; nature; non-natural properties; open- question argument naturalized epistemology see naturalism natural kinds see kind, natural natural law Hobbes; law and morals; law, history of the philosophy of; law, problems of the philosophy of; legal positivism; moral philosophy, history of; natural rights; Pufendorf; Roman philosophy natural or scientific laws see laws, natural or scien- tific natural rights Bentham; Hobbes; human rights; nat- ural law; law, history of philosophy of; law, problems of philosophy of; nonsense upon stilts; rights nature environmental ethics; evolution; laws, natural or scientific; life; natural; naturalism; New England Tran- scendentalism; Schelling; Schopenhauer; Spinoza; Sto- icism; Thoreau; uniformity of nature nature, human see human nature nature, state of see state of nature nature, uniformity of see uniformity of nature NATURPHILOSOPHIE Bloch; evolution; nature; Schelling necessary and contingent existence being; existence; ontology; Plato necessary and sufficient conditions causality; condi- tional; necessity, logical necessary statements see contingent and necessary state- ments necessitarianism see freedom and determinism; deter- minism necessity see causality; contingent and necessary state- ments; laws, natural or scientific; necessity, epis- temic; necessity, logical; necessity, metaphysical; necessity, nomic; necessary and sufficient condi- tions; necessary and contingent existence necessity,epistemic certainty; knowledge; necessity, meta- physical; philosophical logic necessity, logical apodeictic; analytic and synthetic state- ments; a priori and a posteriori; conditional; contradic- tion; de re and de dicto; implication; inference; logic, modern; logic, traditional; modal logic; necessary and sufficient conditions; necessity, metaphysical; philo- sophical logic; possibility; possible worlds; Wittgen- stein necessity, metaphysical Kripke; names; necessity, logical; necessity, nomic; philosophical logic; possible worlds necessity, nomic causality; Hume; induction; Kant; laws, natural or scientific; metaphysics, history of; necessity, logical; necessity, metaphysical; philosophical logic needs ethical naturalism; human nature; naturalistic ethics; well-being negation and double negation affirmative and negative propositions; intuitionist logic; logic, traditional; non- being and nothing; nothingness; nothingness, absolute; philosophical logic negative and positive freedom see liberty negative proposition see affirmative proposition negritude African philosophy; black philosophy neo-confucianism Chinese philosophy; Japanese phil- osophy; Korean philosophy; Chu Hsi neo-kantianism Avenarius; Cassirer; Cohen, H.; episte- mology, history of; Kantian ethics; Kantianism; Kelsen neoplatonism ancient philosophy; footnotes to Plato; Islamic philosophy; medieval philosophy; metaphysics, history of; Plato; Platonism; Plotinus; Porphyry; Pro- clus; Roman philosophy neo-pragmatism American philosophy; pragmatism; Res- cher; Rorty neo-thomism analytical Thomism; Gilson; Maritain; Thom- ism; Veritatis Splendor netherlands philosophy Brouwer; Grotius; Spinoza neumann computers; game theory; quantum logic neurath Logical Positivism; boat, Neurath’s; Vienna Circle neurath’s boat see boat, neurath’s neuroscience, philosophical relevance of conscious- ness, neural correlates of; eliminativism; epiphenome- nalism; freedom and determinism; identity theories; mind–body problem; psychoneural intimacy neustic and phrastic Hare; prescriptivism neutral monism James; Russell newcomb’s paradox paradoxes; prediction new england transcendentalism Emerson; Thoreau; transcendentalism Index and List of Entries 1037 new philosophy calls all in doubt new realism Critical Realism; Perry new riddle of induction see grue new right, political see right, the political new newton mathematics, history of the philosophy of; science, history of the philosophy of; space new zealand philosophy Australian philosophy; Bennett; Mackie; Prior nicholas of autrecourt medieval philosophy nicholas of cusa medieval philosophy; Platonism; Renai- ssance philosophy nietzsche aesthetics, history of; Dionysian and Apollon- ian; eternal recurrence; German philosophy; God and the philosophers; God is dead; Heidegger; histories of moral philosophy; idols; master and slave; moral phil- osophy, history of; pessimism and optimism; Platon- ism; popular philosophy; punishment; Rée; religion, history of the philosophy of; resentment; slave moral- ity; superman; tragedy; transvaluation of values; vital- ism; will to power; Zoroastrianism nihilism God is dead; moral philosophy, history of; Nietz- sche; Nishitani; relativism, moral; Russian philosophy nirvana Buddhist philosophy; Korean philosophy; Na¯ga¯r- juna nishida kitaro ¯ Japanese philosophy; nothingness, absolute nishitani keiji Japanese philosophy; nothingness, absolute nkrumah African philosophy noble lie lying; Plato; propaganda; teaching and indoc- trinating nocturnal council see plato no false lemmas principle see lemma nomic causality; natural or scientific law; necessity, nomic nominalism abstract entities; Goodman; medieval phil- osophy; Ockham; realism and anti-realism; universals nomological see nomic nomological danglers see identity theory of mind non-being and nothing affirmative and negative propos- itions; Indian philosophy; negation and double negation; nothingness; nothingness, absolute; Sartre; void non-cognitivism descriptivism; emotivism; moral phil- osophy, problems of; moral realism; prescriptivism; quasi-realism non-contradiction, law of contradiction; propositional calculus non-euclidean geometry mathematics, history of the philosophy of; physics, philosophical problems of; space non-natural properties ethical naturalism; Moore; natur- alism; naturalistic fallacy nonsense meaning; nothingness; verification principle nonsense upon stilts Bentham; natural rights no-ownership theory self; subject normalization Gentzen; natural deduction; proof normative value norms, epistemic epistemology; knowledge norwegian philosophy Elster; Hannay; Føllesdal nothingness affirmative and negative proposition; Hei- degger; negation and double negation; non-being and nothing; nothingness, absolute; Sartre; void nothingness, absolute Japanese philosophy; Korean phil- osophy; Nishida; Nishitani; non-being and nothing; nothingness; Tanabe; Watsuji notations, logical Appendix A: Logical Symbols; Polish notation nothing see non-being and nothing nothingness Heidegger nothingness,absolute Japanese philosophy; Nishida; Nishi- tani nothing so absurd philosophy nothing so extravagant and irrational philosophy noumena see phenomena and noumena NOUS ancient philosophy novel,the philosophical de Beauvoir; literature and phil- osophy; poetry; Sartre nozick conservatism; libertarianism; mixture of labour; scepticism; Wilt Chamberlain argument n-tuple see ordered set number arithmetic, foundations of; Burali-Forti paradox; constructivism; counting; Dedekind; Frege; Gold- bach’s conjecture; Husserl; infinity; infinitesimals; magnitude; mathematics, history of philosophy of; mathematics, problems of the philosophy of; measure- ment; particulars and non-particulars; predicative theories; Russell; science, history of the philosophy of numinous see holy, numinous, and sacred nussbaum oakeshott conservatism; political scepticism oar in water jaundice; illusion; perception objectivism and subjectivism fact; knowledge; object- ivism and subjectivism in ethics; truth objectivism and subjectivism, ethical emotivism; error theory; law and morals; moral judgement; moral phil- osophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; moral realism; moral relativism; objectivism and sub- jectivism; prescriptivism; Veritatis Splendor objectivity, historical see history, problems of the philosophy of object language metalanguage obligation deontic logic; duty; egoism and altruism; ethics and aesthetics; moral philosophy, history of; moral philosophy, problems of; ought; right action; rights OBLIGATIONES logic, history of; medieval philosophy observation and theory theory obversion logic, traditional occasionalism Cartesianism; Geulincx; Leibniz; Male- branche; parallelism, psychophysical ockham English philosophy; law, history of the philoso- phy of; metaphysics, history of; nominalism; Ockham’s razor; religion, history of the philosophy of ockham’s razor Ockham; Poincaré; simplicity o’neill one-over-many problem universals ontological argument for the existence of god Anselm; Duns Scotus; God, arguments for; Leibniz; 1038 Index and List of Entries metaphysics, history of; Plantinga; religion, scepticism about; Spinoza ontology being; Brentano; existence; existential propos- ition; Hartmann, N.; Heidegger; Indian philosophy; Leibniz; matter; Meinong; necessary and contingent existence; philosophy; real; substance; ‘to be’, the verb; things opacity and transparency see referential opacity open and closed thought belief; knowledge; scepticism open question argument fact–value distinction; good; Moore; moral philosophy, history of; naturalistic fallacy; non-natural properties open texture vagueness operation logic, modern operationalism behaviourism; Bridgman; Logical Posi- tivism; science, history of the philosophy of optimism and pessimism see pessimism and optimism or see conjunction and disjunction ordered pair see ordered set ordered set ordinary language and philosophy analytic philosophy; Austin, J. L.; linguistic philosophy; Moore; Oxford philosophy; philosophical inquiry: first premisses and principles; Wittgenstein ordinary-language philosophy see linguistic philoso- phy; austin, j. l. organic society aristocracy, natural; conservatism; society original position consent; contract, social; justice; Rawls; veil of ignorance original sin Pelagius; religion, history of the philosophy of; sin origination agent-causation; compatibilism and incom- patibilism; determinism; freedom and determinism; indeterminism; libertarianism; self; spontaneity and indifference; will ortega y gasset Spanish philosophy ostensive definition definition; grammar, autonomy of; samples, explanation by; Wittgenstein other, the French philosophy; Levinas; other-minds prob- lem other minds intersubjective; mind, history of the phil- osophy of; persons; other; solipsism other-regarding actions see self-regarding and other- regarding actions ought duty; Hare; ‘is’ and ‘ought’; moral judgement; obligation; right action ‘ought’ and ‘is’ see ‘is’ and ‘ought’ overdetermination undetermination overman see superman owen focal meaning owl of minerva Hegel oxford calculators oxford philosophy English philosophy; Hegelianism; ideal- ism; philosophy, history of centres and departments of pain emotion and feeling; mental state; mind, problems of the philosophy of; moral psychology; sensation paine politics and the philosophers panpsychism Dögen; pantheism; Sprigge pantheism Goethe; panpsychism; Spinoza; Toland papineau science, problems of the philosophy of paraconsistent logic liar paradox paradigm, scientific see kuhn paradigm case argument linguistic philosophy paradigms in science see kuhn paradox of analysis paradoxes Achilles paradox; Arrow’s paradox; Babbage– Chambers paradox; bald man paradox; barber paradox; Berry’s paradox; Bertrand’s paradox; Burali-Forti’s paradox; Cantor’s paradox; class paradox; examination paradox; Grelling’s paradox; heap, paradox of; identity, paradox of; learning paradox; liar paradox; lottery para- dox; moving rows paradox; Newcomb’s paradox; para- dox of analysis; paradoxes, logical; philosophical logic; prediction paradox; preface paradox; raven’s paradox; reducibility, axiom of; Richard’s paradox; Russell’s paradox; semantic theory of truth; Skolem paradox; Socratic paradox; stadium paradox; two-envelopes paradox; voting paradox; Weyl’s paradox; Zeno of Elea paradoxes, logical parallel distributed processing connectionism parallelism, psychophysical Leibniz; mind, history of the philosophy of; mind–body problem; occasionalism; pre-established harmony paralogisms Kant paraphrasis see bentham; contextual definition pareto optimality parfit Buddhist philosophy; future generations; person- affecting principles; personal identity; persons; reduc- tionism, psychological, in personal identity; self; self-defeating theories parmenides Eleatics; language, history of the philosophy of; Pre-Socratic philosophy; rationalism; science, his- tory of the philosophy of; space parsimony, law of see ockham’s razor partiality and impartiality equality; fairness particles and waves particular proposition logic, traditional; predicate cal- culus; statements and sentences; universal propos- ition particularism, moral particulars and non-particulars properties, individ- ual; things; universal pascal pascal’s wager God, arguments for the existence of passion emotion and feeling; Hume; passion and emo- tion; reason as slave of the passions passion and emotion emotion and feeling; passion passions, reason as the slave of see reason as slave of the passions past see time paternalism Feinberg; liberalism; Mill, John Stuart; polit- ical philosophy, history of; suicide; welfarism patriotism loyalty peacocke content, non-conceptual Index and List of Entries 1039 . Frankfurt School; French philosophy; German philosophy; Gramsci; historical materialism; histories of moral philosophy; history, history of the philosophy of; history, problems of the philosophy of; ideology; Kautsky´;. infinitesimals; magnitude; mathematics, history of philosophy of; mathematics, problems of the philosophy of; measure- ment; particulars and non-particulars; predicative theories; Russell; science, history of the philosophy. Peano; predicative theories; science, history of the philosophy of; set theory; theorem; vicious-circle principle mathematics, history of the philosophy of MATH- EMATICS 1032 Index and List of Entries mathematics,