the complexity of translational equivalence

... of the pat- terns of translational equivalence exhib- ited by a variety of bitexts. The study found that the complexity of these pat- terns in every bitext was higher than sug- gested in the ... every word on the other side), then we added links from each of these words to NULL. Second, if n words on one side of the bi- text aligned to m words on the other side with m > n then we added ... the complexity of an alignment. For example, if we added the links (cela, NULL) and (NULL, that) to the alignment in Figure 1, the hierarchical alignment algorithm could use them instead of the...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 04:20

... established (in the sense that one bounds explicitly the number of exceptional subspaces). We now turn to the proof of Theorem 5. Keep the notation and the assumptions of this theorem. Assume that the parameter ... Theorem 5. Proof of Theorem 4. Let a be a sequence generated by a recurrent mor- phism φ defined on an alphabet A. As we have already noticed in the beginning of the proof of Theorem 3, there exist ... at least two oc- currences of the letter a. We then apply the same trick as in the proof of Theorem 3, and we again conclude by applying Theorem 5. 6. Transcendence of p-adic numbers Let p be...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 06:20

... about the degree to which context should play a role in judgements of translational equivalence. We hand- evaluated the precision of the link types in our model in the context of the bitext ... translations, then their tendency to ZThe co-occurrence frequency of a word type pair is simply the number of times the pair co-occurs in the corpus. However, n(u) = ~-~v n(u.v), which is not the ... in one half of the bitext co-occur with a particular word to- ken v in the other half of the bitext, the word that is most likely to be v's translation is the one for which the likelihood...

Ngày tải lên: 22/02/2014, 03:20

... however, the space of align- ments has to be pruned severely using word align- ments to control the running time of EM. Notably, neither of these inference approaches of- fers any test to know if the ... to contain sev- eral copies of the literals that appear in those clauses. φ scores only alignments from clauses to literals that satisfy the clauses. The crux of the construction lies in ensuring ... in exactly one link. We first define the notion of a partition:  i S i = T means S i are pairwise disjoint and cover T . Then, we can for- mally define the set of bijective phrase alignments: A...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 17:20

... 4 The complexity of DG Recognition Lombardo & Lesmo (1996, p.728) convey their hope that increasing the flexibility of their conception of DG will " imply the restructuring of some ... with the governing word corresponding to the node included in the vertex cover. The subordinated word is assigned the class R, while the governing word is assigned the subclass of O denoting the ... sents. The latter word classes define a valency for words of class R (for the other end point) and a possibly discon- tinuous valency for another word of the identical class (representing the...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 03:21

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Ngày tải lên: 20/06/2014, 04:20

... suggestions: First of all, given the fact that culture words challengingly belongs to a particular group of people, the consistency of the translation from the beginning of the book to the end of the book ... misunderstanding. equivalence and nil equivalence. We can hardly find the case of one-to- many equivalence. Therefore, this kind of equivalence is not taken into consideration. The writer of the thesis ... by the description of how the dish is cooked. However, the biggest group of dish is translated by the detailed description of how the food is cooked plus its ingredients. The purpose of the...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2012, 14:31

... importance of the readership to the choice of lexical word is undeniable, 22 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 1. Rationale 1 2. Scope of the study 2 3. Aims of the study 2 4. Methods of the ... out the meaning of the term will no longer exist. Regarding the disadvantages, the task of preserving the purity and clarity of Vietnamese and avoid attacking the national characteristics of ... TRANSLATION OF HEALTH INSURANCE TERMS OF NON -EQUIVALENCE GROUP 28 III.1. The source of non -equivalence problem in the translation of health insurance terms in the US health plans 28 III.2. The strategies,...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2012, 14:44

... March 10, 2004 1:21 Emergent Complexity, Teleology, and the Arrow of Time 199 The many-universes theory neatly solves the problem of the origin of the arrow of time. The wave function as a whole ... Christian, in the following terms: 1 All the labors of the ages, all the devotion, all the inspiration, all the noonday bright- ness of human genius are destined to extinction in the vast death of the ... by the expansion. Note that the same effect would occur if the universe contracted again, just as the instroke of the piston serves to raise the entropy of the confined gas. So there is no thermodynamic...

Ngày tải lên: 01/11/2013, 07:20

... [11,12]. The study of these events is taxing, as the biosynthesis of glycoproteins is not tem- plate driven. This results in the formation of so-called ‘glycoforms’ [11,12], proteins with the same ... 1957 catalyze enhanced hydrolytic degradation of the target protein. More recently, the glycoMTS method has allowed the synthesis of the first examples of a homogeneous protein bearing symmetrically ... scaf- fold. These terms reflect not only the linearity or convergence of the chemical steps that may lead to a given synthetic protein, but also the structural strategy that links the (linear) segments of...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 17:20

... the control word p 1 p 2 · · · p p is a permutation of a member of W ∗ and the dominance relations of W hold in the as- sociated derivation tree. The language L(G) of an UVG-dl G is the set of ... The length of a string w is noted |w|, and the number of occurrence of a symbol a in w is noted |w| a . A language is formalized as a subset of Σ ∗ . Let N n denote the set of vectors of positive ... with the same number of a, b, and c’s (see Figure 2 for an example derivation): L mix = {w ∈ {a, b, c} ∗ | |w| a = |w| b = |w| c } . The size |G| of a MLIG G is essentially the sum of the sizes of...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 23:20

... inform the hearer of the relevant properties of the shirt, assum- ing the hearer has some domain knowledge about T- shirts. However, if the hearer has this domain knowledge, the use of utterance ... the number of members of Target-Components that rule out at least one member of Excluded. The straight- forward full-brevity algorithm will then need to examine the following number of ... If the attribute values and classifications used in the description are members of a taxonomy, then they can be realized at different levels of specificity. For example, the object in the...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 20:20

... by the total amount of mRNA but also by the propor- tions of the different 5¢-UTRs within these messages, allowing the fine tuning of DLG1 expression according to the physiological requirements of ... translational efficiency of the messages To address the functional impact of these UTRs on the DLG1 mRNA transcripts, and their influence on the efficiency of translation of the subsequent ORF, we cloned ... cancers of epithelial origin and is the target of oncogenic HPV, we were first interested in investigating the initiation of DLG1 transcription in epithelial cells [15,16]. The results of RACE...

Ngày tải lên: 22/03/2014, 16:20

... Smith the idea that the division of labor is the secret of the wealth of nations. In a modern reinter- pretation of this idea, the division of labor is what allows us to access a quantity of knowledge ... a third of the explained fraction of the 43.4 percent of the vari- ance that the equation explains as a whole. The estimates of the second column of Table 3.1.1 are used to forecast the growth ... Since we only have data for the GCI rankings, and not the underlying value of the index, we do the analysis using the rankings of the Economic Complexity Index instead of its value. This allows...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 19:20

... Smith the idea that the division of labor is the secret of the wealth of nations. In a modern reinter- pretation of this idea, the division of labor is what allows us to access a quantity of knowledge ... a third of the explained fraction of the 43.4 percent of the vari- ance that the equation explains as a whole. The estimates of the second column of Table 3.1.1 are used to forecast the growth ... equations where the dependent variable is the level of income per capita and the independent variables are the years of schooling of the labor force, the Hanushek and Woessmann measure of cognitive...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 20:20

... learn the repetitive details of a finite automaton. We define the code complexity as the size of the abstract syntax tree of the source code. This size is given as the number of nodes in the syntax tree; ... http://www.eecs. qmul.ac.uk/ ˜ mpurver/software.html one third of the nouns of the lexicon were not in- cluded in the experiment because one of the form was missing. The vast majority of the remaining 15,000 nouns are very ... 3343 6885 ers. Following the definitions of Section 3, we have counted the the complexity of the smart paradigm definitions for nouns and verbs in the different languages in the GF Resource Grammar...

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 03:20